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The sequence of a β hairpin that, after heptameric association, forms a 14-stranded antiparallel β barrel could be reversed without causing a major structural change. Neglecting the turns, this can be understood because the β-hairpin reversal corresponds to a mere (360/14)° rotation around the barrel axis. The reversed turns failed to form appropriately. Exempting the five-residue turn from the reversal, however, gave rise to a β barrel with wild-type activity. The results demonstrate the high success rate of β-barrel engineering.
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Skp is a 17 kDa protein associated with the plasma membrane that, together with prolyl isomerases and thiol-disulfide exchanging enzymes, helps to fold freshly synthesized proteins in the periplasm. During its action, Skp binds to partially unfolded polypeptides.
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171 were deleted by short cuts in all possible combinations. The 16 resulting deletion mutants lost their biological functions in bacterial F conjugation and as bacteriophage receptors, but kept the membrane-embedded β barrel, as demonstrated by their resistance to proteolysis and thermal denaturation. The results confirm that the large external loops do not contribute to β barrel folding and stability.
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171 were deleted by short cuts in all possible combinations. The 16 resulting deletion mutants lost their biological functions in bacterial F conjugation and as bacteriophage receptors, but kept the membrane-embedded β barrel, as demonstrated by their resistance to proteolysis and thermal denaturation. The results confirm that the large external loops do not contribute to β barrel folding and stability.
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ScrY has a somewhat larger pore than LamB (maltoporin), the pore eyelet of which is adjusted to α(1→4)-connected glucose units. ScrY was changed to resemble LamB by removing the additional N-terminal 70-residue domain and by introducing three eyelet-defining LamB residues. As expected, these mutations resulted in a more LamB-like ScrY.
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The width of a passive channel can be monitored by measuring the ionic currents through a black-lipid membrane harboring the respective membrane protein. The channel may be clogged by organic molecules, reducing the current during the residence time of the plug. This time, as well as the current reduction, is characteristic of the applied compound. Using this principle, a cyclodextrin was placed as an adapter into the 14-stranded β barrel of an engineered α-hemolysin and the ion current reductions and residence times of modified adamantans were measured. These compounds can be determined and distinguished from each other at concentrations around 10 μM - a marvelous engineering example.
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Gu L.Q., Braha O., Conlan S., Cheley S., Bayley H. Stochastic sensing of organic analytes by a pore-forming protein containing a molecular adapter. Nature. 398:1999;686-690. The width of a passive channel can be monitored by measuring the ionic currents through a black-lipid membrane harboring the respective membrane protein. The channel may be clogged by organic molecules, reducing the current during the residence time of the plug. This time, as well as the current reduction, is characteristic of the applied compound. Using this principle, a cyclodextrin was placed as an adapter into the 14-stranded β barrel of an engineered α-hemolysin and the ion current reductions and residence times of modified adamantans were measured. These compounds can be determined and distinguished from each other at concentrations around 10 μM - a marvelous engineering example.
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A series of nine porins carrying mutations at the eyelet was analyzed with respect to ion conductance, ion selectivity and voltage gating. It was shown that charge reversals affect selectivity and voltage gating. In contrast to modifications at loop L3 constricting the channel inside the β barrel, those at barrel wall residues lining the eyelet had only minor effects on voltage gating. This corroborates the suggestion that voltage gating reflects a structural breakdown, because the structure is much more affected by a mutation in L3 than by a sidechain exchange in the regular barrel.
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Saxena K., Drosou V., Maier E., Benz R., Ludwig B. Ion selectivity reversal and induction of voltage-gating by site-directed mutations in the Paracoccus denitrificans porin. Biochemistry. 38:1999;2206-2212. A series of nine porins carrying mutations at the eyelet was analyzed with respect to ion conductance, ion selectivity and voltage gating. It was shown that charge reversals affect selectivity and voltage gating. In contrast to modifications at loop L3 constricting the channel inside the β barrel, those at barrel wall residues lining the eyelet had only minor effects on voltage gating. This corroborates the suggestion that voltage gating reflects a structural breakdown, because the structure is much more affected by a mutation in L3 than by a sidechain exchange in the regular barrel.
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