Does an asymmetric thermohaline-ice-sheet oscillator drive 100 000-yr glacial cycles?

Journal of Quaternary Science

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 301-318

  Denton, George H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctic Bottom Water; Ice Sheet Collapse; Nordic Atlantic conveyor; North Atlantic Deep Water; West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE FORCING; GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL CYCLE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; ICE SHEET; OSCILLATION; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; TRIGGER MECHANISM;

EID: 0033922057     PISSN: 02678179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<301::AID-JQS536>3.0.CO;2-Z     Document Type: Article

References (140)

1. Adkins JF, Boyle EA, Keigwin L, Cortijo E. 1997. Variability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation during the last interglacial period. Nature 390: 154-156.
2. Alley RB, Mayewski PA, Sowers T, Stuiver M, Taylor KC, Clark PV 1997. Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology 25: 483-486.
3. Andersen BG 1981. Late Weichselian ice sheets in Eurasia and Greenland. In The Last Great Ice Sheets, Denton GH, Hughes TJ, (eds). Wiley: New York; 1-65.
4. Baines PG, Condie S. 1998. Observations and modeling of Antarctic downslope flows: a review. Ocean, ice, and atmosphere interactions at the Antarctic continental margin. Antarctic Research Series 75: 29-49.
5. Barber DC, Dyke A, Hillaire-Marcel C, Jennings AE, Andrews JT, Kerwin MW, Bilodeau G, McNeely R, Southon J, Morehead MD, Gagnon J-M. 1999. Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes. Nature 400: 344-348.
6. Beaulieu J-L de, Reille M. 1992. The last climate cycle at La Grande Pile (Vosges, France): a new pollen profile. Quaternary Science Reviews 11: 431-438.
7. Behl RJ, Kennett JP. 1996. Brief interstadial events in the Santa Barbara basin, NE Pacific during the past 60 kyr. Nature 379: 243-246.
8. Behre K-E. 1989. Biostratigraphy of the last glacial period in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 8: 25-44.
9. Bender M, Sowers T, Dickson M-L, Orchardo J, Grootes P, Mayewski PA, Meese DA. 1994. Climate correlations between Greenland and Antarctica during the past 100 000 years. Nature 372, 663-666.
10. Bentley MJ, Anderson JB. 1998. Glacial and marine geological evidence for the ice sheet configuration in the Weddell Sea-Antarctic Peninsula region during the Last glacial Maximum. Antarctic Science 10, 309-325.
11. Berkman PA, Andrews JT, Björck S, Colhoun EA, Emolie SD, Goodwin ID, Hall BL, Hart CP, Hirakawa K, Igarashi A, Ingólfsson Ó, López-Martínez, J, Lyons WB, Mebin MCG, Quilty PG, Taviani M, Yoshida Y. 1998. Circum-Antarctic coastal environmental shifts during the Late Quaternary reflected by emerged marine deposits. Antarctic Science 10: 345-362.
12. Blunier T, Chappellaz J, Schwander J, Dällenbach A, Stauffer B, Stocker TF, Raynaud D, Jouzel J, Clausen HB, Hammer CV, Johnsen SJ. (1998). Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period. Nature 394: 739-743.
13. Bond GC, Lotti R. 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North Atlantic on millennial time scales during the last glaciation. Science 267: 1005-1010.
14. Bond G, Heinrich H, Broecker W, Labeyrie L, McManus J, Andrews J, Huon S, Jantochik R, Clausen S, Simet C, Tedesco R, Klaus M, Bonani G, Ivy S. 1992. Evidence for massive discharges of icebergs into the glacial northern Atlantic. Nature 360: 245-249.
15. Bond G, Broecker W, Johnsen S, McManus J, Labeyrie L, Jouzel J, Bonani G. 1993. Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature 65: 143-147.
16. Bond GC, Showers W, Elliot M, Evans M, Lotti R, Hajdas I, Bonani G, Johnsen S. 1999. Tracing the North Atlantic's ∼1.5 kyr climate cycle to 80 k yrs B.P. - relationship to Heinrich Events, Dansgaard/Oeschger Cycles and the Little Ice Age. In Mechanisms of Millennial-scale Global Climate Change, Webb et al. (eds). Geophysical Monograph 112, 35-58.
17. Broecker WS. 1990. The salinity history of the northern Atlantic during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography 5: 459-467.
18. Broecker WS. 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography 4, 79-89.
19. Broecker WS. 1994. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for global climatic change. Nature 372: 421-424.
20. 2 upset the current balance? Science 278: 1582-1588.
21. Broecker WS 1998a. The end of the present interglacial: how and when? Quaternary Science Reviews 17: 689-694.
22. Broecker WS, 1998b. Paleocean circulation during the last deglaciation: a bipolar seesaw? Paleoceanography 13: 119-121.
23. Broecker WS, Denton GH. 1990. The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles. Quaternary Science Reviews 9: 305-341.
24. Broecker WS, Andree M, Wolfli W, Oeschger H, Bonani G, Kennett J, Peteet D. 1988. The chronology of the last deglaciation. Implications to the cause of the Younger Dryas event. Paleoceanography 3, 1-19.
25. Broecker WS, Kennett JP, Flower BP, Teller J, Trumbore S, Bonani G, Wolfi W. 1989. The routing of Laurentide ice-sheet meltwater during the Younger Dryas cold event. Nature 341: 318-321.
26. Broecker WS, Bond G, Klas M, Bonani G, Wolfi W. (1990). A salt oscillator in the glacial Atlantic? 1. The concept. Paleoceanography 5, 469-477.
27. Broecker WS, Bond G, Klas M, Clark E, McManus J. 1992. Origin of the northern Atlantic's Heinrich events. Climate Dynamics 6: 265-273.
28. Bush ABG, Philander SGH. 1998. The role of ocean-atmospheric interactions in tropical cooling during the last glacial maximum. Science 279: 1341-1344.
29. Cane MA. 1998. A role for the tropical pacific. Science 282: 59-60.
30. 4 and Greenland climate between 40 and 8 kyr BP. Nature 366: 443-445.
31. Conway HB, Hall BL, Denton GH, Gades AM, Waddington ED. 1999. Past and future grounding-line retreat of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Science 286: 280-283.
32. Coope GP. 1977. Fossil coleopteran assemblages as sensitive indicators of climatic changes during the Devensian (Last) cold stage. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 280: 313-340.
33. Cortijo E, Duplessy JC, Labeyrie L, Leclaire H, Duprat J, Van Weering TCE. 1994. Eemian cooling in the Norwegian Sea and North Atlantic Ocean preceding continental ice-sheet growth. Nature 372: 446-449.
34. 2 between the last glaciation and the Holocene. Paleoceanography 3, 317-341.
35. Dansgaard W, Duplessy JC. 1981. The Eemian interglacial and its termination. Boreas 10: 219-228.
36. Dansgaard WS, Johnsen HB, Clausen D, Dahl-Jensen D, Gundestrup NS, Hammer CV, Hvidberg CS, Steffensen J, Sveinbjörnsdottir, Jouzel J, Bond G. 1993. Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice core record. Nature 364: 218-220.
37. Deacon GER. 1933. A general account of the hydrology of the South Atlantic Ocean. Discovery Report 7, 171-238.
38. Deacon GER. 1937. The hydrology of the Southern Ocean. Discovery Report 15, 3-122.
39. Denton GH, Hendy CH. 1994. Younger Dryas age advance of Franz Josef Glacier in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Science 269: 1541-1549.
40. Denton GH, Hughes TJ (eds). 1981. The Last Great Ice Sheets. Wiley Interscience: New York; 484 p.
41. Denton GH, Hughes TJ, Karlén W. 1986. Global ice-sheet system interlocked by sea level. Quaternary Research 26: 3-26.
42. Denton GH, Bockheim JG, Wilson SC, Stuiver M. 1989. Late Wisconsin and early Holocene glacial history, inner Ross Embayment, Antarctica. Quaternary Research 31: 151-182.
43. Denton GH, Prentice ML, Burckle LH. 1991. Cainozoic history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. In The Geology of Antarctica, Tingey RJ (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford; 365-433.
44. Denton GH, Heusser CJ, Lowell TV, Moreno PI, Andersen BG, Heusser LE, Schlüchter C, Marchant DR. 1999. Interhemispheric linkage of paleoclimate during the last glaciation. Geografiska Annaler 81A: 107-153.
45. Duplessy J-C, Shackleton NJ. 1985. Response of global deep-water circulation to Earth's climatic change 135,000-107,000 years ago. Nature 316: 500-506.
46. Duplessy J-C, Shackleton NJ, Fairbanks RG, Labeyrie L, Oppo D, Kallel N. 1988. Deepwater source variations during the last climatic cycle and their impact on the global deepwater circulation. Paleooeanography 3: 343-360.
47. Dyke AS, Hooper J, Sevelle JM. 1996. A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Arctic 49: 235-255.
48. Fairbanks RG. 1989. A 17,000 year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature 342: 637-642.
49. Fronval T, Jansen E. 1996. Rapid changes in ocean circulation and heat flux in the Nordic seas during the last interglacial period. Nature 383: 806-810.
50. Fronval T, Jansen E, Bloemendal J, Johnsen SJ. 1996. Oceanic evidence for coherent fluctuations in Fennoscandian and Laurentide ice sheets on millennium time scales. Nature 374: 443-446.
51. Ganopolski A, Rahmstorf S, Petoukhov V, Claussen M. 1998. Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature 391: 351-356.
52. Goodrick SL, McNider RI, Schroeder WW. 1998. On the interaction of the katabatic-land-sea wind system of Antarctica with the high latitude Southern Ocean. Ocean, Ice, and atmosphere interactions at the Antarctic continental margin. Antarctic Research Series 75: 51-65.
53. Goodwin ID. 1993. Holocene deglaciation, sea-level change, and the emergence of the Windmill Islands, Budd Coast, Antarctica. Quaternary Research 40: 70-80.
54. Gordon AL. 1988. The Southern Ocean and global climate. Oceanus 31: 30-46.
55. Gordon AL, Comiso JC. 1988. Polynyas in the Southern Ocean. Scientific American 258: 90-97.
56. Gordon AL, Huber BA, Hellmer HH, Ffield A. 1993. Deep and bottom water of the Weddell Sea's western rim. Science 262: 95-97.
57. 5-year time resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 26455-26470.
58. Grootes PM, Stuiver M, White JWC, Johnsen SJ, Jouzel J. 1993. Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366: 552-554.
59. Guiot J. 1990. Methodology of the last climatic cycle reconstruction in France from pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 80: 49-69.
60. Guiot J, Pons A, Beaulieu J-L de, Reille MA. 1989. 140 000 year continental climate reconstruction from two European pollen records. Nature 338: 309-313.
61. Guiot JL, Beaulieu JL, de, Cheddadi R, David F, Ponel P, Reille M. 1993. The climate in western Europe during the last glacial/interglacial cycle derived from pollen and insect remains. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 103: 73-93.
62. Gwiazda PH, Hemming SR, Broecker WS. 1996. Provenance of icebergs during Heinrich events and the contrast to their sources during other Heinrich episodes. Paleoceanography 11: 371-378.
63. Hays JD. 1978. A review of the late Quaternary climatic history of Antarctic seas. In Antarctic Glacial History and World Paleoenvironments, von Zinderen Bakker EM (ed.). A.A. Balkema: Rotterdam; 57-71.
64. Hays JD, Imbrie J, Shackleton NJ. 1976. Variations in the earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 194: 1121-1132.
65. Hebbeln D, Henrich R, Baumann K-H. 1998. Paleoceanography of the last interglacial/glacial cycle in the polar North Atlantic. Quaternary Science Reviews 17: 125-153.
66. Heinrich H. 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130 000 years. Quaternary Research 29: 142-152.
67. Heusser LE, van de Geer G. 1994. Direct correlation of terrestrial and marine paleoclimatic records from four glacial-interglacial cycles - DSDP Site 594, southwest Pacific. Quaternary Science Reviews 13: 273-282.
68. Heusser, CJ, Heusser LE, Lowell TV. 1999. Paleoecology of the southern Chilean Lake District - Isla Grande de Chiloé during Middle-Late Llanguihue glaciation and deglaciation. Geografiska Annaler 81A: 231-284.
69. Hooghiemstra H. 1984. Vegetational and climatic history of the high plain of Bogata, Colombia; a continuous record of the last 3.5 million years. Dissert. Botan. 79: (J. Cramer Verlag).
70. Hooghiemstra H. 1995. Environmental and paleoclimatic evolution in Late Pliocene-: Quaternary Columbia. In Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Human Origins, Vrba ES et al. (eds). Yale University Press: New Haven; 249-261.
71. Hughen KA, Overpeck JT, Peterson LC, Trumbore S. 1996. Rapid climate changes in the tropical Atlantic region during the last deglaciation. Nature 338: 51-54.
72. Hughes T. 1987. Ice dynamics and deglaciation models when ice sheets collapsed. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, Ruddiman WF, Wright HE, (eds). Geological Society of America: Boulder, Colorado; Vol. K-3, 183-220.
73. Imbrie J. 1985. A theoretical framework for the Pleistocene ice ages. Journal of the Geological Society 142: 417-432.
74. 18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate, Berger A et al. (eds). D. Reidel: Hingham, MA; 269-305.
75. Imbrie J, et al. 1993. On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles. 2. The 100 000-year cycle. Paleoceanography 8: 699-735.
76. Ingólfsson Ó, Hjort C, Berkman PA, Björck S, Colhoun E, Goodwin ID, Hall B, Hirakawa K, Melles M, Möller P, Prentice ML. 1998. Antarctic glacial history since the Last Glacial Maximum: an overview of the record on land. Antarctic Science 10: 326-344.
77. Jacobs SS. 1988. Ice shelves and Southern Ocean ventilation. Abstracts, The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Chapman Conference, Orono, Maine, 13-18 September; 41.
78. Jacobs SS. 1991. On the nature and significance of the Antarctic Slope Front. Marine Chemistry 35: 9-24.
79. Jacobs SS, Amos AF, Bruchhausen PM. 1970. Ross Sea oceanography and Antarctic Bottom Water formation. Deep-Sea Research 17: 935-962.
80. Jacobs SS, Fairbanks R, Horibe Y. 1985. Origin and evolution of water masses near the Antarctic Continental Margin. In Oceanology of the Antarctic Continental Margins, Jacobs SS (ed.). Antarctic Research Series, Vol. 3, American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC; 59-85.
81. Kellogg TB. 1987. Glacial-interglacial changes in global deepwater circulation. Paleoceanography 2: 259-271.
82. Kolstrup E, Wijmstra TA. 1977. A palynological investigation of the Moeershoofd, Hengelo, and Denekamp Interstadials in the Netherlands. Geologie en Mijnbouw 56: 85-102.
83. Kukla G, McManus JF, Rousseau D-D, Chuine I. 1997. How long and how stable was the last interglacial? Quaternary Science Reviews 16: 605-612.
84. Labeyrie LD, Duplessy JC, Blanc PL. 1987. Variations in mode of formation and temperature of deep waters over the past 125,000 years. Nature 327: 477-482.
85. Labeyrie LD, Duplessy J-C, Duprat J, Juillet-Lecler A, Mayes J, Michael E, Kallel N, Shackleton NJ. 1992. Changes in the vertical structure of the North Atlantic Ocean between glacial and modern times.
86. Lowell TV, Larson GJ, Hughes JD, Denton GH. 1999. Age verification of the Lake Gribben forest bed and the Younger Dryas advance of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36: 383-393.
87. MacAyeal DR. 1993. Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide Ice Sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic's Heinrich events. Paleoceanography 8, 775-784.
88. Manabe S, Stouffer RJ. 1999. Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable? Tellus 51A, 400-411.
89. Manighetti B, McCave IN. 1995. Depositional fluxes, paleoproductivity and ice rafting in the NE Atlantic over the past 30 ka. Paleoceanography 10: 579-592.
90. Manighetti B, McCave IN, Maslin M, Shackleton NJ. 1995. Chronology for climate change: developing age models for the Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study cores. Paleoceanography 10: 513-525.
91. McManus JF, Oppo DW, Cullen JL. 1999. A 0.5-million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic. Science 283: 971-975.
92. Meese DA, Alley RB, Fiacco RJ, Germani MS, Gow AJ, Grootes PM, Illing M, Mayewski PA, Morrison MC., Ram M, Taylor KC, Yang Q, Zielilnski GA. 1994. Preliminary Depth-Age Scale of the GISP2 Ice Core. Special CRREL Report 94-1.
93. Mercer JH. 1969. The Alleröd oscillation. A European climatic anomaly? Arctic and Alpine Research 1: 227-234.
94. 18O. Report 189, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologic; 25 pp.
95. Moreno PI, Lowell TV, Jacobson GL Jr., Denton GH. 1999. Abrupt vegetation and climate changes during the last glacial maximum and last termination in the Chilean Lake District: A case study from Canal de la Puntilla (41°S). Geografiska Annaler 81A: 285-311.
96. Muench RD, Gordon AL. 1995. Circulation and transport of water along the western Weddell Sea margin. Journal of Geophysical Research 100: 18 503-18 515.
97. Müller H. 1974. Pollenanalytische Untersuchungen und Jahresschichenzahlung an der eem-zeitlichen kieselgur vor Bispingen/Luhe. Geologisches Jahrbuch A21: 149-169.
98. Nelson CS, Hendy CH, Jarrett GR, Cuthbertson AM. 1985. Near-synchroneity of New Zealand alpine glaciations and Northern Hemisphere continental glaciations during the past 750 k.yr. Nature 318: 361-363.
99. Orsi AH, Whitworth T, III, Nowlin WD, Jr. 1995. On the meridional extent and fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Deep-Sea Research I 42: 641-673.
100. Paillard D, Labeyrie L. 1994. Role of the thermohaline circulation in the abrupt warming after Heinrich events. Nature 372: 162-164.
101. Pons A, Guiot J, Beaulieu JL de, Reille M. 1992. Recent contributions to the climatology of the last glacial-interglacial based on French pollen sequences. Quaternary Science Reviews 11: 439-448.
102. Rasmussen TL, Wearing CE, van Labeyrie L, 1997. Climatic instability, ice sheets and ocean dynamics at high northern latitudes during the last glacial period (58-10 ka BP). Quaternary Science Reviews 16: 71-80.
103. Raymo ME. 1997. The timing of major climate terminations. Paleoceanography 12: 577-585.
104. Revel M, Sinko JA, Grousset FE. 1996. Sr and Nd isotopes as tracers of North Atlantic lithic particles. Paleoclimatic implications. Paleoceanography 11: 95-113.
105. Rooth C. 1982. Hydrology and ocean circulation. Progress in Oceanography 11: 131-139.
106. Ruddiman WF, McIntyre A. 1981. The North Atlantic Ocean during the last deglaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 33: 124-145.
107. Ruddiman WF, McIntyre A, Niebler-Hunt V, Durazzi JT. 1980. Oceanic evidence for the mechanism of rapid Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Quaternary Research 13: 33-64.
108. Sánchez Goñi MIF, Eyuaud F, Turon JL, Shackleton NJ. 1999. High resolution palynological record off the Iberian margin: Direct land-sea correlation for the Last Interglacial complex. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 171: 123-137.
109. Schiller A, Mikolajewicz V, Voss R. 1997. The stability of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dynamics 13: 325-347.
110. Schulz H, von Rad V, Erienkeuser H. 1998. Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110 000 years. Nature 395: 54-57.
111. Seret G, Guiot J, Wansard G, Beaulieu J-L, de, Reille M. 1992. Tentative paleoclimatic reconstruction linking pollen and sedimentology in La Grande Pile (Vosges, France). Quaternary Science Reviews 11: 425-430.
112. Shackleton NJ. 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews 6: 183-190.
113. Shackleton NJ, 1995. New data on the evolution of Pliocene climate variability. In Paleoclimate and Human Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins, Vrba E et al. (eds). Yale University Press: New Haven, Connecticut; 242-248.
114. Shackleton NJ, Hall MA. 1989. Stable isotope history of the Pleistocene at ODP Site 677: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results 111: 295-316.
115. Shackleton NJ, Opdyke ND. 1976. Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of Pacific core V 28-239, Late Pliocene to latest Pleistocene. Geological Society of America Memoirs 145: 449-464.
116. Shackleton NJ, Duplessy J-C, Arnold M, Maurice P, Hall MH, Cartlidge J. 1988. Radiocarbon age of last glacial Pacific deep water. Nature 335: 708-711.
117. Shackleton NJ, Berger A, Peltier WR, 1990. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene time-scale based on ODP Site 677: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 81: 251-261.
118. Shackleton NJ, Crowhurst S, Hagelberg T, Pisias NG, Schneider DA. 1995. A new late Neogene time scale: application to Leg 138 sites. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 138: 73-101.
119. 18O records from the glacial/post-glacial transition. Annals of Glaciology 5, 149-152.
120. Steig EJ, Brook EJ, White JWC, Sucher CM, Bender ML, Lehman SJ, Waddington ED, Morse DL, Clow GD. 1998. Synchronous climate changes in Antarctica and the North Atlantic. Science 282: 92-95.
121. Stocker TF, Wright DG. 1996. Rapid changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric radiocarbon. Paleoceanography 11: 773-795.
122. Street-Perrott FA, Perrott A. 2000. Abrupt climate fluctuations in the tropics: the influence of Atlantic Ocean circulation. Nature 343: 607-612.
123. Stuiver M, Grootes PM, 2000. GISP2 oxygen isotope ratios. Quaternary Research 53: 277-284.
124. 18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the sun, ocean, and volcanoes. Quaternary Research 44: 341-354.
125. Teller JT. 1987. Proglacial lakes and the southern margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. In North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, Ruddiman WF, Wright HE Jr (eds). Geological Society of America: Boulder, Colorado; Vol. K-3, 39-69.
126. Teller JT, Thorleifson LH. 1983. The Lake Agassiz-Lake Superior connection. In Glacial Lake Agassiz. Teller JT, Clayton L (eds). Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 26: 261-290.
127. Thompson LG, Davis ME, Mosley-Thompson E, Sowers TA, Henderson KA, Zagorodnov VS, Lin P-N, Mikhalenko VN, Campen RK, Bolzan JF, Cole-Dai J, Francou B. 1998. A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores. Science 282: 1858-1864.
128. 18O and dust flux records of Ocean Drilling Program Site 659. Paleoceanography 9, 619-638.
129. Toggweiler JR, Samuels B. 1995. Effect of Drake Passage on the global thermohaline circulation. Deep-Sea Research 1 42: 477-500.
130. Weaver AJ, Eby M, Fanning AF, Wiebe EC. 1998. Simulated influence of carbon dioxide, orbital forcing and ice sheets on the climate of the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 394: 847-853.
131. Weertman J. 1957. Deformation of floating ice shelves. Journal of Glaciology 3, 38-42.
132. Weertman J. 1961. Stability of ice-age ice sheets. Journal of Geophysical Research 66: 3783-3792.
133. Weertman J. 1974. Stability at the junction of an ice sheet and ice shelf. Journal of Glaciology 13: 3-11.
134. Whirworth III, T. 1988. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Oceanus 31: 53-58.
135. Whitworth III, T. Orsi AH, Kim S-J, Nowlin WD, Jr. 1998. Water masses and mixing near the Antarctic slope front. Ocean, ice, and atmosphere interactions at the Antarctic continental margin. Antarctic Research Series 75: 1-27.
136. Woillard GM. 1975. Recherches palynologigues sur le Pleistocene dans 1'Est de la Belgigue et dans les Vosges Lorraines. Acta Geographica Lovaniensia 14: 1-168.
137. Woillard GM. 1978. Grande Pile peat bog: a continuous pollen record for the last 140 000 years. Quaternary Research 9: 1-21.
138. Woillard GM, Mook WG. 1982. Carbon-14 dates at Grande Pile: correlation of land and sea chronologies. Science 215: 159-161.
139. Wright JD, Miller K. 1996. Control of North Atlantic Deep Water circulation by the Greenland-Scotland ridge. Paleoceanography 11: 157-170.
140. Yu Z, Eicher V. 1998. Abrupt climate oscillations during the last deglaciation in central North America. Science 282: 2235-2238.