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The horizontal redistribution of warm surface waters during El Niño alters the topography of the thermocline - it deepens in some regions and shoals in others - while leaving unchanged the spatially averaged depth of and the temperature difference across the thermocline. That is why two-layer models of the ocean are effective tools for studying El Niño.
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note
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This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada grant OGP0194151 (A.B.G.B.) and by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under contract NOAA-NA56GP0226 (S.G.H.P.). We thank the staff of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory for making this work possible.
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