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Distinctive developmental origins and specificities of murine CD5+ B cells
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The lack of functional Btk leads to the generation of B-2 cells expressing the normally B-1-specific autoreactive antiphospatidylcholine immunoglobulin. Since Btk is involved in BCR-mediated signalling, this observation supports the idea of BCR-induced differentiation of B-1 cells.
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0033523728
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This is an extension of the study described in [11]. The authors propose a mechanism responsible for the selection of B-1 cells by the autoantigen at multiple checkpoints during B cell development.
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Tatu C., Ye J., Arnold L.W., Clarke S.H. Selection at multiple checkpoints focuses V(H)12 B cell differentiation toward a single B-1 cell specificity. J Exp Med. 190:1999;903-914. This is an extension of the study described in [11]. The authors propose a mechanism responsible for the selection of B-1 cells by the autoantigen at multiple checkpoints during B cell development.
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This is an elegant study which demonstrates the positive selection of B-1 cells by autoantigen. Expression of the autoantigen Thy-1 does not interfere with the generation and accumulation of B-1 cells expressing anti-Thy-1 antibody. However, the lack of this antigen (in Thy-1 deficient mice) abrogates the development and selection of anti-Thy-1-expressing B-1 but not B-2 cells.
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Hayakawa K., Asano M., Shinton S.A., Gui M., Allman D., Stewart C.L., Silver J., Hardy R.R. Positive selection of natural autoreactive B cells. Science. 285:1999;113-116. This is an elegant study which demonstrates the positive selection of B-1 cells by autoantigen. Expression of the autoantigen Thy-1 does not interfere with the generation and accumulation of B-1 cells expressing anti-Thy-1 antibody. However, the lack of this antigen (in Thy-1 deficient mice) abrogates the development and selection of anti-Thy-1-expressing B-1 but not B-2 cells.
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Hayakawa, K.1
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B cell antigen receptor specificity and surface density together determine B-1 versus B-2 cell development
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HB1-8 possess the B-1 phenotype. The data suggest that a developing B cell might be equally able to become B-1 or B-2 cells depending on the specificity and the expression levels of surface immunoglobulin.
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HB1-8 possess the B-1 phenotype. The data suggest that a developing B cell might be equally able to become B-1 or B-2 cells depending on the specificity and the expression levels of surface immunoglobulin.
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This paper describes the possible molecular mechanism of the generation of the B-1-specific antibody repertoire. The authors suggest that the expression of the recombinase-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG 1 and 2) in B-1 cells may support an ongoing secondary V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin genes thus contributing to the generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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Qin X.F., Schwers S., Yu W., Papavasiliou F., Suh H., Nussenzweig A., Rajewsky K., Nussenzweig M.C. Secondary V(D)J recombination in B-1 cells. Nature. 397:1999;355-359. This paper describes the possible molecular mechanism of the generation of the B-1-specific antibody repertoire. The authors suggest that the expression of the recombinase-activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG 1 and 2) in B-1 cells may support an ongoing secondary V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin genes thus contributing to the generation of autoreactive antibodies.
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The authors demonstrate that SHP-1 is constitutively associated with the B cell antigen-receptor (BCR) in both B-1 and B-2 cells. However upon activation of the BCR by cross-linking, the amount of SHP-1 associated with the receptor decreases in splenic B-2 cells but remains constant in peritoneal B-1 cells. The persistent association between the BCR and SHP-1 in B-1 cells upon activation of the receptor seems to be mediated by CD5.
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Karras J.G., Wang Z., Huo L., Howard R.G., Frank D.A., Rothstein T.L. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated in normal, self-renewing B-1 cells but only inducibly expressed in conventional B lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 185:1997;1035-1042.
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0033532703
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The authors show that the rapid cell cycle progression observed in B-1 cells upon phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation is accompanied by unusually early expression of cyclin D2. Consistent with the observations in [21], the authors speculate that STAT proteins may play a role in regulating cyclin D2 expression.
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Tanguay D.A., Colarusso T.P., Pavlovic S., Irigoyen M., Howard R.G., Bartek J., Chiles T.C., Rothstein T.L. Early induction of cyclin D2 expression in phorbol ester-responsive B-1 lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 189:1999;1685-1690. The authors show that the rapid cell cycle progression observed in B-1 cells upon phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation is accompanied by unusually early expression of cyclin D2. Consistent with the observations in [21], the authors speculate that STAT proteins may play a role in regulating cyclin D2 expression.
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Mice deficient for the p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) were used in the studies described in references [23,24]. Both mouse strains have reduced numbers of B-1 cells and develop an Xid-like immunodeficiency. The authors conclude that p85α may be involved in the Btk pathway of antigen-receptor-mediated signal transduction. These results are consistent with earlier findings that demonstrate the functional interaction between Btk and PI3K.
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Fruman D.A., Snapper S.B., Yballe C.M., Davidson L., Yu J.Y., Alt F.W., Cantley L.C. Impaired B cell development and proliferation in absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85alpha. Science. 283:1999;393-397. Mice deficient for the p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) were used in the studies described in references [23,24]. Both mouse strains have reduced numbers of B-1 cells and develop an Xid-like immunodeficiency. The authors conclude that p85α may be involved in the Btk pathway of antigen-receptor-mediated signal transduction. These results are consistent with earlier findings that demonstrate the functional interaction between Btk and PI3K.
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