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Volumn 286, Issue 5444, 1999, Pages 1555-1558

Increased cortical oxidative metabolism due to sensory stimulation: Implications for functional brain imaging

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN; OXYGEN; PORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE;

EID: 0033584909     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5444.1555     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (270)

References (78)
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    • The spectrum of the light reflected from the cortex depends on (i) the spectra of the intrinsic chromophores, (ii) their concentration, and (iii) the distance the light travels in the medium. In a scattering medium like cortical tissue, this path length depends on both the scattering and the absorption properties. It is therefore wavelength-dependent Malonek and Crinvald have used a simplified linear equation in which the path length was assumed constant, and with their simplified model, the initial dip was observed in the anesthetized cat (8) and the awake behaving primate (E. Shtoyerman, I. Vanzetta, A. Grinvald, unpublished data). An alternative, more rigorous approach has been proposed recently by Mayhew and colleagues; the initial dip was also observed in the rat whisker barrel system using their model, after subtraction of the vasomotion signals (12). We also analyzed several data sets from different species at the full wavelength range using a more rigorous algorithm similar to that proposed by Mayhew. We found that the initial dip persisted or disappeared depending on the parameters used in the model, and the residuals of the curve fitting could not be used as reliable criteria for the validity of the model parameters [U. Lindauer et al., Neurosci. Abstr. 25, 1639 (1999)].
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    • The other factors affecting the phosphorescence decay time are temperature, salinity, and pH. By their nature, salinity and temperature changes are much slower than the phenomenon under examination. The upper limit for a pH change should be smaller than the arterovenous pH difference of ΔpH = 0.03. Using pH calibration data (17), the effect of ΔpH (pH = 7.4 was taken as the resting pH) on the decay time is negligible, about 7% of the difference we observed during the deoxygenation phase. The initial dip detected with phosphorescence decay time measurements cannot be attributed to blood volume rearrangements among microvascular compartments, because the latter's onset is delayed by ∼500 ms (Fig. 2B, inset). In addition, in those high-resolution volume measurements (4 μm), the volume increase observed in venules and veins was neither faster nor larger than in the other compartments. Previous (7, 79) and recent (I. Vanzetta, R. Hildesheim, A. Grinvald, unpublished data) fluorescent tracer imaging measurements confirmed these results. The visualization of a stimulus-dependent increase in red blood cell velocity in individual capillaries [D. Weinfeld, P. P. Mitra, F. Helmchen, W. Denk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15741 (1998)], also showed that the flow increase starts late (> ∼0.5 s).
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    • The other factors affecting the phosphorescence decay time are temperature, salinity, and pH. By their nature, salinity and temperature changes are much slower than the phenomenon under examination. The upper limit for a pH change should be smaller than the arterovenous pH difference of ΔpH = 0.03. Using pH calibration data (17), the effect of ΔpH (pH = 7.4 was taken as the resting pH) on the decay time is negligible, about 7% of the difference we observed during the deoxygenation phase. The initial dip detected with phosphorescence decay time measurements cannot be attributed to blood volume rearrangements among microvascular compartments, because the latter's onset is delayed by ∼500 ms (Fig. 2B, inset). In addition, in those high-resolution volume measurements (4 μm), the volume increase observed in venules and veins was neither faster nor larger than in the other compartments. Previous (7, 79) and recent (I. Vanzetta, R. Hildesheim, A. Grinvald, unpublished data) fluorescent tracer imaging measurements confirmed these results. The visualization of a stimulus-dependent increase in red blood cell velocity in individual capillaries [D. Weinfeld, P. P. Mitra, F. Helmchen, W. Denk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15741 (1998)], also showed that the flow increase starts late (> ∼0.5 s).
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    • Supported by a grant from the German Israeli Foundation. We thank R. Buxton, U. Dirnagl, N. Logothetis, I. Steinberg, R. B. H. Tootell, K. Ugurbil, and D. F. Wilson for their useful suggestions and comments, and D. Ettner, I. Lampl, D. Nelson, E. Shtoyerman, D. Sharon, H. Slovin, and C. Wijnbergen for their help during the experiments.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.