Optical imaging of functional organization in the monkey inferotemporal cortex

Science

Volumn 272, Issue 5268, 1996, Pages 1665-1668

  Wang, Gang ^a,b   Tanaka, Keiji ^c   Tanifuji, Manabu ^d  

^a INST OF PHYS AND CHEMICAL RESEARCH   (Japan)

^b KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c RIKEN   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF FUKUI   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTRODE; IMAGING; MONKEY; NERVE CONDUCTION; NONHUMAN; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOGNITION; TEMPORAL CORTEX;

EID: 0029927108     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5268.1665     Document Type: Article

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18. 2O (70%) and isoflurane (up to 2%) and immobilized with pancuronium bromide in electrode recording and optical imaging sessions, and all the procedures were performed under aseptic conditions. Monkeys were regularly monitored by a veterinarian and cared for in accordance with the "Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Animals in the Field of Physiological Science" of the Japanese Physiological Society.
19. After activity from a single cell was isolated, many three-dimensional objects were first presented to determine effective stimuli, and then the image of the most effective stimulus was simplified successively to determine the critical feature. For details of this reduction process, see (3, 4).
20. Before the optical imaging, a chamber 18 mm in diameter was attached to the skull, the skull and the dura covering the imaged region were removed, and the chamber was filled with silicone oil to minimize movement of the brain. We measured the intrinsic signals by illuminating the cortex with two fiber-optic lights and obtaining images with an Imager 2001 (Optical Imaging) equipped with a charge-coupled-device camera. The visual stimuli were presented on a 20-inch television monitor 40 or 28 times each for 4 s at 8- or 14-s intervals. The stimulus image was presented suddenly on the prestimulus homogeneously gray screen and then moved in a circular path (with a radius of 0.4° at a rate of 1 cycle/s) for 4 s. The background of the stimulus image was the same as the prestimulus homogeneous gray. Five to 28 different stimuli, together with a few nonstimulus conditions, were combined and presented in circular order, and image processing (division and subtraction) was performed only between the images obtained within the combined conditions. The image frames obtained during individual responses were averaged over the period from 0.5 s after the stimulus onset to the stimulus offset. This response image was divided by the image obtained during a blank screen period ("blank reference") to compensate for the difference in the background level of reflected light. From the image, then, was subtracted the image obtained by division between the image obtained in the 1-s period just before the stimulus onset and the corresponding image of the blank reference, in order to compensate for slow changes in signals over several minutes. No spatial filtering except smoothing (high-cut filtering) was performed.
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28. The t values calculated on a trial-by-trial basis for the deviation from 1 of the mean for the pixels below the sulcus gave P < 0.01 for all of the 19 stimuli examined, whereas those calculated for pixels above the sulcus gave P > 0.1 for 17 stimuli and P > 0.05 for the remaining 2 stimuli.
29. The coefficient of cross-correlation calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis for the anterior IT region was 0.65 ± 0.04 (n = 19). These values had no overlap with the correlation coefficients calculated between images obtained with different critical features (0.30 ± 0.08, n = 91).
30. The sites of electrode penetration were pinpointed with ink directly on the cortical surface and were successfully identified at the time of optical imaging for 13 penetrations. In 10 out of the 13 cases, the penetration site was enclosed by the contour of the dark spot defined by a drop from the peak by 1/e of the difference between the peak and the average of the surrounding regions. In another case, the penetration site was at a 2/e drop from the peak, and in the other two cases the penetration site was distant from the dark spots.
31. Calculation of t values for individual pixels, in reference to the cocktail references, showed that the darkening evoked by the critical feature determined at the site was statistically significant (P < 0.01) but that the other stimuli evoked no significant darkening around the region (P > 0.10).
32. Only optical imaging was conducted in these two hemispheres. The main purpose of these experiments was to repeat the systematic movement of the activation spot with the rotation of the face. Ten or 14 nonface stimuli were also presented in order to examine the selectivity of activation.
33. G. Wang, K. Tanaka, M. Tanifuji, data not shown.
34. None of the nonface stimuli [10 stimuli in the cases shown in Fig. 3, A and C, and 14 stimuli in the case shown in Fig. 3B] evoked a statistically significant darkening around the regions (P > 0.10).
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36. Supported by the Frontier Research Program, RIKEN.