Dietary fat and breast cancer

Toxicological Sciences

Volumn 52, Issue 2 SUPPL., 1999, Pages 127-146

  Willett, Walter C ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; FAT; LINOLEIC ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CALORIC INTAKE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CASE CONTROL STUDY; DIETARY INTAKE; FAT INTAKE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LIPID METABOLISM; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENOPAUSE; MIGRATION; MORTALITY; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK FACTOR; RODENT; SEXUAL MATURATION;

EID: 0033397867     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/52.2.127     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Adelstein, A. M., Staszewski, J., and Muir, C. S. (1979). Cancer mortality in 1970-1972 among Polish-born migrants to England and Wales. Br. J. Cancer 40, 464-475.
2. Albanes, D. (1987). Total calories, body weight, and tumor incidence in mice. Cancer Res. 47, 1987-92.
3. Ames, B. N., Gold, L.S., and Willett, W. C. (1995). The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 92, 5258-5265.
4. Appleton, B. S., and Landers, R. E. (1986). Oil gavage effects on tumor incidence in the National Toxicology Program's 2-year carcinogenesis bioassay. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 206, 99-104.
5. Armstrong, B. K., Brown, J. B., Clarke, H. T., Crooke, D. K., Hahnel, R., Masarei, J. R., and Ratajczak, T. (1981). Diet and reproductive hormones: A study of vegetarian and nonvegetarian postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67, 761-767.
6. Armstrong, B., and Doll, R. (1975). Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices. Int. J. Cancer 15, 617-631.
7. Bennett, F. C., and Ingram, D. M. (1990). Diet and female sex hormone concentrations: An intervention study for the type of fat consumed. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 808-812.
8. Bernstein, L., Henderson, B. E., Hanisch, R., Sullivan-Halley, J., and Ross, R. K. (1994). Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 86, 1403-1408.
9. Beth, M., Berger, M. R., Aksoy, M. and Schmahl, D. (1987). Comparison between the effects of dietary fat level and of calorie intake on methylnitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female SD-rats. Int. J. Cancer 39, 737-744.
10. Birt, D. F. (1986). Dietary fat and experimental carcinogenesis: A summary of recent in vivo studies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 206, 69-83.
11. Bjarnason, O., Day, N., Snaedal, G., and Tulinius, H. (1974). The effect of year of birth on the breast cancer age-incidence curve in Iceland. Int. J. Cancer 13, 689-696.
12. Boissonneault, G. A., Elson, C. E. and Pariza, M. W. (1986). Net energy effects of dietary fat on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in F344 rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76, 335-338.
13. Brinton, L. A., Williams, R. R., Hoover, R. N., Stegens, N. L., Feinleib, M., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (1979). Breast cancer risk factors among screening program participants. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62, 37-44.
14. Buell, P. (1973). Changing incidence of breast cancer in Japanese-American women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 51, 1479-1483.
15. Carroll, K. K. (1975). Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers. Cancer Res. 35, 3374-3383.
16. Carroll, K. K. (1987). Summation: Which fat/how much fat - animals. Prev. Med. 16, 510-515.
17. Carroll, K. K., and Hopkins, G. J. (1979). Dietary polyunsaturated fat versus saturated fat in relation to mammary carcinogenesis. Lipids 14, 155-158.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1994). Epiinfo 6: A word processing, database, and statistics program for public health. Version 6.02. C DC, Atlanta.
19. Chan, P. C., and Cohen, L. A. (1974). Effect of dietary fat, antiestrogen, and antiprolactin on the development of mammary tumors in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52, 25-30.
20. Chasan-Taber, S., Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Spiegelman, D., Colditz, G. A., Giovannucci, K., Ascherio, A., and Willett, W. C. (1996). Reproducibility and validity of a self-administered physical activity questionnaire for male health professionals. Epidemiology 7, 81-86.
21. Chen, J., Campbell, T. C., Junyao, L., and Peto, R. (1990). Diet, life-style, and mortality in China: A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
22. Choi, N. W., Howe, G. R., Miller, A. B., Matthews, V., Morgan, R. W., Munan, L., Burch, J. D., Feather, J., Jain, M., and Kelly, A. (1978). An Epidemiologic study of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 107, 510-521.
23. Cohen, L. A., Kendall, M. E., Zang, E., Meschter, C., and Rose, D. P. (1991). Modulation of N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumor promotion by dietary fiber and fat. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 496-501.
24. Cohen, L. A., and Wynder, E. I. (1990). Do dietary monounsaturated fatty acids play a protective role in carcinogenesis and cardiovascular disease? Med. Hypotheses 31, 83-89.
25. Colditz, G. A., Hankinson, S. E., Hunter, D. J., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Hennekens, C., Rosner, B., and Speizer, F. E. (1995). The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1589-1593.
26. Committee on Diet Nutrition and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences and National Research Council (1982). Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
27. de Waard, F. (1975). Breast cancer incidence and nutritional status with particular reference to body weight and height. Cancer Res. 35, 3351-3356.
28. de Waard, F., Baanders-van Halewijn, E. A., and Huizinga, J. (1964). The bimodal age distribution of patients with mammary carcinoma: Evidence for the existence of 2 types of human breast cancer. Cancer 17, 141-51.
29. Djuric, Z., Hielbrun, L. K., Reading, B. A., Boomer, A., Valeriote, F. A., and Martino, S. (1991). Effects of a low-fat diet on levels of oxidative damage to DNA in human peripheral nucleated blood cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 766-769.
30. Franceschi, S., Favero, A., Decarli, A., Negri, E., La Vecchia, C., Ferraroni, M., Russo, A., Salvini, S., Amadori, D., Conti, E., Montella, M., and Giacosa, A. (1996). Intake of macronutrients and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 341, 1351-1356.
31. Freedman, L. S., Clifford, C., and Messina, M. (1990). Analysis of dietary fat, calories, body weight, and the development of mammary tumors in rats and mice: A review. Cancer Res. 50, 5710-5719.
32. Freedman, L. S., Prentice, R. L., Clifford, C., and et al. (1993). Dietary fat and breast cancer: Where we are. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 764-765.
33. Friedenreich, C. M., Howe, G. R., and Miller, A. B. (1991). An investigation of recall bias in the reporting of past food intake among breast cancer cases and controls. Annu. Epidemiol. 1, 439-453.
34. Friedenreich, C. M., Howe, G. R., and Miller, A. B. (1994). Re: "A comparison of prospective and retrospective assessments of diet in the study of breast cancer" (Letter). Am. J Epidemiol. 140, 579-580.
35. Frisch, R. E., Wyshak, G., Albright, N. L., Albright, T. E., Schiff, I., Jones, K. P., Witschi, J., Shiang, E., Koff, E., and Marguglio, M. (1985). Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to nonathletes. Br. J. Cancer 52, 885-891.
36. Gaard, M., Tretli, S., and Loken, E. B. (1995). Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer: A prospective study of 25.892 Norwegian women. Int. J. Cancer 63, 13-17.
37. Giovannucci, E. (1995). Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 6, 164-179.
38. Giovannucci, E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Manson, J. E., Rosner, B. A., Longnecker, M., Speizer, F. E., and Willett, W. C. (1993). A comparison of prospective and retrospective assessments of diet in the study of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 137, 502-511.
39. Giovannucci, E., and Willett, W. C. (1994). RE: A comparison of prospective and retrospective assessments of diet in the study of breast cancer (Reply). Am. J. Epidemiol. 140, 580-581.
40. Goldin, B. R., Adlerereutz, H., Dwyer, J. T., Swenson, L., Warram, J. H., and Gorbach, S. L. (1981). Effect of diet on excretion of estrogens in pre-and postmenopausal women. Cancer Res. 41, 3771-3773.
41. Graham, S., Marshall, J., Mettlin, C., Rzepka, T., Nemoto, T. and Byers, T. (1982). Diet in the epidemiology of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 116, 68-75.
42. Graham, S., Zielezny, M., Marshall, J., Priore, R., Freudenheim, J., Brasure, J., Haughey, B., Nasca, P., and Zdeb, M. (1992). Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136, 1327-1337.
43. Gray, R. W., Lemann, J., Jr., and Adams, N. D. (1979). The regulation of 1,25-(OH)2-D concentrations in healthy adults. In Vitamin D: Basic Research and Its Clinical Application: Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vitamin D. Berlin, Germany. February 1979. (A. W. Norman, K. Schaefer, D. v. Herrath, H. G. Grigoleit, J. W. Coburn, H. F. DeLuca, E. B. Mawer. and T. Suda, Eds.), pp. 545-551. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
44. Gray, G. E., Pike, M. C., Hirayama, T., Tellez, J., Gerkins, V., Brown, J. B., Casagrande, J. T., and Henderson, B. E. (1982a). Diet and hormone profiles in teenage girls in four countries at different risk for breast cancer. Prev. Med. 11, 108-113.
45. Gray, G. E., Williams, P., Gerkins, V., Brown, J. B., Armstrong, B., Phillips, R., Casagrande, J. T., Pike, M. C., and Henderson, B. E. (1982b). Diet and hormone levels in Seventh-Day Adventist teenage girls. Prev. Med. 11, 103-107.
46. Grodin, J. M., Siiteri, P. K., and MacDonald, P. C. (1973). Source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. J. Clin. Edocrinol. Metab. 36, 207-214.
47. Haggarty, P., McGaw, B. A., Maughan, R. J., and Fenn, C. (1988). Energy expenditure of elite female athletes measured by the doubly labeled water method (abstract). Proc. Nutr. Soc. 47, 35.
48. Hankinson, S. E., Manson, J. E., London, S. J., Willett, W. C., and Speizer, F. E. (1994). Laboratory reproducibility of endogenous hormone levels in postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 3, 51-56.
49. Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Longcope, C., and Speizer, F. E. (1995). Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 1297-1302.
50. Hankinson, S. E., Willett, W. C., Michaud, D. S., Manson, J. E., Colditz, G. A., Longcope, C., Rosner, B., and Speizer, F. E. (1998). Plasma prolactin levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91, 629-634.
51. Hems, G. (1978). The contributions of diet and childbearing to breast cancer rates, Br. J. Cancer 37, 974-982.
52. Hill, P., Garbaczewski, L., Helman, P., Huskisson, J., Sporangisa, E., and Wynder, E. L. (1980). Diet, lifestyle, and menstrual activity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33, 1192-1198.
53. Hirayama, T. (1978). Epidemiology of breast cancer with special reference to the role of diet, Prev. Med. 7, 173-195.
54. Hirohata, T., Shigematsu, T., Nomura, A. M., Nomura, Y., Horie, A., and Hirohata, I. (1985). Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to diet and reproductive history: A case-control study in Fukuoka, Japan. NCI Monogr. 69, 187-190.
55. Holmberg, L., Ohlander, E. M., Byers, T., Zack, M., Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Bergkvist, L., Thurfjell, E., Bruce, A., and Adami, H. O. (1994). Diet and breast cancer risk : Results from a population-based, case-control study in Sweden. Arch. Intern. Med. 154, 1805-1811.
56. Holmes, M. D., Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hankinson, S. E., Speizer, F. E., Rosner, B., and Willett, W. C. (1999). Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. JAMA 281, 914-920.
57. Hopkins, G. J., and Carroll, K. K. (1979). Relationship between amount and type of dietary fat in promotion of mammary carcinogenesis induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62, 1009-12.
58. Horn-Ross, P. L. (1995). Phytoestrogens, body composition, and breast cancer, Cancer Causes Control 6, 567-573.
59. Howe, G. R., Friedenreich, C. M., Jain, M., and Miller, A. B. (1991). A cohort study of fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 336-340.
60. Howe, G. R., Hirohata, T., Hislop, T. G., Iscovich, J. M., Yuan, J. M., Katsouyanni, K., Lubin, F., Marubini, E., Modan, B., Rohan, T., Toniolo, P., and Shunzhang, Y. (1990). Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: Combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 561-569.
61. Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., and Willett, W. C. (1997). Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 1491-1499.
62. Huang, Z., Hankinson, S. E., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Hennekens, C. H., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. E., and Willett, W. C. (1997). Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. JAMA 278, 1407-1411.
63. Huang, Z., Hankinson, S., Colditz, G., Stampfer, M, Hunter, D., Manson, J., Hennekens, C., Speizer, F., and Willett, W. (1996). Body mass index, weight change, and risk of breast cancer among women (abstract). Am. J. Epidemiol. 143(suppl.), S85.
64. Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Adami, H. O., Beeson, L., van den Brandt, P. A., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Howe, G. R., Kushi, L. H., Marshall, J. R., McDermott, A., Miller, A. B., Speizer, F. E., et al. (1996). Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer: A pooled analysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 356-361.
65. Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Willett, W. C. and for the Pooling of Prospective Studies Investigators (1998). Dietary fat and breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90, 1303-1305.
66. Hunter, D. J., and Willett, W. C. (1989). Human epidemiologic evidence on the nutritional prevention of cancer. In Nutrition and Cancer Prevention (T. Moon and M. Micozzi, Eds.), pp. 83-100. Marcel Dekker, New York.
67. Hunter, D. J., and Willett, W. C. (1993). Diet, body size, and breast cancer. Epidemiol. Rev. 15, 110-132.
68. Insull, W. J., Oiso, T., and Tsuchiya, K. (1968). Diet and nutritional status of Japanese. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21, 753-777.
69. Ip, C. (1987). Fat and essential fatty acid in mammary carcinogensis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45(s), 218-224.
70. Ip, C. (1990). Quantitative assessment of fat and calorie as risk factors in mammary carcinogenesis in an experimental model. In Recent Progress in Research on Nutrition and Cancer: proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the International Union Against Cancer, held in Nagoya, Japan, November 1-3, 1989 (C. J. Mettlin and K. Aoki, Eds.), pp. 107-117. Wiley-Liss, New York.
71. Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Ocana, A. M., Vuksan, V., Cunnane, S. C., Jenkins, M., Wong, G. S., Singer, W., Bloom, S. R., Blendis, L. M., and Josse, R. G. (1990). Metabolic effects of reducing rate of glucose ingestion by single bolus versus continuous sipping. Diabetes 39, 775-781.
72. Jones, D. Y., Schatzkin, A., Green, S. B., Block, G., Brinton, L. A., Ziegler, R. G., Hoover, R., and Taylor, P. R. (1987). Dietary fat and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: I. Epidemiologic follow-up study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 79, 465-471.
73. Kamiyama, S., and Michioka, O. (1982). Mutagenic components of diets in high and low-risk areas for stomach cancer. In Carcinogens and Mutagens in the Emironment (H. F. Stich, Ed.), pp. 29-42. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
74. Karmali, R. A. (1987). Fatty acids: Inhibition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45(s), 225-229.
75. Kato, I., Miura, S., Kasumi, F., Iwase, T., Tashiro, H., Fujita, Y., Koyama, H., Ikeda, T., Fujiwara, K., Saotome, K., et al. (1992). A case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: With special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 24, 51-59.
76. Katsouyanni, K., Trichopoulou, A., Stuver, S., Garas, Y., Kritselis, A., Kyriakou, G., Stoikidou, M., Boyle, P., and Trichopoulos, D. (1994). The association of fat and other macronutrients with breast cancer: A case-control study from Greece. Br. J. Cancer 70, 537-541.
77. Kinlen, L. J. (1982). Meat and fat consumption and cancer mortality: A study of strict religious orders in Britain. Lancet 1, 946-949.
78. Knekt, P., Albanes, D., Seppanen, R., Aromaa, A., Jarvinen, R., Hyvonen, L., Teppo, L., and Pukkala, E. (1990). Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 903-908.
79. Knox, E. G. (1977). Foods and diseases. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 31, 71-80.
80. Kushi, L. H., Sellers, T. A., Potter, J. D., Nelson, C. L., Munger, R. G., Kaye, S. A., and Folsom, A. R. (1992). Dietary fat and postmenopausal breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84, 1092-1099.
81. Landa, M. C., Frago, N., and Tres, A. (1994). Diet and the risk of breast cancer in Spain. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 3, 313-320.
82. la Vecchia, C., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., Decarli, A., Giacosa, A., and Lipworth, L. (1995). Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy). Cancer Causes Control 6, 545-550.
83. Le, M. G., Moulton, L. H., Hill, C., and Kramar, A. (1986). Consumption of dairy produce and alcohol in a case-control study of breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 77, 633-636.
84. Le Marchand, L., Kolonel, L. N., Earle, M. E., and Mi, M. P. (1988). Body size at different periods of life and breast cancer risk. Am. J. Epidemiol. 128, 137-152.
85. London, S. J., Sacks, F. M., Stampfer, M. J., Henderson, I. C., Maclure, M., Tomita, A., Wood, W. C., Remine, S., Robert, N. J., Dmochowski, J. R., et al. (1993). Fatty acid composition of the subcutaneous adipose tissue and risk of proliferative benign breast disease and breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 785-793.
86. Longnecker, M. P. (1994). Alcoholic beverage consumption in relation to risk of breast cancer: Meta-analysis and review. Cancer Causes Control 5, 73-82.
87. Lubin, J. H., Burns, P. E., Blot, W. J., Ziegler, R. G., Lees, A. W., and Fraumeni, J. F., Jr. (1981). Dietary factors and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 28, 685-689.
88. Maclure, M., Travis, L. B., Willett, W. C., and MacMahon, B. (1991). A prospective cohort study of nutrient intake and age at menarche. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 54, 649-656.
89. Malik, I. A., Sharif, S., Malik, F., Hakimali, A., Khan, W. A., and Badruddin, S. H. (1993). Nutritional aspects of mammary carcinogenesis: A case-control study. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. (JPMA) 43, 118-120.
90. Manson, J. E., Willed, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Hankinson, S. E., Hennekens, C. H., and Speizer, F. E. (1995). Body weight and mortality among women. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 677-685.
91. Marshall, J. R., and Graham, S. (1993). Letter to the Editor, Am. J. Epidemiol. 137, 249-252.
92. Marshall, J. R., Qu. Y., Chen, J., Parpia, B., and Campbell, T. C. (1992). Additional ecological evidence: Lipids and breast cancer mortality among women aged 55 and over in China. Eur. J Cancer 28A, 1720-1727.
93. Martin-Moreno, J. M., Willen, W. C., Gorgojo, L., Banegas, J. R., Rodriguez-Artalejo, F., Fernandez-Rodriguez, J. C., Maisonnneuve, P., and Boyle, P. (1994). Dietary fat, olive oil intake and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer 58, 774-780.
94. McMichael, A. J., and Giles, G. G. (1988). Cancer immigrants to Australia: Extending the descriptive epidemiological data. Cancer Res. 48, 751-756.
95. Meyer, F., Moisan, J., Marcoux, D., and Bouchard, C. (1990). Dietary and physical determinants of menarche. Epidemiology 1, 377-381.
96. Michels, K. B., and Willett, W. C. (1992). The Women's Health Initiative: Daughter of politics or science? Principles and Practices of Oncology 6, 1-11.
97. Micozzi, M. S. (1985). Nutrition, body size, and breast cancer. Yearbook Phys. Anthropol. 28, 175-206.
98. Miller, A. B., Kelly, A., Choi, N. W., Matthews, V., Morgan, R. W., Munan, L., Burch, J. D., Feather, J., Howe, G. R., and Jain, M. (1978). A study of diet and breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 107, 499-509.
99. Mills, P. K., Annegers, J. F., and Phillips, R. L. (1988). Animal product consumption and subsequent fatal breast cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Am. J. Epidemiol. 127, 440-453.
100. Mills, P. K., Beeson, W. L., Phillips, R. L., and Fraser, G. E. (1989). Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer 64, 582-590.
101. Morgan, R.W., Jain, M., Miller, A.B., Choi, N.W., Matthews, V., Munan, L., Burch, J.D., Feather, J., Howe, G.R. and Kelly, A. (1978). A comparison of dietary methods in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 107, 488-498.
102. National Cancer Institute (NCI) (1984). Cancer prevention: Good news: better news: best news. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington. DC.
103. Nukada, A. (1975). Industrialization as a factor for secular increase in physiques of school children in Japan. In Physiological Adaptability and Nutritional Status of the Japanese (K. Asahina and R. Shigiya, Eds.), pp. 108. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
104. Paffenbarger, R. S., Jr., Kampert, J. B., and Chang, H. G. (1980). Characteristics that predict risk of breast cancer before and after the menopause. Am. J. Epidemiol. 112, 258-268.
105. Pariza, M. W., and Boutwell, R. K. (1987). Historical perspective: Calories and energy expenditure in carcinogenesis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45(suppl.), 151-156.
106. Pathak, D. R. ,and Whittemore, A. S. (1992). Combined effects of body size, parity, and menstrual events on breast cancer incidence in seven countries. Am. J. Epidemiol. 135, 153-168.
107. Phillips, R. L. (1975). Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res. 35, 3513-3522.
108. Phillips, R. L., Garfinkel, L., Kuzma, J. W., Beeson, W. L., Lotz, T., and Brin, B. (1980). Mortality among California Seventh-day Adventists for selected cancer sites. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 65, 1097-1107.
109. Phillips, R. L., and Snowdon, D. A. (1983). Association of meat and coffee use with cancers of the large bowel, breast, and prostate among Seventh-Day Adventists: Preliminary results. Cancer Res. 43(suppl.), 2403S-2408S.
110. Pike, M. C., Krailo, M. D., Henderson, B. E., Casagrande, J. T., and Hoel, D. G. (1983). "Hormonal" risk factors, "breast-tissue age," and the ageincidence of breast cancer. Nature 303, 767-770.
111. Prentice, R. L. (1996). Measurement error and results from analytic epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Ins. 88, 1738-1747.
112. Prentice, R. L. Kakar, F., Hursting, S., Sheppard, L., Klein, R., and Kushi, L. H. (1988). Aspects of the rationale for the Women's Health Trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 80, 802-814.
113. Prentice, R. L., and Sheppard, L. (1990). Dietary fat and cancer: Consistency of the epidemiologic data, and disease prevention that may follow from a practical reduction in fat consumption. Cancer Causes Control 1, 81-97.
114. Prentice, R., Thompson, D., Clifford, C., Gorbach, S., Goldin, B. and Byar, D. (1990). Dietary fat reduction and plasma estradiol concentration in healthy postmenopausal women. The Women's Health Trial Study Group. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82, 129-134.
115. Rich-Edwards, J.W., Goldman, M. B., Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., Stampfer, M. J., Culditz, G. A., and Manson, J. E. (1994). Adolescent body mass index and infertility caused by ovulatory disorder. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 171, 171-177.
116. Rich-Edwards, J. W., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Speizer, F. K., and Hennekens, C. H. (1995). Height and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142, 909-917.
117. Rose, D. P., Boyar, A. P., Cohen, C., and Strong, L. E. (1987a). Effect of a low-fat diet on hormone levels in women with cystic breast disease. I. Serum steroids and gonadotrophins. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78, 623-626.
118. Rose, D. P., Cohen, L. A., Berke, B., and Boyar, A. P. (1987b). Effect of a low-fat diet on hormone levels in women with cystic breast disease. II. Serum radioimmunoassayable prolactin and growth hormone and bioactive lactogenic hormones. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78, 627-631.
119. Rose, D. P., Connolly, J. M., Chlebowski, R. T., Buzzard, I. M., and Wynder, E. L. (1993). The effects of a low-fat dietary intervention and tamoxifen adjuvant therapy on the serum estrogen and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations of postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 27, 253-262.
120. Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., and Spiegelman, D. (1989). Correction of logistic regression relalive risk estimates and confidence intervals for systematic within-person measurement error. Statistics Med. 8, 1051-1069.
121. Schatzkin, A., Jones, D. Y., Hoover, R. N., Taylor, P. R., Brinton, L. A., Ziegler, R. G., Harvey, E. B., Carter, C. L., Licitra, L. M., Dufour, M. C., et al. (1987). Alcohol consumption and breast cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up study of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1169-1173.
122. Schrauzer, G. N., White, D. A., and Schneider, C. J. (1977). Cancer mortality correlation studies: III. Statistical associations with dietary selenium intakes. Bioinorg Chem. 7, 23-31.
123. Sonnenschein, E., Glickman, L., Goldschmidt, M., and McKee, L. (1991). Body conformation, diet, and risk of breast cancer in pet dogs: A case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133, 694-703.
124. Spicer, D. V., Krecker, E. A., and Pike, M. C. (1995). The endocrine prevention of breast cancer. Cancer Invest. 13, 495-504.
125. Staszewski, J., and Haenszel, W. (1965). Cancer mortality among the Polishborn in the United States. J Natl. Cancer Inst. 35, 291-297.
126. Steinmetz, K. A., and Potter, J. D. (1991). Vegetables, fruit and cancer: I. Epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control 2, 325-357.
127. Stephen, A. M., and Wald, N. J. (1990). Trends in individual consumption of dietary fat in the United States, 1920-1984. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52, 457-469.
128. Stocks, P. (1970). Breast cancer anomalies. Br. J. Cancer 24, 633-643.
129. Swanson, C. A., Jones, D. Y., Schatzkin, A., Brinton, L. A., and Ziegler, R. G. (1988). Breast cancer risk assessed by anthropometry in the NHANES I epidemiological follow-up study. Cancer Res. 48, 5363-5367.
130. Talamini, R., La Vecchia, C., Decarli, A., Franceschi, S., Grattoni, E., Grigoletto, E., Liberati, A., and Tognoni, G. (1984). Social factors, diet, and breast cancer in a Northern Italian population. Br. J. Cancer 49, 723-729.
131. Tannenbaum, A., and Silverstone, H. (1953). Nutrition in relation to cancer. Adv. Cancer Res. 1, 451-501.
132. Toniolo, P., Riboli, E., Shore, R. E., and Pasternack, B. S. (1994). Consumption of meat, animal products, protein, and fat and risk of breast cancer: A prospective cohort study in New York. Epidemiology 5, 391-397.
133. Toniolo, P. G., Levitz, M., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Banerjee, S., Koenig, K. L., Shore, R. E., Strax, P., and Pasternack, B. S. (1995). A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87, 190-197.
134. Tretli, S. (1989). Height and weight in relation to breast cancer morbidity and mortality. A prospective study of 570,000 women in Norway. Int. J. Cancer 44, 23-30.
135. Tretli, S., and Gaard, M. (1996). Lifestyle changes during adolescence and risk of breast cancer: An ecologic study of the effect of World War II in Norway. Cancer Causes Control 7, 507-512.
136. Trichopoulos, D. (1990). Is breast cancer initiated in utero? Epidemiology 1, 95-96.
137. Ursin, G., Bernstein, L., and Pike, M. C. (1994). Breast cancer. Cancer Surv. 19-20, 241-264.
138. Valaoras, V. G., MacMahon, B., Trichopoulos, D., and Polychronopoulou, A. (1969). Lactation and reproductive histories of breast cancer patients in greater Athens, 1965-1967. Int. J. Cancer 4, 350-363.
139. Van den Brandt, P. A., Van't Veer, P., Goldbohm, R. A., Durant, E., Volovics, A., Hermus, R. J., and Sturmans, F. (1993). A prospective cohort study on dietary fat and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res. 53, 75-82.
140. Vatten, L. J., Bjerve, K. S., Andersen, A., and Jellum, E. (1993). Polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum phospholipids and risk of breast cancer: A case-control study from the Janus serum bank in Norway. Eur. J. Cancer 29A, 532-538.
141. Vatten, L. J., and Kvinnsland, S. (1990). Body height and risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 23,831 Norwegian women. Br. J. Cancer 61, 881-885.
142. Vatten, L. J., Solvoll, K., and Loken, E. B. (1990). Frequency of meat and fish intake and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of 14,500 Norwegian women. Int. J. Cancer. 46, 12-15.
143. Willett, W. C. (1987). Implications of total energy intake for epidemiologic studies of breast and large-bowel cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 45(suppl.), 354S-360S.
144. Willett, W. C. (1994). Diet and health: What should we eat? Science 264, 532-537.
145. Willett, W. C. (1997). Specific fatty acids and risks of breast and prostate cancer: dietary intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66(suppl.), 1557s-1563s.
146. Willett, W. C., Browne, M. L., Bain, C., Lipnick, R. J., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., Colditz, G. A., Hennekens, C. H., and Speizer, F. E. (1985a). Relative weight and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122, 731-740.
147. Willett, W. C., Hunter, D. J., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Manson, J. E., Spiegelman, D., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. H., and Speizer, F. E. (1992). Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer: An 8-year follow-up. JAMA 268, 2037-2044.
148. Willett, W. C., Sampson, L., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B., Bain, C., Witschi, J., Hennekens, C. H. and Speizer, F. E. (1985b). Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122, 51-65.
149. Willett, W. C., and Stampfer, M. J. (1990). Dietary fat and cancer: Another view. Cancer Causes Control, 1, 103-109.
150. Willett, W. C. and Stampfer, M. J. (1998). Implications of total energy intake for epidemiologic analysis. In Nutritional Epidemiology, 2nd ed. (W. C. Willett, Ed.). Oxford University Press, New York.
151. Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., and Speizer, F. E. (1987a). Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 22-28.
152. Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., and Speizer, F. E. (1987b). Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 1174-1180.
153. Wolk, A., Bergstrom, R., Hunter, D., Willett, W., Ljung, H., Holmberg, L., Bergkvist, L., Brace, A., and Adami, H.-O. (1998). A prospective study of association of monounsaturated and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. Arch. Intern. Med. 158, 41-45.
154. Wynder, E. L., MacCornack, F., Hill, P., Cohen, L. A., Chan, P. C., and Weisburger, J. H. (1976). Nutrition and the etiology and prevention of breast cancer. Cancer Detect. Prev. 1, 293-310.
155. Wyshak, G., and Frisch, R. E. (1982). Evidence for a secular trend in age of menarche. N. Engl. J. Med. 306, 1033-1035.
156. Yuan, J. M., Wang, Q. S., Ross, R. K., Henderson, B. E., and Yu, M. C. (1995). Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. Br. J. Cancer 71, 1353-1358.
157. Zaridze, D., Lifanova, Y., Maximovitch, D., Day, N.E., and Duffy, S.W. (1991). Diet, alcohol consumption, and reproductive factors in a case-control study of breast cancer in Moscow. Int. J. Cancer 48, 493-501.
158. Ziegler, R. G., Hoover, R. N., Pike, M. C., Hildesheim, A., Nomura, A. M. Y., West, D. W., Wu-Williams, A. H., Kolonel, L. N., Horn-Ross, P. L., Rosenthal, J. F., and Hyer, M. B. (1993). Migration patterns and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 1819-1827.