Electoral institutional change and democratization: You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink

Democratization

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 28-51

  Elklit, Jørgen ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION; ELECTION; INSTITUTIONAL REFORM; POLITICAL CHANGE;

EID: 0033383419     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349908403631     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Terry Karl, 'Imposing Consent? Electoralism versus Democratization in El Salvador', in Paul Drake and Eduardo Suva (eds.), Elections and Democralization in Latin America, 1980-1985 (San Diego, CA: Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies/Center for USAlexican Studies, UCSD, 1986), pp.9-36; Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, 'What Democracy is ... and is Not', Journal of Democracy, Vol.2, No.3 (1991), pp.75-88.
2. Larry Diamond, 'Is the Third Wave Over?', Journal of Democracy, Vol.7, No.3 (1996), pp.20-37.
3. Diamond, op. cit., p.21.
4. Diamond, op. cit., p.25; see also Jörgen Elklit, 'Is the Degree of Electoral Democracy Measurable? Experiences from Bulgaria, Kenya, Latvia, Mongolia, and Nepal', in David Beetham (ed.), Defining and Measuring Democracy (London: SAGE, 1994), pp.89-111.
5. Diamond, op. cit., p.25.
6. See for example Adam Karatnycky (ed.), Freedom in the World. The Annual Survey of the Political Rights & Civil Liberties 1997-1998 (New Brunswick, NJ and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998).
7. Karatnycky, op. cit., p.592ff.; Diamond, op. cit., pp.23-4.
8. Karatnycky, op. cit., p.3-4.
9. See Elklit, 'Is the Degree ... '; David Collier and Steven Levitsky, 'Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research', World Politics, Vol.49, No.3 (1997), pp.430-51;
10. for a more general discussion, and also Kenneth Bollen, 'Liberal Democracy: Validity and Method Factors in Cross-National Measures', American Journal of Political Science, Vol.37, No.4 (1993), pp. 1207-30.
11. Diamond, op. cit., pp.30-31.
12. Fareed Zakaria, 'The Rise of Illiberal Democracy', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.6 (1997), pp.23-13; Adrian Karatnycky, 'The Decline of Illiberal Democracy', Journal of Democracy, Vol.10, No.l (1999), pp.112-25, and especially p.116.
13. Diamond, op. cit., pp.23-5.
14. Diamond, op. cit., pp.33-4.
15. Andreas Schedler, 'What is Democratic Consolidation?', Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.2
16. (1998), p.100; Michael Bratton, 'Second Elections in Africa', Journal of Democracy, Vol.9, No.3 (1998), pp.51-66; Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa. Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.236.
17. Schedler, op. cit., pp.94-9; it should be remembered, however, that Schedler uses electoral democracy as a broader concept than does Diamond.
18. Timothy D. Sisk, 'Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Conclusions and Recommendations', in Timothy D. Sisk and Andrew Reynolds (eds.). Elections and Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998), pp.148-75; Bratton, op. cit.
19. Arend Lijphart and Carlos H. Waisman (eds.). Institutional Design in New Democracies. Eastern Europe and Latin America (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996), p.2.
20. Scott Mainwaring, 'Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues', in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell and Samuel Valenzuela (eds.), Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), pp.294-341.
21. Terry Lynn Karl,. 'The Hybrid Regimes of Central America', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.3 (1995), p.84.
22. Bratton, op. cit., pp.51-2.
23. Thomas Carolhers, 'Democracy Without Illusions', Foreign Affairs, Vol.76, No.l (1997), pp.85-99; Jeff Haynes, Democratic consolidation in the Third World: Many questions, any answers?, paper for the ECPR workshop on 'Democracy in the Third World: What Should Be Done?', University of Mannheim, 26-31 March 1999 (London: Department of Politics and Modern History, London Guildhall University, 1999).
24. Jörgen Elklit and Falle Svensson, 'What Makes Elections Free and Fair?', Journal of Democracy, Vol.8, No.3 (1997), pp.32-46.
25. Ibid.
26. Robert A. Dahl, 'Democracy and Human Rights under Different Conditions of Development', in Asbjörn Eide and Bemt Hagtvet (eds.), Human Rights in Perspective. A Global Assessment, Nobel Symposium 74 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p.246.
27. Carothers, op. cit., p.92; Mainwaring, op. cit., pp.326-9; see also Doh Chull Shin, 'On the Third Wave of Democratization. A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent theory and Research', World Politics, Vol.47 (1994), pp.1534 and Peter Burnell, 'Arrivals and Departures: A Preliminary Classification of Democratic Failures and their Explanation', Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.36, No.3 (1998), p.17.
28. Bratton, op. cit.
29. Elklit, 'Is the Degree ... '; Elklit and Svensson, op. cit.
30. Or 'rules', see Rein Taagepera, 'How Electoral Systems Matter for Democratization', Democratization, Vol.5, No. 3 (1998), pp.68-91.
31. Elklit & Svensson, op. cit., Bratton, op. cit., p.62.
32. Bumell, 'Arrivals and Departures ... '.
33. Patrick Merloe, Lessons Learned and Challenges Facing International Election Monitoring, paper (Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, 1999).
34. Among the many available analyses and descriptions of such elections, apart from literature already mentioned in these end notes, use has also been made of the following: Peter Burnell, 'Taking Stock of Democracy in Zambia', paper for ECPR workshop on 'Democracy in the Third World: What Should be Done?', Mannheim, 26-31 March 1999;
35. Yonhyok Choe, 'How to Manage Free and Fair Elections. A Comparison of Korea, Sweden and the United Kingdom', Gothenburg Studies in Politics 44 (Gothenburg: Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, 1997);
36. Staffan Damolf, 'Democratic Electioneering in Southern Africa. The Contrasting Cases of Botswana and Zimbabwe', Gothenburg Studies in Politics 45 (Gothenburg: Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, 1997);
37. Election Observation Centre, Kenya General Elections 1997. Final Report, For Donors' Democratic Development Group (Nairobi, Jan. 1998);
38. John D. Holm, 'Elections in Botswana: Institutionalization of a New System of Legitimacy', in Fred M. Hay ward (ed.), Elections in Independent Africa (Boulder, CO and London: Westview Press, 1987);
39. Krishna Kumar (ed.), Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998), pp.121-47;
40. Samuel S. Mushi and Rwekaza S. Mukandala (eds.), Multiparly Democracy in Transition. Tanzania's 1995 General Elections (Dar es Salaam: Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Dar es Salaam, 1997); NEC, The Report of the National Electoral Commission on the 1995 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections (Dar-es-Salaam: NEC, 1997);
41. Palle Svensson 'Prospects for Free and Fair Elections in Kenya 1997-98' (unpublished paper, Aarhus, Aug. 1997). Aili Mali Tripp, 'Political Reform in Tanzania: The Struggle for Associational Autonomy', paper presented at ECPR Workshop 'Democracy in the Third World: What Should be done?', Mannheim, 26-31 March 1999 (Madison, WI: Department of Political Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999 - a version of the paper is forthcoming in Comparative Politics); John A. Wiscmann, 'Early Post-redemocratization Elections in Africa', Electoral Studies, Vol.11, No.4 (1992), pp.279-91;
42. John A. Wiseman, The Slow Evolution of the Party System in Botswana', Journal of Asian and African Studies, VoLXXXIII, No.3 (1998), pp.241-64.
43. Guiseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies. An Essay on Democratic Transition (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).
44. William C. Kimberling, 'A Rational Approach to Evaluating Voter Registration', in John C. Courtncy (ed.), Registering Voters. Comparative Perspectives (Harvard, MA: The Center for International Affairs, 1991), pp.3-11.
45. Patrick F.J. Macrory, Jftrgen Elklit, and Rafaël Sabat Mendez, Facing the Pluralist Challenge. Human Rights and Democratization in Kenya's December 1992 Multi-Party Elections (Washington, DC: International Human Rights Law Group, 1992), pp. 16-17.
46. Andrew Reynolds and Ben Reilly, with Kader Asmal, Sarah Birch, John Carey, Mona
47. Makram Ebeid, Jprgen Elklit, el al., Tlie International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1997).
48. Timothy D. Sisk and Andrew Reynolds (eds.), Elections and Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1998);
49. Joel D. Barkan, 'Elections in Agrarian Societies', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No.4 (1995), pp.106-16; J0rgen Elklit (ed.), Electoral Systems for Emerging Democracies: Experiences and Suggestions (Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs/DANIDA, 1997);
50. Donald L. Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa: Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991);
51. Andrew Reynolds, The Case for Proportionality', Journal of Democracy, Vol.6, No. 4 (1995), pp.117-24;
52. Andrew Reynolds, Electoral Systems and Démocratisation in Southern Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
53. Peter Harris, 'Building an Electoral Administration', in Peter Harris and Ben Reilly (eds.), Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators (Stockholm: International IDEA, 1998), pp. 308-19.
54. As in Kenya 1992: Macrory, Elklit, and Mendez, op. cit.; Joel D. Barkan, 'Kenya: Lessons from a Flawed Election', Journal of Democracy, Vol.4 (1993), pp.85-99.
55. Macrory, Elklit, and Mendez, op. cit., pp. 221; Barkan, op. cit., p.93.
56. Barkan, op. cit., p.94.
57. Jörgen Elklit, 'The Chinese Village Committee Electoral System', Chinese Information, Vol.XI, No.4 (1997), pp.1-13.
58. Richard Sandbrook, 'Transitions without Consolidation: Democratization in Six African Cases', Third World Quarterly, Vol.17, No.l (1996), pp.69-87.
59. Bratton, op. cit., p.62.
60. Jinshan Li and Jörgen Elklit, 'The Singapore General Election 1997: Campaigning Strategy, Results, and Analysis', Electoral Studies, Vol.18, No.2 (1999), pp.199-216.