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Is salicylic acid a translocated signal of systemic acquired resistance in tobacco?
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Salicylic acid is not the translocated signal responsible for inducing systemic acquired resistance but is required in signal transduction
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Determining the relationship between salicylic acid levels and systemic acquired resistance induction in tobacco
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Dong X: SA, JA, ethylene, and disease resistance in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1998, 1:316-323.
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Dong, X.1
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Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two R gene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis
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Aarts N, Metz M, Holub E, Staskawicz BJ, Daniels MJ, Parker JE: Different requirements for EDS1 and NDR1 by disease resistance genes define at least two R gene-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998, 95:10306-10311. An elegant series of crosses were used to bring ndr1 or eds1 together with relevant R genes. The results make a strong genetic argument that EDS1 and NDR1 operate in separate signaling pathways.
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Aarts, N.1
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Holub, E.5
Staskawicz, B.J.6
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0032430187
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The Arabidopsis thaliana RPM1 disease resistance gene product is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is degraded coincident with the hypersensitive response
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Boyes DC, Nam J, Dangl JL: The Arabidopsis thaliana RPM1 disease resistance gene product is a peripheral plasma membrane protein that is degraded coincident with the hypersensitive response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:15849-15854.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Falk A, Feys BJ, Frost LN, Jones JDG, Daniels MJ, Parker JE: EDS1, an essential component of R gene-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis has homology to eukaryotic lipases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:3292-3297. This paper describes the isolation of EDS1. The homology to lipases is intriguing; it may indicate a role for an undiscovered small signal molecule in gene-for-gene resistance. The pathogen-inducibility of EDS1 suggests that there is either another factor acting between R gene products and EDS1, or that EDS1 is regulated by a feedback loop.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Falk, A.1
Feys, B.J.2
Frost, L.N.3
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Daniels, M.J.5
Parker, J.E.6
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Glucocorticoid-inducible expression of a bacterial avirulence gene in transgenic Arabidopsis induces hypersensitive cell death
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McNellis TW, Mudgett MB, Li K, Aoyama T, Horvath D, Chua N-H, Staskawicz BJ: Glucocorticoid-inducible expression of a bacterial avirulence gene in transgenic Arabidopsis induces hypersensitive cell death. Plant J 1998, 14:247-257. This report describes a selection that should be a powerful tool for identifying factors acting downstream from R genes in gene-for-gene resistance.
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McNellis, T.W.1
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Chua, N.-H.6
Staskawicz, B.J.7
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Yu I-C, Parker J, Bent AF: Gene-for-gene disease resistance without the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis dnd1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:7819-7824. This interesting paper makes a genetic argument that the HR is not required for gene-for-gene resistance. Is the high SA level in dnd1 causing inhibition of cell death?
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Yu, I.-C.1
Parker, J.2
Bent, A.F.3
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Characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant that is nonresponsive to inducers of systemic acquired resistance
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Characterization of a salicylic acid insensitive mutant (sai1) of Arabidopsis thaliana, identified in a selective screen utilizing the SA-inducible expression of the tms2 gene
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Shah J, Tsui F, Klessig DF: Characterization of a salicylic acid insensitive mutant (sai1) of Arabidopsis thaliana, identified in a selective screen utilizing the SA-inducible expression of the tms2 gene. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 1997, 10:69-78.
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Mol Plant-Microbe Interact
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The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene that controls systemic acquired resistance encodes a novel protein containing ankyrin repeats
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The Arabidopsis NIM1 protein shows homology to the mammalian transcription factor IκB
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Ryals J, Weymann K, Lawton K, Friedrich L, Ellis D, Steiner H-Y, Johnson J, Delaney TP, Jesse T, Vos P, Uknes S: The Arabidopsis NIM1 protein shows homology to the mammalian transcription factor IκB. Plant Cell 1997, 9:425-439.
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A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads to constitutive expression of systemic acquired resistance
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Bowling SA, Clarke JD, Liu Y, Klessig DF, Dong X: The cpr5 mutant of Arabidopsis expresses both NPR1-dependent and NPR1-independent resistance. Plant Cell 1997, 9:1573-1584.
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Clarke JD, Liu Y, Klessig DF, Dong X: Uncoupling PR gene expression from NPR1 and bacterial resistance: Characterization of the dominant Arabidopsis cpr6-1 mutant. Plant Cell 1998, 10:557-569. Thorough characterization of cpr6 plants leads to two important conclusions. First, there is an SA-dependent, NPR1-independent way to activate PR gene expression. Second, there is an NPR1-dependent resistance mechanism that is distinct from expression of known PR genes. Possible models to explain the role of CPR6 in defense response signaling are presented.
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Plant Cell
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Clarke, J.D.1
Liu, Y.2
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The Arabidopsis ssi1 mutation restores pathogenesis-related gene expression in npr1 plants and renders defensin gene expression salicylic acid dependent
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Shah J, Kachroo P, Klessig DF: The Arabidopsis ssi1 mutation restores pathogenesis-related gene expression in npr1 plants and renders defensin gene expression salicylic acid dependent. Plant Cell 1999, 11:191-206. This study is a good example of the usefulness of supressor genetics for identifying new genes. The surprising discovery that PDF1 2 expression can be SA-dependent is described The introduction and discussion present an excellent description of the current understanding of SA and JA signaling pathways, and the implications of ssi1 phenotypes for models of the signaling network.
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Plant Cell
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PAD4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defense responses in Arabidopsis
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Zhou N, Tootle TL, Tsui F, Klessig DF, Glazebrook J: PAD4 functions upstream from salicylic acid to control defense responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10:1021-1030. This paper describes a series of experiments leading to the conclusion that PAD4 acts upstream of SA in defense response signaling. The observation that PAD4 is not required for responses to avirulent P syringae strains indicates that there is a PAD4-independent mechanism for activation of SA synthesis.
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Plant Cell
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Arabidopsis mutants selected for resistance to the phytotoxin coronatine are male sterile, insensitive to methyl jasmonate, and resistant to a bacterial pathogen
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Xie D-X, Feys BF, James S, Nieto-Rostro M, Turner JG: COI1: An Arabidopsis gene required for jasmonate-regulated defense and fertility. Science 1998, 280:1091-1094. This paper describes isolation of COI1. Sequence similarities lead to the hypothesis that protein degradation is involved in JA signaling.
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Science
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Xie, D.-X.1
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Pathogen-induced systemic activation of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis follows a salicylic acid-independent pathway
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Penninckx, I.A.M.A.1
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Concomitant activation of jasmonate and ethylene response pathways is required for induction of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis
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Penninckx IAMA, Thomma BPHJ, Buchala A, Metraux J-P, Broekaert WF: Concomitant activation of jasmonate and ethylene response pathways is required for induction of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10:2103-2113. A nice series of experiments show that jasmonate and ethylene are required concomitantly, rather than sequentially, for activation of PDF1 2 expression. Confusion about the requirement of ETR1 for PDF1 2 expression is resolved by using a stronger allele.
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Separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in Arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens
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Thomma BPHJ, Eggermont K, Penninckx IAMA, Mauch-Mani B, Vogelsang R, Cammue BPA, Broekaert WF: Separate jasmonate-dependent and salicylate-dependent defense-response pathways in Arabidopsis are essential for resistance to distinct microbial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:15107-15111. This work demonstrates that resistance to A brassicicola requires JA signaling, and not SA signaling. These results show that JA signaling has an important functional role in disease resistance. To get a complete understanding of disease resistance pathways, it is necessary to work with a range of pathogens, as the significance of various defense mechanisms varies greatly between different pathogens.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Thomma, B.P.H.J.1
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Systemic resistance in Arabidopsis induced by biocontrol bacteria is independent of salicylic acid accumulation and pathogenesis-related gene expression
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Pieterse CMJ, van Wees SCM, van Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, Gerrits H, Weisbeek PJ, van Loon LC: A novel signaling pathway controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10:1571-1580. This is the latest installment of the ISR in Arabidopsis story. Mutations affecting the ethylene, JA and SA pathways are used to show that ISR is JA and ethylene dependent, and SA-independent. The surprising finding that ISR requires NPR1 forces revision of the role of NPR1 in signaling pathways.
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Plant Cell
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Pieterse, C.M.J.1
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45
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Phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis reveal that PAD4 encodes a regulatory factor and that four PAD genes contribute to downy mildew resistance
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Glazebrook J, Zook M, Mert F, Kagan I, Rogers EE, Crute IR, Holub EB, Hammerschmidt R, Ausubel FM: Phytoalexin-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis reveal that PAD4 encodes a regulatory factor and that four PAD genes contribute to downy mildew resistance. Genetics 1997, 146:381-392.
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Glazebrook, J.1
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Mert, F.3
Kagan, I.4
Rogers, E.E.5
Crute, I.R.6
Holub, E.B.7
Hammerschmidt, R.8
Ausubel, F.M.9
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46
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0032213958
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Correlation of defense gene induction defects with powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants
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Reuber TL, Plotnikova JM, Dewdney J, Rogers EE, Wood W, Ausubel FM: Correlation of defense gene induction defects with powdery mildew susceptibility in Arabidopsis enhanced disease susceptibility mutants. Plant J 1998, 16:473-485. A collection of mutants with enhanced susceptibility to P syringae were tested for enhanced susceptibility to Erisyphe orontii. Only mutants with SA signaling pathway defects were more susceptible, suggesting that SA-dependent responses contribute to E. orontii resistance. The results also indicate that many factors that are important for P. syringae resistance do not have a significant effect on E. orontii
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(1998)
Plant J
, vol.16
, pp. 473-485
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Reuber, T.L.1
Plotnikova, J.M.2
Dewdney, J.3
Rogers, E.E.4
Wood, W.5
Ausubel, F.M.6
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47
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0032167942
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Jasmonate signaling mutants of Arabidopsis are susceptible to the soil fungus Pythium irregulare
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Staswick PE, Yuen GY, Lehman CC: Jasmonate signaling mutants of Arabidopsis are susceptible to the soil fungus pythium irregulare. Plant J 1998, 15:747-754. This paper shows that jar1 mutants are highly susceptible to Phythium infection, demonstrating a role of SA signaling in resistance to Pythium.
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(1998)
Plant J
, vol.15
, pp. 747-754
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Staswick, P.E.1
Yuen, G.Y.2
Lehman, C.C.3
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48
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0032499706
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A role for jasmonate in pathogen defense of Arabidopsis
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Vijayan P, Shockey J, Levesque CA, Cook RJ, Browse J: A role for jasmonate in pathogen defense of Arabidopsis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:7209-7214. This paper shows that the ability to synthesize JA is important for resistance to Phythium, demonstrating a role for JA in resistance to Pythium.
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
, vol.95
, pp. 7209-7214
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Vijayan, P.1
Shockey, J.2
Levesque, C.A.3
Cook, R.J.4
Browse, J.5
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49
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0032568512
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Generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance
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Cao H, Li X, Dong X: Generation of broad-spectrum disease resistance by overexpression of an essential regulatory gene in systemic acquired resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998, 95:6531-6536. This paper shows that NPR1 overexpression causes increased resistance to P. syringae and P. parasitica. This is an important result that is relevant to genetic engineering strategies for improving disease resistance. It suggests that sensitization of signaling pathways by increasing the expression level of key regulatory factors may be an effective method for improving disease resistance in crops.
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(1998)
Proc Natl Acad Sci
, vol.95
, pp. 6531-6536
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Cao, H.1
Li, X.2
Dong, X.3
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50
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0031747183
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Isolation of new Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility by direct screening
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Volko SM, Boiler T, Ausubel FM: Isolation of new Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility by direct screening. Genetics 1998, 149:537-548.
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(1998)
Genetics
, vol.149
, pp. 537-548
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Volko, S.M.1
Boiler, T.2
Ausubel, F.M.3
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51
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0032894746
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Suppressors of the Arabidopsis Isd5 cell death mutation identify genes involved in regulating disease resistance responses
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Morel J-B, Dangl JL: Suppressors of the Arabidopsis Isd5 cell death mutation identify genes involved in regulating disease resistance responses. Genetics 1999, 151:305-319.
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(1999)
Genetics
, vol.151
, pp. 305-319
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Morel, J.-B.1
Dangl, J.L.2
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52
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0032101455
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An Arabidopsis mutant with enhanced resistance to powdery mildew
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Frye CA, Innes RW: An Arabidopsis mutant with enhanced resistance to powdery mildew. Plant Cell 1998, 10:947-956. This paper describes isolation of several enhanced resistance mutants, and characterization of the edr1 mutant. EDR1 almost certainly plays a role in SA signaling, as expression of PR1 occurs more rapidly in edr1 mutants. This is the first mutant with this characteristic to be described. Other mutants with altered PR1 expression either fail to express PR1, or express it constitutively.
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(1998)
Plant Cell
, vol.10
, pp. 947-956
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Frye, C.A.1
Innes, R.W.2
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