Gaining weight: The scientific basis of increasing skeletal muscle mass

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 305-316

  Houston, Michael E ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anabolic hormones; Nutrition; Protein breakdown; Protein synthesis; Resistance training

Indexed keywords

HORMONE; MUSCLE PROTEIN;

BIOSYNTHESIS; EXERCISE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WEIGHT GAIN;

EXERCISE; HORMONES; HUMANS; MUSCLE PROTEINS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0033175843     PISSN: 10667814     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/h99-024     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. 13C] leucine enrichment in human muscle protein. Anal. Biochem. 239: 77-85.
2. Balagopal, P., Ljungqvist, O., and Nair, S.K. (1997a). Skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain synthesis rate in healthy humans. Am. J. Physiol. 272: E45-E50.
3. Balagopal, P., Rooyackers, O.E., Adey, D.B., Ades, P.A., and Nair, K.S. (1997b). Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E790-E800.
4. Biolo, G., Maggi, S.P., Williams, B.D., Tipton, K.D., and Wolfe, R.R. (1995). Increased rates of muscle protein turnover and amino acid transport after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 268: E514-E520.
5. Biolo, G., Tipton, K.D., Klein, S., and Wolfe, R.R. (1997). An abundant supply of amino acids enhances the metabolic effect of exercise on muscle protein. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E122-E129.
6. Brodsky, I.G., Balagopal, P., and Nair, K.S. (1996). Effects of testosterone replacement on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis in hypogonadal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81: 3469-3475.
7. Booth, F.W., Tseng, B.S., Flück, M., and Carson, J.A. (1998). Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to physical training. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162: 343-350.
8. Chandler, R.M., Byrne, H.K., Patterson, J.G., and Ivy, J.L. (1994). Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 76: 839-845.
9. Côté, C., Simoneau, J., Lagasse, P., Boulay, M., Thibault, M., Marcotte, M., and Bouchard, C. (1988). Isokinetic strength training protocols: Do they induce skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy? Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 69: 281-285.
10. Dorgan, J.F., Judd, J.T., Longcope, C., et al. (1996). Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens and estrogens in men: A controlled feeding study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64: 850-855.
11. 2 technique vs. plasma precursor approach. Am. J. Physiol. 268: E174-E184.
12. Ferrando, A.A., Tipton, K.D., Doyle, D., Phillips, S.M., Cortiella, J., and Wolfe, R.R. (1998). Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport. Am. J. Physiol. 275: E864-E871.
13. Fleck, S.J., and Kraemer, W.J. (1997). Designing Resistance Training Programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
14. Fluckey, J.D., Vary, T.C., Jefferson, L.S., Evans, W.J., and Farrell, P.A. (1996). Insulin stimulation of protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle following resistance exercise is maintained with advancing age. J. Gerontol. 51A: B323-B330.
15. Forbes, G.B. (1985). The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: The dose response curve. Metab. 34: 571-573.
16. Forbes, G.B., Brown, M.R., Welle, S.L., and Underwood, L.E. (1989). Hormonal response to overfeeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49: 608-611.
17. Forslund, A.H., Hambraeus, L., Olsson, R.M., El-Khoury, A.E., Yu, Y.-M., and Young, V.R. (1998). The 24-h whole body leucine and urea kinetics at normal and high protein intakes with exercise in healthy adults. Am. J. Physiol. 275: E310-E320.
18. Fryburg, D.A., and Barrett, E.J. (1995). Insulin, growth hormone and IGF-I regulation of protein metabolism. Diabetes Rev. 3: 93-112.
19. Fryburg, D.A., Jahn, L.A., Hill, S.A., Oliveras, D.M., and Barrett, E.J. (1995). Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1722-1729.
20. Gibala, M.J., MacDougall, J.D., Tarnopolsky, M.A., Stauber, W.T., and Elorriaga, A. (1995). Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 702-708.
21. Gotshalk, L.A., Loebel, C.C., Nindl, B.C., Putukian, M., Sebastianelli, W.J., Häkkinen, K., and Kraemer, W.J. (1997). Hormonal responses of multiset versus single-set heavy-resistance exercise protocols. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 244-255.
22. Häkkinen, K., and Pakarinen, A. (1995). Acute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in men and women at different ages. Intl. J. Sports Med. 16: 507-513.
23. Higbie, E.J., Cureton, K.J., Warren III, G.L., and Prior, B.M. (1996). Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2173-2181.
24. Hortobägyi, T., Hill, J.P., Houmard, J.A., Fraser, D.D., Lambert, N.J., and Israel, R.G. (1995). Adaptive responses to muscle lengthening and shortening in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 765-772.
25. Jebb, S.A., Prentice, A.M., Goldberg, G.R., Murgatroyd, P.R., Black, A.E., and Coward, W.A. (1996). Changes in macronutrient balance during over- and underfeeding assessed by 12-d continuous whole-body calorimetry. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 64: 259-266.
26. Kelso, T.B., Hodgson, D.R., Visscher, A.R, and Gollnick, P.D. (1987). Some properties of different skeletal muscle fiber types: Comparison of reference bases. J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 1436-1441.
27. Kraemer, W.J., Staron, R.S., Hageman, F.C., et al. (1998b). The effects of short-term resistance training on endocrine function in men and women. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 69-76.
28. Kraemer, W.J., Volek, J.S., Bush, J.A. Putukian, M., and Sebastianelli, W.J. (1998a). Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J. Appl. Physiol. 85: 1544-1555.
29. Lemon, P.W.R. (1995). Do athletes need more dietary protein and amino acids? Intl. J. Sport Nutr. 5: S39-S61.
30. Louard, R.J., Bhushan, R., Gelfand, R.A., Barrett, E.J., and Sherwin, R.S. (1994). Glucocorticoids antagonize insulin's antiproteolyic action on skeletal muscle in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 79: 278-284.
31. Lowe, D.A., Warren, G.L., Ingalis, C.P., Boorstein, D.B., and Armstrong, R.B. (1995). Muscle function and protein metabolism after initiation of eccentric contraction-induced injury. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 1260-1270.
32. Nair, K.S., Halliday, D., and Griggs, R.C. (1988). Leucine incorporation into mixed skeletal muscle protein in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 254: E209-E213.
33. Okamura, K., Doi, T., Hamada, K., et al. (1997). Effect of amino acid and glucose administration during postexercise recovery on protein kinetics in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 272: E1023-E1030.
34. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Aarsland, A., Wolfe, S.E., and Wolfe, R.R. (1997). Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E99-E107.
35. Phillips, S.M., Tipton, K.D., Ferrando, A.A., and Wolfe, R.R. (1999). Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E118-E124.
36. Rooney, K.J., Herbert, R.D., and Balnave, R.J. (1994). Fatigue contributes to the strength training stimulus. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 26: 1160-1164.
37. Rooyackers, O.E., and Nair, K.S. (1997). Hormonal regulation of human muscle protein metabolism. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 17: 457-485.
38. Roy, B.D., Tarnopolsky, M.A., MacDougall, J.D., Fowles, J., and Yarasheski, K.E. (1997). Effect of glucose supplement timing on protein metabolism after resistance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 1882-1888.
39. Sorichter, S., Mair, J., Koller, A., et al. (1997). Muscular adaptation and strength during the early phase of eccentric training: Influence of the training frequency. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29: 1646-1652.
40. Stauber, W.T., and Smith, C.A. (1998). Cellular responses in exertion-induced skeletal muscle injury Mol. Cell. Biochem. 179: 189-196.
41. Svanberg, E., Zachrisson, H., Ohlsson, C., Iresjö, B.-M., and Lundholm, K.G. (1996). Role of insulin and IGF-I in activation of muscle protein synthesis after oral feeding. Am. J. Physiol. 270: E616-E620.
42. Tipton, K.D., and Wolfe, R.R. (1998). Exercise-induced changes in protein metabolism. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162, 377-397
43. Urban, R.J., Bedenburg, Y.H., Gilkison, C., Foxworth, J., Coggan, A.R., Wolfe, R.R., and Ferrando, A. (1995). Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 269: E820-E826.
44. Vary, T.C., Dardevet, D., Grizard, J., et al. (1998). Differential regulation of skeletal muscle protein turnover by insulin and IGF-I after bacteremia. Am. J. Physiol. 275: E584-E593.
45. Volek, J.S., Kraemer, W.J., Bush, J.A., Incledon, T., and Boetes, M. (1997). Testosterone and cortisol in relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82: 49-54.
46. Volpi, E., Ferrando, A.A., Yeckel, C.W., Tipton, K.D., and Wolfe, R.R. (1998). Exogenous amino acids stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in the elderly. J. Clin. Invest 101: 2000-2007.
47. Waterlow, J.C. (1995). Whole-body protein turnover in humans - past, present and future. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 15: 57-92.
48. Wray-Cahen, D., Nguyen, H.V., Burrin, D.G., et al. (1998). Response of skeletal muscle protein synthesis to insulin in suckling pigs decreases with development. Am. J. Physiol. 275: E602-E609.