Climate sensitivity of the CSIRO GCM: Effect of cloud modeling assumptions

Journal of Climate

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 334-356

  Rotstayn, Leon D ^a,b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b Coop Res Ctr S Hemisphere M ^*  (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CLOUDS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PERTURBATION TECHNIQUES; PRECIPITATION (METEOROLOGY);

CLIMATE SENSITIVITY; GLOBAL CLIMATE MODEL;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

CLIMATE MODELING; CLOUD RADIATIVE FORCING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

EID: 0033079618     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0334:CSOTCG>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Albrecht, B. A., 1989: Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245, 1227-1230.
2. Arakawa, A., 1972: Design of the UCLA general circulation model. Numerical simulation of weather and climate. Tech. Rep. 7. Dept. of Meteorology, University of California, Los Angeles, 121 pp.
3. Bermejo, R., and A. Staniforth, 1992: The conversion of semi-Lagrangian advection schemes to quasi-monotone schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2622-2632.
4. Betts, A. K., and Harshvardhan, 1987: Thermodynamic constraint on the cloud liquid water feedback in climate models. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8483-8485.
5. Boers, R., J. B. Jensen, P. B. Krummel, and H. Gerber, 1996: Microphysical and short-wave radiative structure of wintertime stratocumulus clouds over the southern ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1307-1339.
6. Byrne, R. N., R. C. J. Somerville, and B. Subasilar, 1996: Broken-cloud enhancement of solar radiation absorption. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 878-886.
7. Cahalan, R. F., W. Ridgeway, W. J. Wiscombe, and T. L. Bell, 1994: The albedo of fractal stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2434-2455.
8. Cess, R. D., and G. L. Potter, 1988: A methodology for understanding and intercomparing atmospheric climate feedback processes in general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8305-8314.
9. _, and Coauthors, 1990: Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16 601-16 615.
10. _, and Coauthors, 1996: Cloud feedback in atmospheric general circulation models: An update. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 12 791-12 794.
11. _, and Coauthors, 1997: Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models to satellite observations of the seasonal change in cloud-radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 593-16 603.
12. Chouinard, C., M. Bel, and N. McFarlane, 1986: A simple gravity wave drag parameterization for use in medium range weather forecast models. Atmos.-Ocean. 24, 91-110.
13. Clough, S. A., and R. A. A. Franks, 1991: The evaporation of frontal and other stratiform precipitation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 117, 1057-1080.
14. Colman, R. A., and B. J. McAvaney, 1997: A study of GCM climate feedbacks determined from perturbed sea surface temperature experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19 383-19 402.
15. Del Genio, A. D., M.-S. Yao, W. Kovari, and K. K.-W. Lo, 1996: A prognostic cloud water parameterization for climate models. J. Climate, 9, 270-304.
16. Feigelson, E. M., 1978: Preliminary radiation model of a cloudy atmosphere. Part 1: Structure of clouds and solar radiation. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 51, 203-229.
17. Francis, P. N., A. Jones, R. W. Saunders, K. P. Shine, A. Slingo, and Z. Sun, 1994: An observational and theoretical study of the radiative properties of cirrus: Some results from ICE'89. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 809-848.
18. Gage, K. S., J. R. McAfee, D. A. Carter, W. L. Ecklund, A. C. Riddle, G. C. Reid, and B. B. Balsley, 1991: Long-term mean vertical motion over the tropical Pacific: Wind-profiling Doppler radar measurements. Science, 254, 1771-1773.
19. Geleyn, J., 1987: Use of a modified Richardson number for parameterizing the effect of shallow convection. WMO/IUGG NWP Symp., Tokyo, Japan, Meteor. Soc. Japan, 141-149.
20. Gordon, H. B., 1981: A flux formulation of the spectral atmospheric equations suitable for use in long term climate modeling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 56-64.
21. Gultepe, I., G. A. Isaac, W. R. Leaitch, and C. M. Banic, 1996: Parameterizations of marine stratus microphysics based on in situ observations: Implications for GCMs. J. Climate, 9, 345-357.
22. Hack, J. J., B. A. Boville, B. P. Briegleb, J. T. Kiehl, P. J. Rasch, and D. L. Williamson, 1993: Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2). Tech. Note TN-382+STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO, 108 pp. [Available from National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307.]
23. Hansen, J., A. Lacis, D. Rind, G. Russell, P. Stone, I. Fung, R. Ruedy, and J. Lerner, 1984: Climate sensitivity: Analysis of feedback mechanisms. Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, Geophys. Monogr., No. 29, Amer. Geophys. Union, 130-163.
24. Harshvardhan, and D. A. Randall, 1985: Comments on "The parameterization of radiation for numerical weather prediction and climate models," Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1832-1835.
25. Heymsfield, A. J., 1977: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381.
26. _, and L. J. Donner, 1990: A scheme for parameterizing ice-cloud waler content in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci. 47, 1865-1877.
27. Hignett, P., and J. P. Taylor, 1996: The radiative properties of inhomogeneous boundary layer cloud: Observations and modelling. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1341-1364.
28. Jones, A., and A. Slingo, 1996: Predicting cloud-droplet effective radius and indirect sulphate aerosol forcing using a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1573-1595.
29. Kogan, Z. N., D. K. Lilly, Y. L. Kogan, and V. Filyushkin, 1995: Evaluation of radiative parameterizations using an explicit cloud microphysical model. Atmos. Res., 35, 157-172.
30. Kowalczyk, E. A., J. R. Garratt, and P. B. Krummel, 1991: A soil-canopy scheme for use in a numerical model of the atmosphere -1D stand-alone model. Tech. Paper No. 23, CSIRO, 56 pp. [Available from Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, PMB1, Aspendale, Vic. 3195, Australia.]
31. Lacis, A. A., and J. E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation in the earth's atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 118-133.
32. Le Treut, H., and Z.-X. Li, 1991: Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to prescribed SST changes: Feedback effects associated with the simulation of cloud optical properties. Climate Dyn., 5, 175-187.
33. _, _, and M. Forichan, 1994: Sensitivity of the LMD general circulation model to greenhouse forcing associated with two different cloud water parameterizations. J. Climate, 7, 1827-1841.
34. Leaitch, W. R., G. A. Isaac, J. W. Strapp, C. M. Banic, and H. A. Wiebe, 1992: The relationship between cloud droplet number concentrations and anthropogenic pollution: Observations and climatic implications. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2463-2474.
35. Lee, W.-H., and R. C. J. Somerville, 1996: Effects of alternative cloud radiation parameterizations in a general circulation model. Ann. Geophys., 14, 107-114.
36. _, A. F. Iacobellis, and R. C. J. Somerville, 1997: Cloud radiation forcings and feedbacks: General circulation model tests and observational validation. J. Climate, 10, 2479-2496.
37. Li, Z.-X., and H. Le Treut, 1992: Cloud-radiation feedbacks in a general circulation model and their dependence on cloud modelling assumptions. Climate Dyn., 7, 133-139.
38. Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065-1092.
39. Locatelli, J. D., and P. V. Hobbs, 1974: Fallspeeds and masses of solid precipitation particles. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185-2197.
40. Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, 1995: The influence of cirrus cloud-radiative forcing on climate and climate sensitivity in a general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16 305-16 323.
41. _, and _, 1996a: Design and performance of a new cloud microsphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 12, 557-572.
42. _, and _, 1996b: Influence of different parameterizations of ice clouds on climate sensitivity in a general circulation model. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Zurich, Switzerland, Int. Comm. Clouds and Precip., 1228-1231.
43. Louis, J.-F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 17, 187-202.
44. Manton, M. J., 1974: On the dispersion of a developing droplet spectrum in a turbulent cloud. Tellus, 26, 489-494.
45. _, and W. R. Cotton, 1977: Formulation of approximate equations for modeling moist deep convection on the mesoscale. Atmos. Sci. Paper No. 266, Dept. Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 62 pp. [Available from Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523.]
46. Martin, G. M., D. W. Johnson, and A. Spice, 1994: The measurement and parameterization of effective radius of droplets in warm stratocumulus clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1823-1842.
47. McGregor, J. L., 1993: Economical determination of departure points for semi-Lagrangian models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 221-230.
48. _, H. B. Gordon, I. G. Watterson, M. R. Dix, and L. D. Rotstayn, 1993: The CSIRO 9-level atmospheric general circulation model. Tech. Paper No. 26, CSIRO, 89 pp. [Available from Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, PMB1, Aspendale, Victoria 3195, Australia.]
49. Mitchell, J. F. B., and W. J. Ingram, 1992: Carbon dioxide and climate: Mechanisms of changes in cloud. J. Climate, 5, 5-21.
50. Morcrette, J.-J., 1995: The role of cloud-radiative interactions in the sensitivity of the ECMWF model climate to variations in sea surface temperature. Climate Sensitivity to Radiative Perturbations: Physical Mechanisms and their Validation, H. Le Treut, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 157-169.
51. Platt, C. M. R., 1989: The role of cloud microphysics in high-cloud feedback effects on climate change. Nature, 341, 428-429.
52. _, 1994: Parameterization of cloud-radiation interactions from observations. Parametrisation of Physical Processes: Paper Presented at the Fifth BMRC Modelling Workshop, Melbourne, Australia, BMRC, 153-158.
53. _, 1997: A parameterization of the visible extinction coefficient of ice clouds in terms of the ice/water content. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2083-2098.
54. Ricard, J. L., and J. F. Royer, 1993: A statistical cloud scheme for use in an AGCM. Ann. Geophys., 11, 1095-1115.
55. Rogers, R. R., and M. K. Yau, 1988: A Short Course in Cloud Physics. 3d ed. Pergamon Press, 293 pp.
56. Rotstayn, L. D., 1997: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of the microphysical processes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1227-1282.
57. _, 1998: A physically based scheme for the treatment of stratiform clouds and precipitation in large-scale models. II: Comparison of modelled and observed climatological fields. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 389-415.
58. Schwarzkopf, M. D., and S. B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method revisited: An accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9075-9096.
59. Senior, C. A., and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1993: Carbon dioxide and climate: The impact of cloud parameterization. J. Climate, 6, 393-418.
60. _, and _, 1995: Cloud feedbacks in the UKMO Unified Model. Climate Sensitivity to Radiative Perturbations: Physical Mechanisms and their Validation, H. Le Treut, Ed., Springer, 191-202.
61. Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427.
62. _, and J. M. Slingo, 1988: The response of a general circulation model to cloud longwave radiative forcing. I: Introduction and initial experiments. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 1027-1062.
63. Slingo, J. M., 1987: The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 899-927.
64. Smith, R. N. B., 1990: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435-460.
65. _, 1993: Experience and developments with the layer cloud and boundary layer mixing schemes in the UK Meteorological Office Unified Model. Proc. Workshop on Parametrization of the Cloud Topped Boundary Layer, Reading, United Kingdom, ECMWF, 319-339.
66. 2 climate problem. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9668-9672.
67. Stephens, G. L., S.-C. Tsay, J. P. W. Stackhouse, and P. J. Flatau, 1990: The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 1742-1753.
68. Sundqvist, H., 1988: Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation. Physically Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change - Part I, M. Schlesinger, Ed., Kluwer Academic, 433-461.
69. Taylor, K. E., and S. J. Ghan, 1992: An analysis of cloud liquid water feedback and global climate sensitivity in a general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 907-919.
70. Tiedtke, M., 1988: Parameterization of cumulus convection in large-scale models. Physically Based Modelling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Change - Part I, M. Schlesinger, Ed., Kluwer Academic, 375-431.
71. _, 1993: Representation of clouds in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 3040-3061.
72. Tselioudis, G., A. D. DelGenio, W. Kovari Jr., and M.-S. Yao, 1998: Temperature dependence of low cloud optical thickness in the GISS GCM: Contributing mechanisms and climate implications. J. Climate, 11, 3268-3281.
73. Twohy, C. H., P. A. Durkee, B. J. Huebert, and R. J. Charlson, 1995: Effects of aerosol particles on the microphysics of coastal stratiform clouds. J. Climate. 8, 773-783.
74. Twomey, S., 1977: The influence of pollution on the shortwave albedo of clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 1149-1152.
75. Wetherald, R. T., and S. Manabe, 1988: Cloud feedback processes in a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1397-1415.
76. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1996a: Evaluation of statistically based cloudiness parameterizations used in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3103-3119.
77. _, and _, 1996b: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterization for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102.
78. Zhang, M. H., J. J. Hack, J. T. Kiehl, and R. D. Cess, 1994: Diagnostic study of climate feedback processes in atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5525-5538.