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Cahoon E.B., Lindqvist Y., Schneider G., Shanklin J. Redesign of soluble fatty acid desaturases from plants for altered substrate specificity and double bond position. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4872-4877. This is a landmark study, in which high-resolution structural information about a castor bean Δ-9 stearoyl-ACP desaturase was used for the rational engineering of a novel substrate specificity into both Δ-9 and Δ-6 acyl-ACP desaturases. In one case, five residues were changed to convert a Δ-6 to a Δ-9 desaturase, whereas in the other case, only two residue alterations were needed to convert a Δ-9 to a Δ-6 desaturase. This opens up numerous possibilities for the manipulation of both fatty acid chain length and double bond insertion specificities in soluble acyl-ACP desaturases.
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J.P. Williams, M.U. Khan, & N.W. Lem. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. A brief report on the initial steps to determine the high-resolution structure of an insoluble class III diiron-oxo enzyme. Although the initial target is the alkaline hydroxylase of Pseudomonas oleovorans, the structural information is likely to be relevant to the plant membrane-bound desaturases and related enzymes.
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Shanklin J., Cahoon E.B., Whittle E., Lindqvist Y., Huang W., Schneider G., Schmidt H. Structure-function studies on desaturases and related hydrocarbon hydroxylases. Williams J.P., Khan M.U., Lem N.W. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Lipids. 1997;6-10 Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. A brief report on the initial steps to determine the high-resolution structure of an insoluble class III diiron-oxo enzyme. Although the initial target is the alkaline hydroxylase of Pseudomonas oleovorans, the structural information is likely to be relevant to the plant membrane-bound desaturases and related enzymes.
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•] describe the importance of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases in the determination of short-medium chain lengths in seed oils. This is in addition to the long recognised role of thioesterases in specifying chain length and confirms that this is a complex trait likely to be regulated by at least three sets of genes (including acyltransferases) in plants.
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•] describe the importance of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases in the determination of short-medium chain lengths in seed oils. This is in addition to the long recognised role of thioesterases in specifying chain length and confirms that this is a complex trait likely to be regulated by at least three sets of genes (including acyltransferases) in plants.
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Plant J
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In this unexpected finding, the authors report that the expression of a yeast sn-2 acyltransferase gene in transgenic rapeseed and Arabidopsis resulted in significant (<48%) increases in seed oil yield. If confirmed, this indicates that apparently non rate-limiting enzymes may still exert considerable control over carbon flux in oilseeds.
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Zou J., Katavic V., Giblin E.M., Barton D.L., MacKenzie S.L., Keller W.A., Hu X., Taylor D.C. Modification of seed oil content and acyl composition in the Brassicaceae by expression of a yeast sn-2 acyltransferase gene. Plant Cell. 9:1997;909-923. In this unexpected finding, the authors report that the expression of a yeast sn-2 acyltransferase gene in transgenic rapeseed and Arabidopsis resulted in significant (<48%) increases in seed oil yield. If confirmed, this indicates that apparently non rate-limiting enzymes may still exert considerable control over carbon flux in oilseeds.
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This is the first report of the isolation of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) from any organism. The enzyme catalyses the last step in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and is the only activity not shared with membrane lipid formation. As such, DGAT is a key target for attempts to manipulate oil yield in seeds and fruits, or even to redirect oil accumulation to other tissues, such as tubers. Doubtless, the sequence data from this murine DGAT will be useful to isolate homologs from plants.
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The latest in a series of reports that triacylglycerols in sunflower seeds are still available for modification by desaturases, that is, storage oil is not necessarily an inert end-product of metabolism.
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Sarmiento C., Garces R., Mancha M. Oleate desaturation and acyl turnover in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed lipids during rapid temperature adaptation. Planta. 205:1998;595-600. The latest in a series of reports that triacylglycerols in sunflower seeds are still available for modification by desaturases, that is, storage oil is not necessarily an inert end-product of metabolism.
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•], the authors describe evidence for a novel transacylase system in higher plants. This can transfer acyl groups between mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols and provides a mechanism for explaining how storage triacylglycerols can be made available for remodelling. It will be important to elucidate the contribution of transacylases both to acyl composition and to overall oil yield in plants.
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•], the authors describe evidence for a novel transacylase system in higher plants. This can transfer acyl groups between mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols and provides a mechanism for explaining how storage triacylglycerols can be made available for remodelling. It will be important to elucidate the contribution of transacylases both to acyl composition and to overall oil yield in plants.
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Planta
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Sayanova O., Smith M.A., Lapinskas P., Stobart A.K., Dobson G., Christie W.W., Shewry P.R., Napier J. Expression of a borage desaturase cDNA containing an N-terminal cytochrome b5 domain results in the accumulation of high levels of delta-6-desaturated fatty acids in transgenic tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:1997;4211-4216.
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The presence of a thioesterase transgene in rapeseed leads to the induction of β-oxidation and glyoxylate cycle genes. This leads to the breakdown of a large proportion of newly synthesised lauric acid to acetyl-CoA and sucrose. Most of this carbon is recovered for oil formation due to an increase in fatty acid synthetase activity but the result is a wasteful futile cycle of metabolism. The results indicate that rapeseed is not efficient in channeling novel fatty acids towards storage oil and that this leads to the induction of mechanisms to prevent their accumulation in membranes. This illustrates some of the unexpected pleiotropic consequences of transgene insertions in plants.
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Eccleston V.S., Ohlrogge J.B. Expression of lauroyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase in Brassica napus seeds induces pathways for both fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis and implies a set point for triacylglycerol accumulation. Plant Cell. 10:1998;613-621. The presence of a thioesterase transgene in rapeseed leads to the induction of β-oxidation and glyoxylate cycle genes. This leads to the breakdown of a large proportion of newly synthesised lauric acid to acetyl-CoA and sucrose. Most of this carbon is recovered for oil formation due to an increase in fatty acid synthetase activity but the result is a wasteful futile cycle of metabolism. The results indicate that rapeseed is not efficient in channeling novel fatty acids towards storage oil and that this leads to the induction of mechanisms to prevent their accumulation in membranes. This illustrates some of the unexpected pleiotropic consequences of transgene insertions in plants.
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Plant Cell
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Fairbairn D.J., Bowra S., Murphy D.J. Expression of unusual fatty acids in transgenic rapeseed causes induction of glyoxylate cycle genes. John Innes Centre Annual Report. 1998-99;. in press.
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G.K. Dixon, L.G. Copping, & D. Livingstone. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Society of Chemical Industry. This review looks at some of the general issues relating to the use of genomics for the improvement of quality characters, such as oil yield in crops.
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Murphy D.J. Impact of genomics on improving the quality of agricultural products. Dixon G.K., Copping L.G., Livingstone D. Genomics: Commercial Opportunities from a Scientific Revolution. 1997;199-210 University of Cambridge, Society of Chemical Industry, Cambridge. This review looks at some of the general issues relating to the use of genomics for the improvement of quality characters, such as oil yield in crops.
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