New advances in understanding the molecular biology of plant/potyvirus interactions

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 367-376

  Revers, Frédéric ^a,b   Le Gall, Olivier ^a   Candresse, Thierry ^a   Maule, Andrew J ^b  

^a INRA   (France)

^b JOHN INNES CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cell to cell movement; HC Pro; Long distance movement

Indexed keywords

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR STRUCTURE; MOSAIC VIRUS; PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0032949311     PISSN: 08940282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.5.367     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Allison, R. F., Sorenson, J. C., Kelly, M. E., Armstrong, F. B., and Dougherty, W. G. 1985. Sequence determination of the capsid protein gene and flanking regions of tobacco etch virus: Evidence for synthesis and processing of a polyprotein in potyvirus genome expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3969-3972.
2. Anandalakshmi, R., Pruss, G. J., Ge, X., Marathe, R., Mallory, A. C., Smith, T. H., and Vance, V. B. 1998. A viral suppressor of gene silencing in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13079-13084.
3. Andersen, K., and Johansen, I. E. 1998. A single conserved amino acid in the coat protein gene of pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus modulates the ability of the virus to move systemically in Chenopodium quinoa. Virology 241:304-311.
4. Andrianifahanana, M., Lovins, K., Dute, R., Sikora, E., and Murphy, J. F. 1997. Pathway for phloem-dependent movement of pepper mottle potyvirus in the stem of Capsicum annuum. Phytopathology 87:892-898.
5. Aranda, M., and Maule, A. 1998. Virus-induced host gene shutoff in animals and plants. Virology 243:261-267.
6. Aranda, M. A., Escaler, M., Wang, D., and Maule, A. J. 1996. Induction of HSP70 and polyubiquitin expression associated with plant virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:15289-15293.
7. 1) resistance gene. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9: 314-318.
8. Atreya, C. D., Atreya, P. L., Thornbury, D. W., and Pirone, T. P. 1992. Site-directed mutations in the potyvirus HC-Pro gene affect helper component activity, virus accumulation, and symptom expression in infected tobacco plants. Virology 191:106-111.
9. Atreya, C. D., and Pirone, T. P. 1993. Mutational analysis of the helper component-proteinase gene of a potyvirus: Effects of amino acid substitutions, deletions, and gene replacement on virulence and aphid transmissibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11919-11923.
10. Atreya, P. L., López-Moya, J. J., Chu, M., Atreya, C. D., and Pirone, T. P. 1995. Mutational analysis of the coat protein N-terminal amino acids involved in potyvirus transmission by aphids. J. Gen. Virol. 76: 265-270.
11. Audy, P., Palukaitis, P., Slack, S. A., and Zaitlin, M. 1994. Replicase-mediated resistance to potato virus Y in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7:15-22.
12. Balachandran, S., Hull, R. J., Vaadia, Y., Wolf, S., and Lucas, W. J. 1995. Alteration in carbon partitioning induced by the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus originates in the mesophyll and is independent of change in the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit. Plant Cell Environ. 18:1301-1310.
13. Barker, H. 1996. Inheritance of resistance to potato viruses Y and A in progeny obtained from potato cultivars containing gene Ry: Evidence for a new gene for extreme resistance to PVA. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93: 710-716.
14. Basso, J., Dallaire, P., Charest, P. J., Devantier, Y., and Laliberté, J.-F. 1994. Evidence for an internal ribosome entry site within the 5′ non-translated region of turnip mosaic potyvirus RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 75: 3157-3165.
15. Baulcombe, D. C. 1996. Mechanisms of pathogen-derived resistance to viruses in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 8:1833-1844.
16. Baulcombe, D. C., and English, J. J. 1996. Ectopic pairing of homologous DNA and post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic plants. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7:173-180.
17. Béclin, C., Berthomé, R., Palauqui, J.-C., Tepfer, M., and Vaucheret, H. 1998. Infection of tobacco or Arabidopsis plants by CMV counteracts systemic post-transcriptional silencing of non-viral (trans)genes. Virology 252:313-317.
18. Blanc, S., Ammar, E. D., García-Lampasona, S., Dolja, V. V., Llave, C., Baker, J., and Pirone, T. P. 1998. Mutations in the potyvirus helper component protein: Effects on interactions with virions and aphid stylets. J. Gen. Virol. 79:3119-3122.
19. Blanc, S., López-Moya, J. J., Wang, R., García-Lampasona, S., Thornbury, D. W., and Pirone, T. P. 1997. A specific interaction between coat protein and helper component correlates with aphid transmission of a potyvirus. Virology 231:141-147.
20. Boyer, J.-C., and Haenni, A.-L. 1994. Infectious transcripts and cDNA clones of RNA viruses. Virology 198:415-426.
21. Brantley, J. D., and Hunt, A. G. 1993. The N-terminal protein of the polyprotein encoded by the potyvirus tobacco vein mottling virus is an RNA-binding protein. J. Gen. Virol. 74:1157-1162.
22. Brigneti, G., Voinnet, O., Li, W.-X., Ji, L.-H., Ding, S.-W., and Baulcombe, D. C. 1998. Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressers of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. EMBO J. 17:6739-6746.
23. Büschges, R., Hollricher, K., Panstruga, R., Simons, G., Wolter, M., Frijters, A., van Daelen, R., van den Lee, T., Diergaarde, P., Groenendijk, J., Töpsch, S., Vos, P., Salamini, F., and Schulze-Lefert, P. 1997. The barley Mlo gene: A novel control element of plant pathogen resistance. Cell 88:695-705.
24. Caranta, C., Lefebvre, V., and Palloix, A. 1997. Polygenic resistance of pepper to potyviruses consists of a combination of isolate-specific and broad-spectrum quantitative trait loci. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:872-878.
25. Carrington, J. C., Jensen, P. E., and Schaad, M. C. 1998. Genetic evidence for an essential role for potyvirus CI protein in cell-to-cell movement. Plant J. 14:393-400.
26. Carrington, J. C., Kasschau, K. D., Mahajan, S. K., and Schaad, M. C. 1996. Cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of viruses in plants. Plant Cell 8:1669-1681.
27. Cecchini, E., Gong, Z., Geri, C., Covey, S. N, and Milner, J. J. 1997. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing gene VI from cauliflower mosaic virus variants exhibit a range of symptom-like phenotypes and accumulate inclusion bodies. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 10:1094-1101.
28. Chu, M., López-Moya, J. J., Llave-Correas, C., and Pirone, T. P. 1997. Two separate regions in the genome of the tobacco etch virus contain determinants of the wilting response of Tabasco pepper. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:472-480.
29. Cronin, S., Verchot, J., Haldeman-Cahill, R., Schaad, M. C., and Carrington, J. C. 1995. Long-distance movement factor: A transport function of the potyvirus helper component proteinase. Plant Cell 7:549-559.
30. Daròs, J.-A., and Carrington, J. C. 1997. RNA-binding activity of NIa proteinase of tobacco etch potyvirus. Virology 237:327-336.
31. Deom, C. M., Murphy, J. F., and Paguio, O. R. 1997. Resistance to tobacco etch virus in Capsicum annuum: Inhibition of virus RNA accumulation. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:917-921.
32. Dolja, V. V., Haldeman, R., Robertson, N. L., Dougherty, W. G., and Carrington, J. C. 1994. Distinct functions of capsid protein in assembly and movement of etch potyvirus in plants. EMBO J. 13:1482-1491.
33. Dolja, V. V., Haldeman-Cahill, R., Montgomery, A. E., Vandenbosch, K. A., and Carrington, J. C. 1995. Capsid protein determinants involved in cell-to-cell and long distance movement of tobacco etch potyvirus. Virology 206:1007-1016.
34. Dolja, V. V., McBride, H. J., and Carrington, J. C. 1992. Tagging of plant potyvirus replication and movement by insertion of β-glucuronidase into the viral polyprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10208-10212.
35. Eagles, R. M., Balmori-Melián, E., Beck, D. L., Gardner, R. C., and Forster, R. L. S. 1994. Characterization of NTPase, RNA-binding and RNA-helicase activities of the cytoplasmic inclusion protein of tamarillo mosaic potyvirus. Eur. J. Biochem. 224:677-684.
36. Eggenberger, A. L., and Hill, J. H. 1997. Analysis of resistance-breaking determinants of soybean mosaic virus. Phytopathology 87:S27.
37. Fellers, J., Wan, J., Hong, Y., Collins, G. B., and Hunt, A. G. 1998. In vitro interactions between a potyvirus-encoded, genome-linked protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2043-2049.
38. Fernández, A., Laín, S., and García, J. A. 1995. RNA-helicase activity of the plum pox potyvirus CI protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Mapping of an RNA binding domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1327-1332.
39. Fitchen, J. H., and Beachy, R. N. 1993. Genetically engineered protection against viruses in transgenic plants. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47: 739-763.
40. Fraser, R. S. S. 1992. The genetics of plant-virus interactions: Implications for plant breeding. Euphytica 63:175-185.
41. Gallie, D. R. 1998. A tale of two termini: A functional interaction between the termini of an mRNA is a prerequisite for efficient translation initiation. Gene 216:1-11.
42. Gallie, D. R., Tanguay, R. L., and Leathers, V. 1995. The tobacco etch viral 5′ leader and poly (A) tail are functionally synergistic regulators of translation. Gene 165:233-238.
43. Gibb, K. S., Hellmann, G. M., and Pirone, T. P. 1989. Nature of resistance of a tobacco cultivar to tobacco vein mottling virus. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 2:332-339.
44. Guo, H. S., and García, J. A. 1997. Delayed resistance to plum pox potyvirus mediated by a mutated RNA replicase gene: Involvement of a gene-silencing mechanism. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10:160-170.
45. Guo, H. S., López-Moya, J. J., and García, J. A. 1999. Mitotic stability of infection-induced resistance to plum pox potyvirus associated with transgene silencing and DNA methylation. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 12:103-111.
46. Hackland, A. F., Rybicki, E. P., and Thomson, J. A. 1994. Coat protein-mediated resistance in transgenic plants. Arch. Virol. 139:1-22.
47. Haldeman-Cahill, R., Daròs, J.-A., and Carrington, J. C. 1998. Secondary structures in the capsid protein coding sequence and 3′ non-translated region involved in amplification of the tobacco etch virus genome. J. Virol. 72:4072-4079.
48. sto gene to the potyviruses potato virus Y and tobacco etch virus. J. Gen. Virol. 79:167-176.
49. Hong, Y., and Hunt, A. G. 1996. RNA polymerase activity catalyzed by potyvirus encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Virology 226: 146-151.
50. Hong, Y., Levay, K., Murphy, J. F., Klein, P. G., Shaw, J. G., and Hunt, A. G. 1995. A potyvirus polymerase interacts with the viral coat protein and VPg in yeast cells. Virology 214:159-166.
51. Jagadish, M. N., Huang, D., and Ward, C. W. 1993. Site-directed mutagenesis of a potyvirus coat protein and its assembly in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Virol. 74:893-896.
52. Johansen, I. E., Dougherty, W. G., Keller, K. E., Wang, D., and Hampton, R. O. 1996. Multiple viral determinants affect seed transmission of pea seedborne mosaic virus in Pisum sativum. J. Gen. Virol. 77: 3149-3154.
53. Johansen, E., Edwards, M. C., and Hampton, R. O. 1994. Seed transmission of viruses: Current perspectives. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32: 363-386.
54. Johansen, I. E., and Keller, K. E. 1997. The role of potyvirus proteins in recessive resistance affecting replication. In: Molecular mechanisms in the replicative cycle of viruses in plants. EMBO Worksh.
55. Jones, A. L., Johansen, I. E., Bean, S. J., Bach, I., and Maule, A. J. 1998a. Specificity of resistance to pea seed-borne mosaic potyvirus in transgenic peas expressing the viral replicase (NIb) gene. J. Gen. Virol. 79:3129-3137.
56. Jones, A.L., Thomas, C. L., and Maule, A.J. 1998b. De novo methylation and co-suppression induced by a cytoplasmically replicating plant RNA virus. EMBO J. 17:6385-6393.
57. Kasschau, K. D., and Carrington, J. C. 1995. Requirement for HC-Pro processing during genome amplification of tobacco etch potyvirus. Virology 209:268-273.
58. Kasschau, K. D., and Carrington, J. C. 1998. A counterdefensive strategy of plant viruses: Suppression of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Cell 95:461-470.
59. Kasschau, K. D., Cronin, S., and Carrington, J. C. 1997. Genome amplification and long distance movement functions associated with the central domain of tobacco etch potyvirus helper component-proteinase. Virology 228:251-262.
60. Keller, K. E., Johansen, I. E., Martin, R. R., and Hampton, R. O. 1998. Potyvirus genome-linked protein (VPg) determines pea seed-borne mosaic virus pathotype-specific virulence in Pisum sativum. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:124-130.
61. Klein, P. G., Klein, R. R., Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Hunt, A. G., and Shaw, J. G. 1994. Mutational analysis of the tobacco vein mottling virus genome. Virology 204:759-769.
62. Laín, S., Riechmann, J. L., and García, J. A. 1990. RNA helicase: A novel activity associated with a protein encoded by a positive strand RNA virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:7003-7006.
63. Langenberg, W. G. 1986. Virus protein association with cylindrical inclusions of two viruses that infect wheat. J. Gen. Virol. 67:1161-1168.
64. Lawson, R. H., and Hearon, S. S. 1971. The association of pinwheel inclusions with plasmodesmata. Virology 44:454-456.
65. Levis, C., and Astier-Manifacier, S. 1993. The 5′ untranslated region of PVY RNA, even located in an internal position, enables initiation of translation. Virus Genes 7:367-379.
66. Li, X. H., Valdez, P., Olvera, R. E., and Carrington, J. C. 1997. Functions of the tobacco etch virus RNA polymerase (NIb): Subcellular transport and protein-protein interaction with VPg/proteinase (NIa). J. Virol. 71:1598-1607.
67. Lindbo, J. A., and Dougherty, W. G. 1992. Pathogen-derived resistance to a potyvirus: Immune and resistant phenotypes in transgenic tobacco expressing altered forms of a potyvirus coat protein nucleotide sequence. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:144-153.
68. López-Moya, J. J., and Pirone, T. P. 1998. Charge changes near the N terminus of the coat protein of two potyviruses affect virus movement. J. Gen. Virol. 79:161-165.
69. Lucas, W. J., and Gilbertson, R. L. 1994. Plasmodesmata in relation to viral movement within leaf tissues. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:387-411.
70. Mahajan, S. K., Chisholm, S. T., Whitham, S. A., and Carrington, J. C. 1998. Identification and characterization of a locus (RTM1) that restricts long-distance movement of tobacco etch virus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 14:177-186.
71. Mahajan, S., Dolja, V. V., and Carrington, J. C. 1996. Roles of the sequence encoding tobacco etch virus capsid protein in genome amplification: Requirements for the translation process and a cis-active element. J. Virol. 70:4370-4379.
72. Maia, I. G., and Bernardi, F. 1996. Nucleic acid-binding properties of a bacterially expressed potato virus Y helper component-proteinase. J. Gen. Virol. 77:869-877.
73. Maia, I. G., Haenni, A.-L., and Bernardi, F. 1996. Potyviral HC-Pro: A multifunctional protein. J. Gen. Virol. 77:1335-1341.
74. Maiti, I. B., Murphy, J. F., Shaw, J. G., and Hunt, A. G. 1993. Plants that express a potyvirus proteinase gene are resistant to virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6110-6114.
75. Maule, A. J., and Wang, D. 1996. Seed transmission of plant viruses: A lesson in biological complexity. Trends Microbiol. 4:153-158.
76. McClintock, K., Lamarre, A., Parsons, V., Laliberté, J.-F., and Fortin, M. G. 1998. Identification of a 37 kDa plant protein that interacts with the turnip mosaic potyvirus capsid protein using anti-idiotypic-antibodies. Plant Mol. Biol. 37:197-204.
77. Merits, A., Guo, D., and Saarma, M. 1998. VPg, coat protein and five non-structural proteins of potato A potyvirus bind RNA in a sequence-unspecific manner. J. Gen. Virol. 79:3123-3127.
78. Moreno, M., Bernal, J. J., Jiménez, I., and Rodríguez-Cerezo, E. 1998. Resistance in plants transformed with the P1 or P3 gene of tobacco vein mottling potyvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2819-2827.
79. Murphy, J. F., Blauth, J. R., Livingstone, K. D., Lackney, V. K., and Jahn, M. K. 1998. Genetic mapping of the pvr1 locus in Capsicum spp. and evidence that distinct potyvirus resistance loci control responses that differ at the whole plant and cellular levels. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:943-951.
80. Murphy, J. F., Klein, P. G., Hunt, A. G., and Shaw, J. G. 1996. Replacement of the tyrosine residue that links a potyviral VPg to the viral RNA is lethal. Virology 220:535-538.
81. Murphy, J. F., and Kyle, M. M. 1995. Alleviation of restricted systemic spread of pepper mottle potyvirus in Capsicum annuum cv. Avelar by coinfection with a cucumovirus. Phytopathology 85:561-566.
82. Nicolas, O., Dunnington, S. W., Gotow, L. F., Pirone, T. P., and Hellmann, G. M. 1997. Variations in the VPg protein allow a potyvirus to overcome νa gene esistance in tobacco. Virology 237:452-459.
83. Olesinski, A. A., Lucas, W. J., Galun, E., and Wolf, S. 1995. Pleiotropic effects of tobacco-mosaic-virus movement protein on carbon metabolism in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta 197:118-126.
84. Pehu, T. M., Makivalkonen, T. K., Valkonen, J. P. T, Koivu, K. T., Lehto, K. M., and Pehu, E. P. 1995. Potato plants transformed with a potato virus Y P1 gene sequence are resistant to PVY. Am. Potato J. 72:523-532.
85. Pelletier, J., and Sonenberg, N. 1988. Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA. Nature 334:320-325.
86. Peng, Y.-H., Kadoury, D., Gal-On, A., Huet, H., Wang, Y., and Raccah, B. 1998. Mutations in the HC-Pro gene of zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus: Effects on aphid transmission and binding to purified virions. J. Gen. Virol. 79:897-904.
87. Pirone, T. P. 1991. Viral genes and gene products that determine insect transmissibility. Semin. Virol. 2:81-87.
88. Pirone, T. P., and Blanc, S. 1996. Helper-dependent vector transmission of plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 34:227-247.
89. Provvidenti, R., and Hamptom, R. O. 1992. Sources of resistance to viruses in the Potyviridae. Arch. Virol. 5:189-211.
90. Pruss, G., Ge, X., Shi, X. M., Carrington, J. C., and Vance, V. B. 1997. Plant viral synergism: The potyviral genome encodes a broad-range pathogenicity enhancer that transactivates replication of heterologous viruses. Plant Cell 9:859-868.
91. Riechmann, J. L., Cervera, M. T., and García, J. A. 1995. Processing of the plum pox virus polyprotein at the P3-6K, junction is not required for virus viability. J. Gen. Virol. 76:951-956.
92. Riechmann, J. L., Laín, S., and García, J. A. 1992. Highlights and prospects of potyvirus molecular biology. J. Gen. Virol. 73:1-16.
93. Roberts, I. M., Wang, D., Findlay, K., and Maule, A. J. 1998. Ultrastructural and temporal observations of the potyvirus cylindrical inclusions (CIs) shows that the CI protein acts transiently in aiding virus movement. Virology 245:173-181.
94. Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Findlay, K., Shaw, J. G., Lomonossoff, G. P., Qiu, S. G., Linstead, P., Shanks, M., and Risco, C. 1997. The coat and cylindrical inclusion proteins of a potyvirus are associated with connections between plant cells. Virology 236:296-306.
95. Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Klein, P. G., and Shaw, J. G. 1991. A determinant of disease symptom severity is located in the 3′-terminal noncoding region of the RNA of a plant virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 9863-9867.
96. Rojas, M. R., Zerbini, F. M., Allison, R. F., Gilbertson, R. L., and Lucas, W. J. 1997. Capsid protein and helper component-proteinase function as potyvirus cell-to-cell movement proteins. Virology 237:283-295.
97. Schaad, M. C., and Carrington, J. C. 1996. Suppression of long-distance movement of tobacco etch virus in a nonsusceptible host. J. Virol. 70: 2556-2561.
98. Schaad, M. C., Haldeman-Cahill, R., Cronin, S., and Carrington, J. C. 1996. Analysis of the VPg-proteinase (NIa) encoded by tobacco etch potyvirus: Effects of mutations on subcellular transport, proteolytic processing and genome amplification. J. Virol. 70:7039-7048.
99. Schaad, M. C., Jensen, P. E., and Carrington, J. C. 1997a. Formation of plant RNA virus replication complexes on membranes: Role of an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted viral protein. EMBO J. 16:4049-4059.
100. Schaad, M. C., Lellis, A. D., and Carrington, J. C. 1997b. VPg of tobacco etch potyvirus is a host genotype-specific determinant for long-distance movement. J. Virol. 71:8624-8631.
101. Shi, X. M., Miller, H., Verchot, J., Carrington, J. C., and Vance, V. B. 1997. Mutations in the region encoding the central domain of helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) eliminate potato virus X/potyviral synergism. Virology 231:35-42.
102. Shukla, D. D., and Ward, C. W. 1988. Amino acid sequence homology of coat proteins as a basis for identification and classification of the potyvirus group. J. Gen. Virol. 69:2703-2710.
103. Shukla, D. D., Ward, C. W., and Brunt, A. A. 1994. Genome structure, variation and function. Pages 74-110 in: The Potyviridae. CAB Int., Wallingford, UK.
104. Simón-Buela, L., Guo, H. S., and García, J. A. 1997a. Cap-independent leaky scanning as the mechanism of translation initiation of a plant viral genomic RNA. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2691-2699.
105. Simón-Buela, L., Guo, H. S., and García, J. A. 1997b. Long sequences in the 5′ noncoding region of plum pox virus are not necessary for viral infectivity but contribute to viral competitiveness and pathogenesis. Virology 233:157-162.
106. Soumounou, Y., and Laliberté, J.-F. 1994. Nucleic acid-binding properties of the P1 protein of turnip mosaic potyvirus produced in Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Virol. 75:2567-2573.
107. Staskawicz, B. J., Ausubel, F. M., Baker, B. J., Ellis, J. G., and Jones, J. D. J. 1995. Molecular genetics of plant disease resistance. Science 268:661-667.
108. Swaney, S., Powers, H., Goodwin, J., Silva Rosales, L., and Dougherty, W. G. 1995. RNA-mediated resistance with nonstructural genes from the tobacco etch virus genome. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 8:1004-1011.
109. Valkonen, J. P. T., Pehu, E., Jones, M. G. K., and Gibson, R. W. 1991. Resistance in Solanum brevidens to both potato virus Y and potato virus X may be associated with slow cell-to-cell spread. J. Gen. Virol. 72:231-236.
110. Valkonen, J. P. T., and Somersalo, S. 1996. Patterns and barriers of cell-to-cell movement and lack of systemic spread of tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV-GUS) in Solanum brevidens. Plant Sci. 113:221-228.
111. van den Boogaart, T., Lomonossoff, G. P., and Davies, J. W. 1998. Can we explain RNA-mediated virus resistance by homology-dependent gene silencing? Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 11:717-723.
112. Vance, V. B., Berger, P. H., Carrington, J. C., Hunt, A. G., and Shi, X. M. 1995. 5′ proximal potyviral sequences mediate potato virus X/potyviral synergistic disease in transgenic tobacco. Virology 206:583-590.
113. Vardi, E., Sela, I., Edelbaum, O., Livneh, O., Kuznetsova, L., and Stram, Y. 1993. Plants transformed with a cistron of a potato virus Y protease (NIa) are resistant to virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7513-7517.
114. Verchot, J., and Carrington, J. C. 1995. Evidence that the potyvirus P1 proteinase functions in trans as an accessory factor for genome amplification. J. Virol. 69:3668-3674.
115. Wang, D., and Maule, A. J. 1992. Early embryo invasion as a determinant in pea of the seed transmission of pea seed-borne mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 73:1615-1620.
116. Wang, D., and Maule, A. J. 1994. A model for seed transmission of a plant virus: Genetic and structural analyses of pea embryo invasion by pea seed-borne mosaic virus. Plant Cell 6:777-787.
117. Wang, D., and Maule, A. J. 1995. Inhibition of host gene expression associated with plant virus replication. Science 267:229-231.
118. Wang, R. Y., Ammar, E. D., Thornbury, D. W., López-Moya, J. J., and Pirone, T. P. 1996. Loss of potyvirus transmissibility and helper-component activity correlate with non-retention of virions in aphid stylets. J. Gen. Virol. 77:861-867.
119. Wang, R. Y., Powell, G., Hardie, J., and Pirone, T. P. 1998. Role of the helper component in vector-specific transmission of potyviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 79:1519-1524.
120. Wittmann, S., Chatel, H., Fortin, M. G., and Laliberté, J.-F. 1997. Interaction of the viral protein genome linked of turnip mosaic potyvirus with the translational eukaryotic initiation factor (iso) 4E of Arabidopsis thaliana using the yeast two-hybrid system. Virology 234:84-92.
121. Wittner, A., Palkovics, L., and Balazs, E. 1998. Nicotiana benthamiana plants transformed with the plum pox virus helicase gene are resistant to virus infection. Virus Res. 53:97-103.
122. Zaitlin, M., and Hull, R. 1987. Plant virus-host interactions. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 38:291-315.