Threats to global health and survival: The growing crises of tropical infectious diseases - Our 'unfinished agenda'

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 966-986

  Guerrant, Richard L ^a   Blackwood, Bronwyn L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLERA TOXIN; GLUTAMINE;

BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; CHOLERA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CYCLOSPORA; DENGUE; DIARRHEA; DISABILITY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; INCOME; INFECTION; LEADERSHIP; MICROSPORUM; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NUTRITION; ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY; ORGANIZATION; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURVIVAL; TROPICAL DISEASE;

EID: 0032931867     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/514765     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. 1. Ad Hoc Committee on Health Research Relating to Future Intervention Options. Investing in Health Research and Development. Document TDR/Gen/96.1, Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 1996.
2. 2. Committee on International Science Engineering and Technology (CI-SET). Infectious disease - a global health threat. Washington, DC: National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), 1995.
3. 3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addressing emerging infectious disease threats: a prevention strategy for the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, 1994.
4. 4. Howson CP, Fineberg HV, Bloom BR. The pursuit of global health: the relevance of engagement for developed countries. Lancet 1998;351: 586-90.
5. 5. JAMA 1997;278:347-446.
6. 6. Preston R. The cobra event. New York: Ballantine Books, 1997.
7. 7. World Bank. World development report 1997: The State in a changing world. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
8. 8. Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1548-56.
9. 9. Morganthau T. E. coli alert. Newsweek 1997;130:26-32.
10. 10. Guerrant RL, Lima AAM, Thielman NM, et al. Diarrhea, demography and cell signaling: lessons from microbial toxins. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1996;108:149-62.
11. 11. Guerrant RL. Diarrheal diseases: new challenges and emerging opportunities. In: Walker DH, ed. Global infectious diseases: prevention, control and eradication. New York: Springer-Verlag Wien, 1992:87-102.
12. 12. Guerrant RL. Twelve messages from enteric infections for science and society. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51:26-35.
13. 13. Guerrant RL. Why America must care about tropical medicine: threats to global health and security from tropical infectious diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;59:3-16.
14. 14. Jefferson T, 1820. The writings of Thomas Jefferson. Memorial Edition. Lipscomb AA, Bergh AE, eds. Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1903-4.
15. 15. Goldsmith MF. Health woes grow in shrinking world. JAMA 1998;279: 569-71.
16. 16. Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens, and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999 (in press).
17. 17. World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 1996: fighting disease, fostering development. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1996.
18. 18. National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats. Available at http:/www.cdc.gov/ncidod/publications/eid_plan/home.htm. Accessed 1 September 1997.
19. 19. Pinner RW, Teutsch SM, Simonsen L, et al. Trends in infectious diseases mortality in the United States [see comments]. JAMA 1996;275: 189-93.
20. 20. World Bank, World development report 1993: investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
21. 21. Platt AE. Confronting infectious diseases. In: Brown LR, Flavin C, Starke L, eds. State of the World 1996: A Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1996.
22. 22. Gubler DJ, Dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens, and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999 (in press).
23. 23. Guerrant RL, Guerrant DI. History of cholera and overview of gastrointestinal infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1993;6:37-40.
24. 24. Guerrant RL. Lessons from diarrheal diseases: demography to molecular pharmacology. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1206-18.
25. 25. Anonymous. Water with sugar and salt [editorial]. Lancet 1978;2: 300-1.
26. 26. Lima AAM, Soares AM, Freire JE Jr, et al. Cotransport of sodium with glutamine, alanine and glucose in the isolated rabbit ileal mucosa. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;25:637-40.
27. 27. Lima AAM, Barboza MS Jr, Silva TMJ, et al. Enteroaggregative E. coli associated with persistent diarrhea: pathophysiology and treatment with glutamine-based oral rehydration and nutrition therapy (ORNT) [abstract]. Presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) International Centers for Tropical Diseases Research (ICTDR) (Bethesda, MD), 1997.
28. 28. Lima AA, Fang G, Schorling JB, et al. Persistent diarrhea in northeast Brazil: etiologies and interactions with malnutrition. Acta Paediatr Stand (suppl) 1992;381:39-44.
29. 29. Fang G, Lima AAM, Martins CC, et al. Etiology and epidemiology of persistent diarrhea in northeastern Brazil: a hospital-based prospective case control study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1995;21:137-44.
30. 30. Koopmans MP, Goosen ES, Lima AA, et al. Association of torovirus with acute and persistent diarrhea in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:504-7.
31. 31. Guerrant RL, Kirchhoff LV, Shields DS, et al. Prospective study of diarrheal illnesses in northeastern Brazil: patterns of disease, nutritional impact, etiologies, and risk factors. J Infect Dis 1983;148:986-97.
32. 32. Schorling JB, Wanke CA, Schorling SK, el al. A prospective study of persistent diarrhea among children in an urban Brazilian slum. Am J Epidemiol 1990;132:144-56.
33. 32a. Leslie JA, de Sousa MA. Nutrional studies in Pacatuba: relationship to diet, socioeconomic status and childhood illnesses. In: Guerrant RL, de Sousa MA, Nations MK, eds. At the edge of development: health crises in a transitional society. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1996:279-93.
34. 33. Steiner TS, Lima AAM, Nataro JP, et al. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produce intestinal inflammation and growth impairment and cause interleukin-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:88-96.
35. 34. Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, et al. Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis: their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 1997;145:156-63.
36. 35. Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, de Souza MA, Guerrant RL. Malnutrition is associated with increased diarrhoea incidence and duration among children in an urban Brazilian slum. Int J Epidemiol 1990;19: 728-35.
37. 36. Guerrant RL, Schorling JB, McAuliffe JF, et al. Diarrhea as a cause and effect of malnutrition: diarrhea prevents catch-up growth and malnutrition increases diarrhea frequency and duration. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;47:28-35.
38. 37. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1900 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
39. 38. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds. Global comparative assessments in the health sector: disease burden, expenditures and intervention packages. Belgium: World Health Organization, 1994.
40. 39. Guerrant RL, Thielman NM. Emerging enteric protozoa: Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia. In: Scheld WM, Armstrong D, Hughes JM, eds. Emerging infections I. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 1998:233-45.
41. 40. MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994;331:161-7.
42. 41. Vakil NB, Schwartz SM, Buggy BP, et al. Biliary cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected people after the waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee. N Engl J Med 1996;334:19-23.
43. 42. McAnulty JM, Fleming DW, Gonzalez AH. A community-wide outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming at a wave pool. JAMA 1994;272:1597-600.
44. 43. Cordell RL, Addiss DG. Cryptosporidiosis in child care settings: a review of the literature and recommendations for prevention and control. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:310-7.
45. 44. Neill MA, Rice SK, Ahmad NV, et al. Cryptosporidiosis: an unrecognized cause of diarrhea in elderly hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:168-70.
46. 45. Osterholm MT. Cyclosporiasis and raspberries - lessons for the future. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1597-8.
47. 46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection - United States, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1996;45:549-51.
48. 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreaks of cyclosporiasis - United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:461-2.
49. 48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: outbreaks of cyclosporiasis - United States and Canada, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:521-3.
50. 49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis-northern Virginia-Washington, DC-Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997;46:689-91.
51. 50. Hedberg CW, Osterholm MT. Food safety for the 1990s. Minn Med 1993;76:33-6.
52. 51. Food Marketing Institute. Food marketing facts, 1990. Washington, DC: Food Marketing Institute, 1990.
53. 52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Isolation of E. coli O157: 117 from sporadic cases of hemorrhagic colitis - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982;31:580, 585.
54. 53. Mahon BE, Ponka A, Hall WN, et al. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. J Infect Dis 1997;175:876-82.
55. 54. Watanabe H, Guerrant RL. Summary: Nagasaki enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli meeting and workshop. J Infect Dis 1997;176:247-9.
56. 55. McFarlane GA, Munro A. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Br J Surg 1997;84:1190-9.
57. 56. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Orentreich N, et al. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1997;40:297-301.
58. 57. Telford JL, Covacci A, Rappuoli R, et al. Immunobiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:498-503.
59. 58. Wotherspoon AC. Gastric MALT lymphoma and Helicobacter pylori. Yale J Biol Med 1996;69:61-8.
60. 59. Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1997;26:34S-38S.
61. 60. Sharara AI, Hunt CM, Hamilton JD. Hepatitis C [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:658-68.
62. 61. Ellis RW. Infection and coronary heart disease. J Med Microbiol 1997; 46:535-9.
63. 62. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet 1997;350:430-6.
64. 63. Libby P, Egan D, Skarlatos S. Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research. Circulation 1997;96:4095-103.
65. 64. Preston R. Annals of warfare: the bioweaponeers. The New Yorker 9 March, 1998:52-65.
66. 65. Christopher GW, Cieslak TJ, Pavlin JA, et al. Biological warfare. A historical perspective. JAMA 1997;278:412-7.
67. 66. Kadlec RP, Zelicoff AP, Vrtis AM. Biological weapons control. Prospects and implications for the future. JAMA 1997;278:351-6.
68. 67. Pearson GS. The complementary role of environmental and security biological control regimes in the 21st century. JAMA 1997;278:369-72.
69. 68. Danzig R, Berkowsky PB. Why should we be concerned about biological warfare? JAMA 1997;278:431-2.
70. 69. Franz DR, Jabrling PB, Friedlander AM, et al. Clinical recognition and management of patients exposed to biological warfare agents. JAMA 1997;278:399-411.
71. 70. Torok TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, et al. A large community outbreak of salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. JAMA 1997;278:389-95.
72. 71. Stephenson J. Pentagon-funded research takes aim at agents of biological warfare [news]. JAMA 1997;278:373-5.
73. 72. Lederberg J. Infectious disease and biological weapons. Prophylaxis and mitigation [editorial]. JAMA 1997;278:435-6.
74. 73. Malthus TR. An essay on the principles of population; or, A view of its past and present effects on human happiness; with an inquiry into our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils which it occasions. London: J Murray Press, 1826.
75. 74. Mosley WH, Hossain M. Population: background and prospects. In: Chen LC, ed. Disaster in Bangladesh: health crises in a developing nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973:8-17.
76. 75. Low-Beer D, Stoneburner RL, Mukulu A. Empirical evidence for the severe but localized impact of AIDS on population structure [see comments]. Nat Med 1997;3:553-7.
77. 76. Taylor CE. Surveillance for equity in primary health care: policy implications from international experience. Int J Epidemiol 1992;21:1043-9.
78. 77. Verghese P. Muddled metaphors. In: Lucas GR, Ogletree TW, eds. Lifeboat ethics: the moral dilemmas of world hunger. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
79. 78. Hernandez DJ. Fertility reduction policies and poverty in third world countries: ethical issues. Stud Fam Plann 1985;16:76-87.
80. 79. King M, Elliott C. Legitimate double-think. Lancet 1993;341:669-72.
81. 80. United States Bureau of the Census. Population statistics and estimates. Available at http://www.census.gov. Accessed 1 September 1997.
82. 81. Bos E, Vu MT, Massiah E, et al. World population projections. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
83. 82. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT). An urbanizing world: global report on human settlements, 1996. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
84. 83. Brown LR, Flavin C, Starke L, et al., eds. State of the world 1996: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a sustainable society. New York: WW Norton & Company, 1996.
85. 84. LeDuc JW, Hughes JM. Surveillance for emerging infectious diseases. In: Guerrant RL, Walker DH, Weller PF, eds. Tropical infectious diseases: principles, pathogens, and practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1999 (in press).
86. 85. Murray J, Adeyi GN, Graeff J, et al. Emphasis behaviors in maternal and child health: focusing on caretaker behaviors to develop maternal and child health program in communities. Arlington, VA: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) Project, U.S. Agency for International Development, 1997.
87. 86. Gwatkin DR. Global burden of disease [letter]. Lancet 1997;350: 141-5.
88. 87. Chan MS. The global burden of intestinal nematode infections - fifty years on [review]. Parasitology Today 1997;13:438-43.
89. 88. Bundy DAP, Chan MS, Medley GF, et al. Intestinal nematode infections. In: Murray CLJ, Lopez AD, eds. Health priorities and burden of disease analysis: methods and application from global, national and sub-national studies. Harvard University Press for the World Health Organization and World Bank, 1999 (in press).
90. 89. Guerrant RL, Bobak DA. Bacterial and protozoal gastroenteritis [review]. N Engl J Med 1991;325:327-40.
91. 90. Adams EJ, Stephenson LS, Latham MC, et al. Physical activity and growth of Kenyan school children with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved after treatment with albendazole. J Nutr 1994;124:1199-1206.
92. 91. Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, et al. Parasitic helminth infection and cognitive function in school children. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992;247:77-81.
93. 92. Nokes C, Grantham-McGregor SM, Sawyer AW, et al. Moderate to heavy infections of Trichuris trichiura affect cognitive function in Jamaican school children. Parasitology 1992;104:539-47.
94. 93. Nokes C, Bundy DA. Trichuris trichiura infection and mental development in children [letter]. Lancet 1992;339:500.
95. 94. Nokes C, Bundy DA. Compliance and absenteeism in school children: implications for helminth control. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993; 87:148-52.
96. 95. Savioli L, Bundy D, Tomkins A. Intestinal parasitic infections: a soluble public health problem [editorial]. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992; 86:353-4.
97. 96. Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Adams EJ, et al. Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole. J Nutr 1993;123:1036-46.
98. 97. Hadju V, Stephenson LS, Abadi K, et al. Improvements in appetite and growth in helminth-infected schoolboys three and seven weeks after a single dose of pyrantel pamoate. Parasitology 1996;113:497-504.
99. 98. Stephenson LS. Helminth parasites, a major factor in malnutrition. World Health Forum 1994;15:169-72.
100. 99. Callender JE, Grantham-McGregor S, Walker S, et al. Trichuris infection and mental development in children [letter]. Lancet 1992;339:181.
101. 100. Agnew DG, Lima AAM, Newman RD, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in north-eastern Brazilian children: association with increased diarrheal morbidity. J Infect Dis 1998;754-60.
102. 101. Argenzio RA, Rhoads JM, Armstrong M, et al. Glutamine stimulates prostaglandin-sensitive Na(+)-H+ exchange in experimental porcine cryptosporidiosis. Gastroenterol 1994;106:1418-28.
103. 102. Kull S. Americans and foreign aid: A study of American public attitudes. College Park, MD: Program on International Policy Attitudes, Center for the Study of Policy Attitudes and the Center for International and Security Studies, School of Public Affairs, University of Maryland, 1995.
104. 103. Board on International Health, Institute of Medicine. America's vital interest in global health: protecting our people, enhancing our economy, and advancing our international interests. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1997.
105. 104. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Geographical distribution of financial flows to aid recipients: disbursements, commitments, country indicators, 1975. Paris, France: OECD, 1975.
106. 105. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Geographical distribution of financial flows to aid recipients: disbursements, commitments, country indicators, 1985. Paris, France: OECD, 1985.
107. 106. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Geographical distribution of financial flows to aid recipients: disbursements, commitments, country indicators, 1991 1995. Paris, France: OECD, 1997.
108. 107. Historical Table 1,1 - summary of receipts, outlays, and surpluses or deficits (-): 1789 2002. Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
109. 108. EuroSTEP, International Council of Voluntary Agencies (TCVA), ActionAid. The reality of aid 1997/8: an independent review of development cooperation. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1997.
110. 109. Lee K, Collinson S, Walt G, et al. Who should be doing what in the international health: a confusion of mandates in the United Nations? BMJ 1996;312:302-7.
111. 110. Jamison DT, Frenk J, Knaul F. International collective action in health: objectives, functions and rationale. Lancet 1998;351:514-7.
112. 111. Frenk J, Sepulveda J, Gomez-Dantes O, et al. The New World order and international health [see comments]. BMJ 1997;314:1404-7.
113. 112. Anderson J, MacLean M, Davies C. Malaria research: an audit of international activity. PRISM Report no. 7. London: The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, 1996.