Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer

British Journal of Surgery

Volumn 84, Issue 9, 1997, Pages 1190-1199

  Mcfarlane, G A ^a   Munro, A ^b  

^a Chogoria Hospital   (Kenya)

^b RAIGMORE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CHRONIC GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER;

GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0030767729     PISSN: 00071323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800840904     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. Howson CP, Hiyama T, Wynder EL. The decline in gastric cancers: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph. Epidemiol Rev 1986; 8: 1-27.
2. Parkin DM, Muir CS, Whelan SL, Gao YT, Ferlay J, Powell J, eds. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Vol. 6. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer Scientific Publications, 1992.
3. Barker DJP, Coggon D, Osmond C, Wickham C. Poor housing in childhood and high rates of stomach cancer in England and Wales. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 575-8.
4. Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993; 22: 89-104.
5. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, Lee RKC. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972; 49: 969-88.
6. McMichael AJ, McCall MG, Hartshorne JM, Woodings TL. Patterns of gastro-intestinal cancer in European migrants to Australia: the role of dietary change. Int J Cancer 1980; 25: 431-7.
7. Laurén P. The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carcinoma. An attempt at histo-clinical classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965; 64: 31-49.
8. Correa P, Ruiz B. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 158-64.
9. Strickland RG, Mackay IR. A reappraisal of the nature and significance of chronic atrophic gastritis. Digestive Diseases 1973; 18: 426-40.
10. Correa P. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis: three etiologic entities. Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Research 1980; 6: 98-108.
11. Wyatt JI, Dixon MF. Chronic gastritis - a pathogenetic approach. J Pathol 1988; 154: 113-24.
12. Stolte M, Heilmann KL. Neue Klassifikation und Graduierung der Gastritis. Leber Magen Darm 1989; 19: 220-6.
13. Misiewicz JJ. The Sydney System: a new classification of gastritis. Introduction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 207-8.
14. Price AB. The Sydney System: histological division. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 209-22.
15. Tytgat GN. The Sydney System: endoscopic division. Endoscopic appearances in gastritis/duodenitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 223-34.
16. Khakoo SI, Lobo AJ, Shepherd NA, Wilkinson SP. Histological assessment of the Sydney classification of endoscopic gastritis. Gut 1994; 35: 1172-5.
17. Correa P, Cuello C, Duque E et al. Gastric cancer in Colombia. III. Natural history of precursor lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1976; 57: 1027-35.
18. Scott N, Lansdown M, Diament R et al. Helicobacter gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in a gastric cancer family. Lancet 1990; 335: 728 (Letter).
19. Sipponen P, Kekki M, Siurala M. The Sydney System: epidemiology and natural history of chronic gastritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 244-51.
20. Aromaa A, Kosunen TU, Knekt P et al. Circulating anti-Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin A antibodies and low serum pepsinogen I level are associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 142-9.
21. Morson BC. Carcinoma arising from areas of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric mucosa. Br J Cancer 1955; 9: 377-85.
22. Sipponen P, Kekki M, Siurala M. Atrophic chronic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in gastric carcinoma. Comparison with a representative population sample. Cancer 1983; 52: 1062-8.
23. Sipponen P, Kekki M, Siurala M. Age-related trends of gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in gastric carcinoma patients and in controls representing the population at large. Br J Cancer 1984; 49: 521-30.
24. Jaskiewicz K, Louwrens HD. Chronic atrophic gastritis in a population at risk for gastric carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1991; 11: 835-9.
25. Jass JR. Role of intestinal metaplasia in the histogenesis of gastric carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 801-10.
26. Craanen ME, Blok P, Dekker W, Ferwerda J, Tytgat GN. Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1992; 33: 597-600.
27. Mirvish SS. The etiology of gastric cancer. Intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983; 71: 629-47.
28. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 3554-60.
29. Mirvish SS. Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer. Cancer 1986; 58: 1842-50.
30. Buiatti E, Palli D, Decarli A et al. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer 1989; 44: 611-16.
31. Hu J, Zhang S, Jia E et al. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in China. Int J Cancer 1988; 41: 331-5.
32. Ruiz B, Correa P, Fontham ETH et al. Ascorbic acid, Helicobacter pylori and Lewis phenotype among blacks and whites in New Orleans. Cancer Lett 1994; 83: 323-9.
33. Sobala GM, Pignatelli B, Schorah CJ et al. Levels of nitrite, nitrate, N-nitroso compounds, ascorbic acid and total bile acids in gastric juice of patients with and without precancerous conditions of the stomach. Carcinogenesis 1991; 12: 193-8.
34. O'Connor HJ, Schorah CJ, Habibzedah N, Axon ATR, Cockel R. Vitamin C in the human stomach: relation to gastric pH, gastroduodenal disease, and possible sources. Gut 1989; 30: 436-42.
35. Charnley G, Tannenbaum SR. Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of sodium chloride on gastric cancer risk in the rat. Cancer Res 1985; 45: 5608-16.
36. Kneller RW, Guo WD, Hsing AW et al. Risk factors for stomach cancer in sixty-five Chinese counties. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1992; 1: 113-18.
37. Risch HA, Jain M, Choi NW et al. Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 122: 947-59.
38. Bizzozero G. Ueber die schlauchförmigen Drüsen des Magendarmkanals und die Beziehungen ihres Epithels zu dem Oberflächenenepithel der Schleimhant. Arch Mikrobiol Anat 1893; 42: 82-152.
39. Goodwin CS. Helicobacter pylori: 10th anniversary of its culture in April 1982. Gut 1993; 34: 293-4.
40. Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV. The historical associations between bacteria and peptic-ulcer disease. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 1-4.
41. Krienitz W. Ueber das Auftreten von Spirochäten verschiedener Form im Mageninhalt bei Carcinoma ventriculi. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1906; 32: 872.
42. Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; i: 1273 (Letter).
43. Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Lancet 1983; i: 1273-5 (Letter).
44. Marshall NJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984; i: 1311-14.
45. Jaskiewicz K, Louwrens HD, Woodroof CW, van Wyk MJ, Price SK. The association of Campylobacter pylori with mucosal pathological changes in a population at risk for gastric cancer. S Afr Med J 1989; 75: 417-19.
46. Feng YY, Wang Y. Campylobacter pylori in patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer and carcinoma of the stomach in Lanzhou, China. Lancet 1988; 1: 1055.
47. Fox JG, Correa P, Taylor NS et al. Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis and immune response in a population at increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 775-81.
48. Goodwin CS, Armstrong JA, Chilvers T et al. Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov., and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989; 39: 397-405.
49. Megraud F. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 107-23.
50. Sipponen P. Helicobacter pylori: a cohort phenomenon. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19(Suppl 1): S30-6.
51. Taylor DN, Blaser MJ. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epidemiol Rev 1991; 13: 42-59.
52. Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N et al. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet 1992; 339: 896-7.
53. Gasbarrini G, Pretolani S, Bonvicini F et al. A population based study of Helicobacter pylori infection in a European country: the San Marino Study. Relations with gastrointestinal diseases. Gut 1995; 36: 838-44.
54. Perez-Perez GI, Taylor DN, Bodhidatta L et al. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections in Thailand. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 1237-41.
55. Megraud F, Brassens Rabbe MP, Denis F, Belbouri A, Hoa DQ. Seroepidemiology of Campylobacter pylori infection in various populations. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27: 1870-3.
56. al-Moagel MA, Evans DG, Abdulghani ME et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter (formerly Campylobacter) pylori infection in Saudi Arabia, and comparison of those with and without upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 944-8.
57. The Gastrointestinal Physiology Working Group. Helicobacter pylori and gastritis in Peruvian patients: relationship to socioeconomic level, age, and sex. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 819-23.
58. Sullivan PB, Thomas JE, Wight DGD et al. Helicobacter pylori in Gambian children with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition. Arch Dis Child 1990; 65: 189-91.
59. Holcombe C, Omotara BA, Eldridge J, Jones DM. H. pylori, the most common bacterial infection in Africa: a random serological study. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 28-30.
60. Graham DY, Malaty HM, Evans DG, Evans DJ Jr, Klein PD, Adam E. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic population in the United States. Effect of age, race, and socioeconomic status. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1495-501.
61. Correa P, Fox J, Fontham E et al. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma. Serum antibody prevalence in populations with contrasting cancer risks. Cancer 1990; 66: 2569-74.
62. The EUROGAST Study Group. An international association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. Lancet 1993; 341: 1359-62.
63. Webb PM, Knight T, Greaves S et al. Relation between infection with Helicobacter pylori and living conditions in childhood: evidence for person to person transmission in early life. BMJ 1994; 308: 750-3.
64. Neale KR, Logan RPH. The epidemiology and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9(Suppl 2): 77-84.
65. Megraud F. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9(Suppl 2): 85-91.
66. Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glancy RJ. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust 1985; 142: 436-9.
67. Drumm B, Sherman P, Cutz E, Karmali M. Association of Campylobacter pylori on the gastric mucosa with antral gastritis in children. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1557-61.
68. Satoh K, Kimura K, Yoshida Y, Kasano T, Kihira K, Taniguchi Y. A topographical relationship between Helicobacter pylori and gastritis: quantitative assessment of Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol 1991; 86: 285-91.
69. Rauws EA, Langenberg W, Houthoff HJ, Zanen HC, Tytgat GN. Campylobacter pylori-associated chronic active antral gastritis. A prospective study of its prevalence and the effects of antibacterial and antiulcer treatment. Gastroenterology, 1988; 94: 33-40.
70. Wyatt JI, Gray SF. Detection of Helicobacter pylori by histology. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 51-7.
71. Goodwin CS. The Sydney System: microbial gastritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6: 235-7.
72. Dixon MF. Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis. In: Rathbone BJ, Heatley RV, eds. Helicobacter pylori and Gastroduodenal Disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992: 124-39.
73. Lee A, Chen M, Coltro N et al. Long term infection of the gastric mucosa with Helicobacter species does induce atrophic gastritis in an animal model of Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1993; 280: 38-50.
74. Haruma K, Okamoto S, Sumii K et al. Helicobactcr pylori infection and gastroduodenal disease: a comparison of endoscopie findings, histology, and urease test data. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1992; 41: 65-70.
75. Farinati F, Valiante F, Germana B et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with precancerous changes and gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1993; 2: 321-6.
76. Karnes WE Jr, Samloff IM, Siurala M et al. Positive serum antibody and negative tissue staining for Helicobacter pylori in subjects with atrophic body gastritis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 167-74.
77. Kuipers EJ, Uyterlinde AM, Pena AS et al. Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1525-8.
78. Sakaki N, Momma K, Egawa N, Yamada Y, Kan T, Ishiwata J. The influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on the progression of gastric mucosal atrophy and occurrence of gastric cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7(Suppl 1): S59-62.
79. Craanen ME, Blok P, Dekker W, Tytgat GNJ. Helicobacter pylori and early gastric cancer. Gut 1994; 35: 1372-4.
80. UK Sub-Group of the ECP-EURONUT-Intestinal Metaplasia Study Group. Helicobacter pylori in patients with intestinal metaplasia and in controls: a serological and biopsy study in four UK centres. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995; 4: 175-80.
81. Solcia E, Fiocca R, Luinetti O et al. Intestinal and diffuse gastric cancers arise in a different background of Helicobacter pylori gastritis through different gene involvement. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20(Suppl 1): S8-22.
82. Asaka M, Kato M, Kudo M et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma in a Japanese population. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7(Suppl 1): S7-10.
83. Kekki M, Siurala M, Varis K, Sipponen P, Sistonen P, Nevanlinna HR. Classification principles and genetics of chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1987; 141: 1-28.
84. Forman D, Sitas F, Newell DG et al. Geographic association of Helicobacter pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality in rural China. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 608-11.
85. Chang-Claude J, Raedsch R, Waldherr R et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastritis among young adults in China. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995; 4: 73-9.
86. Lin JT, Wang LY, Wang JT, Wang TH, Chen CJ. Ecological study of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer in Taiwan. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 385-8.
87. Rios-Castellanos E, Sitas F, Shepherd NA, Jewell DP. Changing pattern of gastric cancer in Oxfordshire. Gut 1992; 33: 1312-17.
88. Allum WH, Powell DJ, McConkey CC, Fielding JWL. Gastric cancer: a 25-year review. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 535-40.
89. Golematis B, Tzardis P, Hatzikostas P, Papadimitriou K, Haritopoulos N. Changing pattern of distribution of carcinoma of the stomach. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 63-4.
90. Hansson L-E, Sparen P, Nyren O. Increasing incidence of carcinoma of the gastric cardia in Sweden from 1970 to 1985. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 374-7.
91. Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Weaver A et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83: 1734-9.
92. Blaser MJ, Kobayashi K, Cover TL, Cao P, Feurer ID, Perez-Perez GI. Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 799-802.
93. Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1127-31.
94. Holcombe C. Helicobacter pylori: the African enigma. Gut 1992; 33: 429-31.
95. Sipponen P, Kosunen TU, Valle J, Riihela M, Seppala K. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis in gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45: 319-23.
96. Asaka M, Kimura T, Kato M et al. Possible role of Helicobacter pylori infection in early gastric cancer development. Cancer 1994; 73: 2691-4.
97. Hansson LE, Engstrand L, Nyren O et al. Helicobacler pylori infection: independent risk indicator of gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 1098-103.
98. Caruso M, Fucci L. Histological identification of Helicobacter pylori in early and advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12: 601-2 (Letter).
99. Buruk F, Berberoglu U, Pak I, Aksaz E, Celen O. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. Br J Surg 1993; 80: 378-9.
100. Kato T, Saito Y, Niwa M et al. Helicobacler pylori infection in gastric carcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6(Suppl 1): S93-6.
101. Zhou D, Yang H. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in the People's Republic of China. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995; 108: 304-13.
102. Klaamas K, Held M, Wadstrom T, Lipping A, Kurtenkov O. IgG immune response to Helicobacter pylori antigens in patients with gastric cancer as defined by ELISA and immunoblotting. Int J Cancer 1996; 67: 1-5.
103. Lin JT, Wang JT, Wang TH, Wu MS, Chen CJ. Helicobacter pylori infection in early and advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: a seroprevalence study in 143 Taiwanese patients. Hepatogastroenterology 1993; 40: 596-9.
104. Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Okuda S, Taniguchi H, Yokuta Y. The association of Helicobacter pylori with differentiated-type early gastric cancer. Cancer 1993; 72: 1841-5.
105. Guarner J, Mohar A, Parsonnet J, Halperin D. The association of Helicobacter pylori with gastric cancer and preneoplastic gastric lesions in Chiapas, Mexico. Cancer 1993; 71: 297-301.
106. Loffeld RJ, Willems I, Flendrig JA, Arends JW. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinoma (see comments). Histopathology 1990; 17: 537-41.
107. Fukuda H, Saito D, Hayashi S et al. Helicobacter pylori infection, serum pepsinogen level and gastric cancer: a case-control study in Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1995; 86: 64-71.
108. Lin JT, Wang LY, Wang JT, Wang TH, Yang CS, Chen CJ. A nested case-control study on the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer risk in a cohort of 9775 men in Taiwan. Anticancer Res 1995; 15: 603-6.
109. Archimandritis A, Bitsikas J, Tjivras M et al. Non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacler pylori infection. Ital J Gastroenterol 1993; 25: 368-71.
110. Muszynski J, Dzierzanowska D, Sieminska J, Bogdanska M, Vogt E, Ehrmann A. Is Helicobacter pylori infection a real risk factor for gastric carcinoma? Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 647-51.
111. Rudi J, Muller M, von Herbay A et al. Lack of association of Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence and gastric cancer in a population with low gastric cancer incidence. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 958-63.
112. Morad NA. Histology of gastric antrum in intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma from Asir Central Hospital, Saudi Arabia. E Afr Med J 1995; 72: 577-8.
113. Endo S, Ohkusa T, Saito Y, Fujiki K, Okayasu I, Sato C. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in early stage gastric cancer. A comparison between intestinal- and diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinomas. Cancer 1995; 75: 2203-8.
114. Wee A, Kang JY, Teh M. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: correlation with gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and tumour histology. Gut 1992; 33: 1029-32.
115. Nogueira AM, Ribeiro GM, Rodrigues MA et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Brazilian patients with gastric carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 236-9.
116. Kikuchi S, Wada O, Nakajima T et al. Serum anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody and gastric carcinoma among young adults. Research group on Prevention of Gastric Carcinoma among Young Adults. Cancer 1995; 75: 2789-93.
117. Clarkson KS, West KP. Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Pathol 1993; 46: 997-9.
118. Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F et al. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ 1991; 302: 1302-5.
119. Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou P, Kato I, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1132-6.
120. Forman D, Webb P, Parsonnet J. H. pylori and gastric cancer. Lancet 1994; 343: 243-4 (Letter).
121. Wyatt JI, Rathbone BJ. Immune response of the gastric mucosa to Campylobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1988; 142: 44-9.
122. Stolte M, Eidt S. Lymphoid follicles in the antral mucosa: immune response to Campylobacter pylori? J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 1269-71.
123. Wotherspoon AC, Ortiz-Hidalgo C, Falzon MR, Isaacson PG. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and primary B-cell gastric lymphoma. Lancet 1991; 338: 1175-6.
124. Parsonnet J, Hansen S, Rodriguez L et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1267-71.
125. Hussell T, Isaacson PG, Crabtree JE, Spencer J. The response of cells from low-grade B-cell gastric lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue to Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1993; 342: 571-4.
126. Wotherspoon AC, Doglioni C, Diss TC et al. Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1993; 342: 575-7.
127. Bayerdorffer E, Neubauer A, Rudolph B et al. Regression of primary gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. MALT Lymphoma Study Group. Lancet 1995; 345: 1591-4.
128. Blaser MJ, Parsonnet J. Parasitism by the 'slow' bacterium Helicobacter pylori leads to altered gastric homeostasis and neoplasia. J Clin Invest 1994; 94: 4-8.
129. Fox JG, Correa P, Taylor NS et al. High prevalence and persistence of cytotoxin-positive Helicobacter pylori strains in a population with high prevalence of atrophic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1992; 87: 1554-60.
130. Murakita H, Hirai M, Ito S, Asuma T, Kato T, Kohli Y. Vacuolating cytotoxin production by Helicobacter pylori isolates from peptic ulcer, atrophic gastritis and gastric carcinoma patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6(Suppl 1): S29-31.
131. Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H et al. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2111-15.
132. Webb PM, Forman D, Newell D et al. An international association between prevalence of infection with CagA positive strains of H. pylori and mortality from gastric cancer. Gut 1996; 39(Suppl 2): A16 (Abstract).
133. Beales ILP, Crabtree JE, Scunes D, Covacci A, Calam J. Antibodies to CagA protein are associated with gastric atrophy in Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 645-9.
134. Hazell SL, Mitchell HM, Li YY et al. Gastric cancer - is early acquisition of Helicobacter pylori the key? Gastroenterology 1992; 102: A81 (Abstract).
135. Blaser MJ, Chyou PH, Nomura A. Age at establishment of Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer risk. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 562-5.
136. Meining A, Stolte M. Different expression of H. pylori-gastritis in relatives of gastric carcinoma patients. Gut 1996; 39(Suppl 2): A17-18 (Abstract).
137. Blaser MJ. Hypotheses on the pathogenesis and natural history of Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 720-7.
138. Lynch DAF, Mapstone NP, Clarke AMT et al. Cell proliferation in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis and the effect of eradication therapy. Gut 1995; 36: 346-50.
139. Cahill RJ, Sant S, Beattie S, Hamilton H, O'Morain C. Helicobacter pylori and increased epithelial cell proliferation: a risk factor for cancer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994; 6: 1123-7.
140. Jankowski J. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer. BMJ 1991; 302: 1534 (Letter).
141. Jankowski J, al-Rawi HJ, Johnston DA et al. Growth regulatory peptides in gastric mucosa. Clin Sci 1992; 82: 581-7.
142. Filipe MI, Osborn M, Linehan J, Sanidas E, Brito MJ, Jankowski J. Expression of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor in precursor lesions to gastric carcinoma. Br J Cancer 1995; 71: 30-6.
143. Correa P. Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19(Suppl 1): S37-43.
144. Jackson JH, Gajewski E, Schraufstatter IU et al. Damage to the bases in DNA induced by stimulated human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1644-9.
145. Drake IM, Warland D, Carswell N et al. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity and damage in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis (HPG) - effect of eradication therapy. Gut 1995; 37(Suppl 1): A39 (Abstract).
146. Correa P. Is gastric carcinoma an infectious disease? N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1170-1 (Editorial).
147. Banerjee S, Hawksby C, Miller S, Dahill S, Beattie AD, McColl KEL. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Gut 1994; 35: 317-22.
148. Rokkas T, Papatheodorou G, Karameris A, Mavrogeorgis A, Kalogeropoulos N, Giannikos N, Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric juice vitamin C levels. Impact of eradication. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 615-21.
149. Recavarren-Acre S, Leon-Barua R, Cok J et al. Helicobacter pylori and progressive gastric pathology that predisposes to gastric cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1991; 181: 51-7.
150. Sipponen P. Gastric cancer - a long-term consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection? Scanl J Gastroenterol Suppl 1994; 201: 24-7.
151. De Koster E, Buset, M, Fernandes E, Deltenre M, Helicobacter pylori: the link with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1994; 3: 247-57.
152. Labenz J, Stolte M, Ruhl GH et al. One-week low-dose triple therapy for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 9-11.
153. Tursi A, Cammarota G, Montalto M et al. Low-dose omeprazole plus clarithromycin and either tinidazole or amoxycillin for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10: 285-8.
154. Soll AH. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Practical guidelines. JAMA 1996; 275: 622-9.
155. Bell GD, Powell KU, Burridge SM et al. Rapid eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995; 9: 41-6.
156. Buckley M, O'Morain C. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995; 4: 139-44.
157. Tsugane S, Kabuto M, Imai H et al. Helicobacter pylori, dietary factors, and atrophic gastritis in five Japanese populations with different gastric cancer mortality. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 297-305.
158. Takahashi S, Igarashi H, Ishiyama N et al. Is Helicobacter pylori a causal agent in gastric carcinoma? Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis 1993; 280: 144-9.
159. Buiatti E, Munoz N, Vivas J et al. Difficulty in eradicating Helicobacter pylori in a population at high risk for stomach cancer in Venezuela. Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 249-54.
160. van Zwet AA, Thijs JC, Oom JAJ, Hoogeveen J, Düringshoff BL. Failure to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in patients with metronidazole-resistant strains. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1993; 5: 185.
161. Schutze K, Hentschel E, Dragosics B, Hirschl AM. Helicobacter pylori reinfection with identical organisms: transmission by the patients' spouses. Gut 1995; 36: 831-3.
162. Moshkowitz M, Konikoff FM, Peled Y et al. High Helicobacter pylori numbers are associated with low eradication rate after triple therapy. Gut 1995; 36: 845-7.
163. Nedrud JG, Czinn SJ. An update on Helicobacter pylori. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 1996; 12: 62-7.