Inequality and the directionality of history

American Naturalist

Volumn 153, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 243-253

  Vermeij, Geerat J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Directionality; Economics; Evolution; History; Islands; Metabolism

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC HISTORY; ENERGY USE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; INCOME DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0032891350     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/303175     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Arthur, W. B. 1989. Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events. Economic Journal 99:116-131.
2. Bakker, R. T. 1980. Dinosaur heresy - dinosaur renaissance: why we need endothermic archosaurs for a comprehensive theory of bioenergetic evolution. Pages 351-462 in R. D. K. Thomas and E. C. Olson, eds. A cold look at the warm-blooded dinosaurs. Westview, Boulder, Colo.
3. 2: importance of solar radiation and plant evolution. Science (Washington, D.C.) 261:68-70.
4. Berner, R. A., and R. Raiswell. 1983. Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: a new theory. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47:855-862.
5. Birkeland, C. 1974. Interactions between a sea pen and seven of its predators. Ecological Monographs 44: 211-232.
6. Blackstone, N. W. 1995. A units-of-evolution perspective on the endosymbiont theory of the origin of the mitochondrion. Evolution 49:785-796.
7. -. 1998. Individuality in early eukaryotes and the consequences of metazoan development. Pages 23-43 in W. E. G. Miller, ed. Progress in molecular and subcellular biology. Vol. 19. Springer, Berlin.
8. Bowen, L., and D. Van Vuren. 1997. Insular endemic plants lack defenses against herbivores. Conservation Biology 11:1249-1254.
9. Brodie, E. D., III, and E. D. Brodie, Jr. 1991. Evolutionary response of predators to dangerous prey: reduction of toxicity of newts and resistance of garter snakes in island populations. Evolution 45:221-224.
10. Brown, J. H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
11. Bryan, J. R., B. D. Carter, R. H. Fluegeman, Jr., D. K. Krumm, and T. A. Stemann. 1997. The Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 30:1-60.
12. Buss, L. W. 1983. Evolution, development, and the units of selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 80:1387-1391.
13. -. 1987. The evolution of individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
14. Butterfield, N. J. 1997. Plankton ecology in the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. Paleobiology 23:247-262.
15. Chamberlain, J. A., Jr. 1991. Cephalopod locomotor design and evolution: the constraints of jet propulsion. Pages 57-98 in J. M. V. Rayner and R. J. Wootton, eds. Biomechanics in evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Cohen, J. E. 1995. How many people can the Earth support? Norton, New York.
17. Crane, P. R., E. M. Friis, and K. R. Pedersen. 1995. The origin and early diversification of angiosperms. Nature (London) 374:27-33.
18. Darwin, C. 1859. The origin of species by natural selection, or, the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life. J. Murray, London.
19. Dawkins, R. 1995. River out of Eden: a Darwinian view of life. Basic, New York.
20. -. 1996. Climbing Mount Improbable. Norton, New York.
21. Dawkins, R., and J. R. Krebs. 1979. Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biological Sciences 205:489-511.
22. DeAngelis, D. L. 1992. Dynamics of nutrient cycling and food webs. Chapman & Hall, London.
23. Dennett, D. C. 1995. Darwin's dangerous idea: evolution and the meaning of life. Simon & Schuster, New York.
24. Diamond, J. 1991. A new species of rail from the Solomon Islands and convergent evolution of insular flightlessness. Auk 108:461-470.
25. -. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: the fate of human societies. Norton, New York.
26. Droser, M. L., D. J. Bottjer, and P. M. Sheehan. 1997. Evaluating the ecological architecture of major events in the Phanerozoic history of marine invertebrate life. Geology 25:167-177.
27. Dudley, R. 1998. Atmospheric oxygen, giant Paleozoic insects and the evolution of aerial locomotor performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 201:1043-1050.
28. Ehrlich, P. R., and P. H. Raven. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18:586-608.
29. Eigen, M., with R. Winkler-Oswatitsch. 1992. Steps toward life: a perspective on evolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
30. 2 in the ocean. Nature (London) 387:272-275.
31. Falkowski, P. G., R. T. Barber, and V. Smetacek. 1998. Biogeochemical control and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science (Washington, D.C.) 281: 200-206.
32. Fischer, D. H. 1996. The great wave: price revolutions and the rhythms of history. Oxford University Press, New York.
33. Frank, S. A. 1996. The design of natural and artificial adaptive systems. Pages 451-505 in M. R. Rose and G. V. Lauder, eds. Adaptation. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
34. Galbraith, J. K. 1973. Economics and the public purpose. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
35. Ghiselin, M. T. 1995. Darwin, progress, and economic principles. Evolution 49:1029-1037.
36. Gould, S. J. 1988. Trends as changes in variance: a new slant on progress and directionality in evolution. Journal of Paleontology 62:319-329.
37. -. 1989. Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. Norton, New York.
38. -. 1996. Full house: the spread of excellence from Plato to Darwin. Harmony, New York.
39. Gould, S. J., and C. B. Calloway. 1980. Clams and brachiopods: ships that pass in the night. Paleobiology 6: 383-396.
40. Graham, J. B., R. Dudley, N. L. Aguilar, and C. Gans. 1995. Implications of the Late Paleozoic oxygen pulse for physiology and evolution. Nature (London) 375: 117-120.
41. Hoffman, A. 1989. Arguments on evolution: a paleontologist's perspective. Oxford University Press, New York.
42. Holt, R. D. 1996. Demographic constraints in evolution: towards unifying the evolutionary theories of senescence and niche conservatism. Evolutionary Ecology 10:1-11.
43. Holt, R. D., and R. Gomulkiewicz. 1997. How does immigration influence local adaptation? a reexamination of a familiar paradigm. American Naturalist 149: 563-572.
44. Holt, R. D., and M. E. Hochberg. 1997. When is biological control evolutionarily stable (or is it?)? Ecology 78: 1673-1683.
45. Jablonski, D., S. Lidgard, and P. D. Taylor. 1997. Comparative ecology of bryozoan radiations: origin of novelties in cyclostomes and cheilostomes. Palaios 12: 505-523.
46. Janzen, D. H. 1973. Dissolution of mutualism between Cecropia and its Azteca ants. Biotropica 5:15-28.
47. Kauffman, S. A. 1993. The origins of order: self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press, New York.
48. Kelley, P. H., and T. A. Hansen. 1996. Recovery of the naticid gastropod predator-prey system from the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Eocene-Oligocene extinctions. Pages 373-386 in M. B. Hart, ed. Biotic recovery from mass extinction events. Geological Society Special Publications no. 102. Geological Society, London.
49. Kidwell, S. M., and P. J. Brenchley. 1996. Evolution of the fossil record: trends in marine skeletal accumulation and their implications. Pages 299-336 in D. Jablonski, D. H. Erwin, and J. H. Lipps, eds. Evolutionary paleobiology: in honor of James W. Valentine. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
50. Kirschner, M., and J. Gerhart. 1998. Evolvability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95:8420-8427.
51. Knoll, A. H., I. J. Fairchild, and K. Swett. 1993. Calcified microbes in Neoproterozoic carbonates: implications for our understanding of the Proterozoic/Cambrian transition. Palaios 8:512-525.
52. Landes, D. S. 1998. The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor. Norton, New York.
53. Leigh, F. G., Jr., and T. E. Rowell. 1995. The evolution of mutualism and other forms of harmony at various levels of biological organization. Écologie 26:131-152.
54. Lenton, T. M. 1998. Gaia and natural selection. Nature (London) 394:439-447.
55. Lillegraven, J. A., S. D. Thompson, B. K. McNab, and J. L. Patton. 1987. The origin of eutherian mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 32:281-336.
56. Maliva, R. G., A. H. Knoll, and R. Siever. 1989. Secular change in chert distribution: a reflection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle, Palaios 4: 519-532.
57. Margalef, R. 1991. Networks in ecology. Pages 41-54 in M. Higashi and T. P. Burns, eds. Theoretical studies of ecosystems: the network perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
58. Margulis, L. 1981. Symbiosis in cell evolution: life and its environment on the early Earth. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
59. -. 1991. Symbiogenesis and symbionticism. Pages 1-14 in L. Margulis and R. Fester, eds. Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
60. Martin, W., and M. Müller. 1998. The hydrogen hypothesis and the first eukaryote. Nature (London) 392:37-41.
61. Maynard Smith, J., and E. Szathmáry. 1995. The major transitions in evolution. W. H. Freeman and Spektrum, Oxford.
62. McKinney, F. K. 1993. A faster-paced world: contrasts in biovolume and life-process rates in cyclostome (class Stenolaemata) and cheilostome (class Gymnolaemata) bryozoans. Paleobiology 19:335-351.
63. -. 1995. One hundred million years of competitive interactions between bryozoan clades: asymmetrical but not escalating. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56:465-481.
64. McKinney, F. K., S. Lidgard, J. J. Sepkoski, Jr., and P. D. Taylor. 1998. Decoupled temporal patterns of evolution and ecology in two post-Paleozoic clades. Science (Washington, D.C.) 281:807-809.
65. McNab, B. M. 1994a. Energy conservation and the evolution of flightlessness in birds. American Naturalist 144:628-642.
66. -. 1994b. Resource use and the survival of land and freshwater vertebrates on oceanic islands. American Naturalist 144:643-660.
67. McShea, D. W. 1996. Metazoan complexity and evolution: is there a trend? Evolution 50:477-492.
68. -. 1998. Possible largest-scale trends in organismal evolution: eight "live hypotheses." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:293-318.
69. Michod, R. E. 1997. Evolution of the individual. American Naturalist 150:S5-S21.
70. Morowitz, H. J. 1968. Energy flow in biology: biological organization as a problem in thermal physics. Academic Press, New York.
71. Odum, H. T. 1983. Systems ecology: an introduction. Wiley, New York.
72. Olson, M. 1982. The rise and decline of nations: economic growth, stagflation, and social rigidities. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
73. Oster, G., and P. Alberch. 1982. Evolution and bifurcation of developmental programs. Evolution 36:444-459.
74. Packard, A. 1972. Cephalopods and fish: the limits of convergence. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 47:241-307.
75. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
76. Polis, G. A., and S. D. Hurd. 1996. Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: allochthonous input from the ocean supports secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. American Naturalist 147: 396-423.
77. Polis, G. A., W. B. Anderson, and R. D. Holt. 1997. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecologies: the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28:289-316.
78. Pough, F. H. 1980. The advantages of ectothermy for tetrapods. American Naturalist 115:92-112.
79. Rhodes, M. C., and R. J. Thompson. 1993. Comparative physiology of suspension-feeding in living brachiopods and bivalves: evolutionary implications. Paleobiology 19:322-334.
80. Riedl, R. 1978. Order in living organisms. Wiley, New York.
81. Roberts, G., and T. N. Sherratt. 1998. Development of cooperative relationships through increasing investment. Nature (London) 394:175-179.
82. Robinson, J. M. 1990. The burial of organic carbon as affected by the evolution of land plants. Historical Biology 3:189-201.
83. Schwartz, M. W., and J. D. Hoeksema. 1998. Specialization and resource trade: biological markets as a model of mutualism. Ecology 79:1029-1038.
84. Signor, P. W., and G. J. Vermeij. 1994. The plankton and the benthos: origins and early history of an evolving relationship. Paleobiology 20:297-319.
85. Slawson, S. D. 1981. The new inflation: the collapse of free markets. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
86. Smith, A. 1776. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. 1971 ed. Random House, New York.
87. Snooks, G. D. 1998. The laws of history. Routledge, London.
88. Sterrer, W. 1992. Prometheus and Proteus: the creative, unpredictable individual in evolution. Evolution and Cognition 1:101-129.
89. Szarski, H. 1971. The importance of deviation amplifying circuits and the understanding of the course of evolution. Acta Biotheoretica 20:158-170.
90. Szathmáry, E., and J. Maynard Smith. 1995. The major evolutionary transitions. Nature (London) 374:227-232.
91. Talent, J. A. 1988. Organic reef-building: episodes of extinction and symbiosis? Senckenbergiana Lethaea 69: 315-368.
92. Thayer, C. W. 1983. Sediment-mediated biological disturbance and the evolution of marine benthos. Pages 479-625 in M. J. S. Tevesz and P. L. McCall, eds. Biotic interactions in recent and fossil benthic communities. Plenum, New York.
93. Thompson, J. N. 1994. The coevolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
94. Trevelyan, R., and A. F. Read. 1989. Nest predators and the evolution of avian reproductive strategies: a comparison of Australian and New Zealand birds. Oecologia (Berlin) 81:274-278.
95. Tschudy, R. H., C. L. Pillmore, C. J. Orth, J. S. Gilmore, and J. D. Knight. 1984. Disruption of the terrestrial plant ecosystem at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Western Interior. Science (Washington, D.C.) 225:1030-1032.
96. Van Valen, L. 1973. A new evolutionary law. Evolutionary Theory 1:1-18.
97. -. 1983. How pervasive is coevolution? Pages 1-19 in M. H. Nitecki, ed. Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
98. Vermeij, G. J. 1973. Adaptation, versatility, and evolution. Systematic Zoology 22:466-477.
99. -. 1978. Biogeography and adaptation: patterns of marine life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
100. -. 1982. Unsuccessful predation and evolution. American Naturalist 120:701-720.
101. -. 1987. Evolution and escalation: an ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
102. -. 1991. When biotas meet: understanding biotic interchange. Science (Washington D.C.) 253:1099-1104.
103. -. 1994. The evolutionary interaction among species: selection, escalation, and coevolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25:219-236.
104. -. 1995. Economics, volcanoes, and Phanerozoic revolutions. Paleobiology 21:125-152.
105. -. 1996. Adaptations of clades: resistance and response. Pages 363-380 in M. R. Rose and G. V. Lauder, eds. Adaptation. Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
106. Wagner, G. P., and L. Altenberg. 1996. Perspective: complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50:967-976.
107. Wells, M. J., and R. K. O'Dor. 1991. Jet propulsion and the evolution of the cephalopods. Bulletin of Marine Science 49:419-432.
108. Wiley, E. O., and D. R. Brooks. 1982. Victims of history: a nonequilibrium approach to evolution. Systematic Zoology 31:1-24.
109. Wilson, E. O. 1971. The insect societies. Belknap, Cambridge, Mass.