Late paleozoic atmospheres and biotic evolution

Historical Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 2-3, 1999, Pages 199-219

  Gans, Carl ^a   Dudley, Robert ^a,b   Aguilar, Nancy M ^c   Graham, Jeffrey B ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Panama)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal and plant physiology; Carboniferous; Causes of evolution; Macroevolution; Oxygen pulse; Paleozoic atmospheres; Permian extinction

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE; CARBONIFEROUS; EVOLUTION; EXTINCTION; PALEOCLIMATE; PERMIAN;

EID: 0032877191     PISSN: 08912963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08912969909386581     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Barrington, E. J. W. (1967) Invertebrate Structure and Function. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2. 2 change. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 48, 343-353.
3. Behrensmeyer, A. K., Damuth, J. D., DiMichele, W. A., Sues, H.-D. and Wing, S. L. (1992) Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time: Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Belkin, D. A. (1963) Anoxia: tolerance in reptiles. Science, 139, 492-493.
5. Berkner, L. V. and Marshall, L. C. (1965) On the origin and rise of oxygen concentration in the earth's atmosphere. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 22, 225-261.
6. 2 and mass extinction. Nature, 340, 603-604.
7. 2 over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 291, 339-376.
8. 2: importance of solar radiation and plant evolution. Science, 261, 68-70.
9. 2. Science, 276, 544-546.
10. Berner, R. A. and Canfield, D. E. (1989) A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. American Journal of Science, 289, 333-361.
11. Bouverot, P. (1985) Adaptation to Altitude - Hypoxia in Vertebrates. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
12. Bray, A. A. (1985) The evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates - environmental and physiological considerations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London (B), 309, 289-322.
13. Brusca, R. C. and Brusca, G. J. (1990) Invertebrates. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.
14. Budyko, M. I., Ronov, A. B. and Yanshin, A. L. (1985) History of the Earth's Atmosphere. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
15. Carpenter, F. M. (1947) Lower Permian insects from Oklahoma. Part 1. Introduction and the orders Megasecoptera, Protodonata, and Odonata. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 76, 25-54.
16. Carpenter, F. M. (1992) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part R, Arthropoda 4, Volumes 3 and 4 (Hexapoda). Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.
17. Carrier, D. R. (1987) The evolution of locomotor stamina in tetrapods: circumventing a mechanical constraint. Paleobiology, 13, 326-341.
18. Carroll, R. L. (1988) Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
19. Carroll, R. L. (1992) Primary radiation of terrestrial vertebrates. Annual Review of Earth and Planelary Sciences, 20, 45-84.
20. Casey, T. M. (1989) Oxygen consumption during flight. In Insect Flight, edited by G. J. Goldsworthy and C. H. Wheeler, pp. 257-272. Boca Raton, Louisiana: CRC Press.
21. Cloud, P. (1983) The biosphere. Scientific American, 249 (3, Sept.) 176-189.
22. Coffin, M. F. and Eldholm, O. (1993) Large igneous provinces. Scientific American, 269 (4, October), 42-49.
23. Colbert, E. H. and Morales, M. (1991) Evolution of the Vertebrates. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.
24. Cole, J. J., Caracao, N. F., Kling, G. W. and Kratz, T. K. (1994) Carbon dioxide supersaturation in the surface waters of lakes. Science, 265, 1568-1570.
25. Conway Morris, S. (1995) Ecology in deep time. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 10, 290-294.
26. Crowley, T. J. and North, G. R. (1988) Abrupt climate change and extinction events in earth history. Science, 240, 996-1002.
27. Dessauer, H. C. (1970). Blood chemistry of reptiles: physiological and evolutionary aspects. In Biology of the Reptilia, edited by C. Gans and T. S. Parsons. Volume 3, pp. 1-72. London: Academic Press.
28. Edwards, D., Selden, P. A., Richardson, J. B., and Axe, L. (1995) Coprolites as evidence for plant-animal interaction in Siluro-Devonian terrestrial ecosystems. Nature, 377, 329-331.
29. Ellington, C. P. (1991) Aerodynamics and the origin of insect flight. Advances in Insect Physiology, 23, 171-210.
30. Erwin, D. H. (1993) The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian. New York: Columbia University Press.
31. Erwin, D. H. (1994) The Permo-Triassic extinction. Nature, 367, 231-236.
32. Fisher, D. C. (1979). Evidence for subaerial activity of Euproops danae (Merostomata, Xiphosurida). In Mazon Creek Fossils, edited by M. H. Nitecki, pp. 379-447. New York: Academic Press.
33. Gans, C. (1970a) Strategy and sequence in the evolution of the external gas exchangers of ectothermal vertebrates. Forma et Functio, 3, 61-104.
34. Gans, C. (1970b) Respiration in early tetrapods - the frog is a red herring. Evolution, 24, 740-751.
35. Gans, C. (1974) Biomechanics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
36. Gans, C. (1993) On the merits of adequacy. American Journal of Science, 293-A, 391-406.
37. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, E. (1833) Mémoire sur Ie degree d'influence du monde ambient pour modifier les formes animales; question intéressant pour l'origine des espèces téléosauriennes et successivement celles des animaux de l'époque actuelle. Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris [2], 12, 64-93.
38. Gordon, M. S. and Olson, E. C. (1994) Invasions of the Land. New York: Columbia University Press.
39. Graham, J. B. (1988) Ecological and evolutionary aspects of integumentary respiration: body size, diffusion, and the Invertebrata. American Zoologist, 28, 1031-1045.
40. Graham, J. B. (1990) Ecological, evolutionary, and physical factors influencing aquatic animal respiration. American Zoologist, 30, 137-146.
41. Graham, J. B., Dudley, R., Aguilar, N. M. and Gans, C. (1995) Implications of the late Palaeozoic oxygen pulse for physiology and evolution. Nature, 375, 117-120.
42. Graham, J. B., Aguilar, N. M., Dudley, R. and Gans, C. (1997) The late Paleozoic atmosphere and the ecological and evolutionary physiology of tetrapods. In Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land, edited by S. S. Sumida and K. L. M. Martin, pp. 141-167. San Diego, California: Academic Press.
43. Hammel, H. T. (1983) Phylogeny of regulatory mechanisms in temperature regulation. Journal of Thermal Biology, 8, 37-42.
44. Hart, M. H. (1978) The evolution of the atmosphere of the earth. Icarus, 33, 23-39.
45. Heard, S. B. and Hauser, D. L. (1995) Key evolutionary innovations and their ecological mechanisms. Historical Biology, 10, 151-173.
46. Heinrich, B. (1993) The Hot-blooded Insects: Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
47. Holland, H. D. (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Oceans. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
48. Holland, H. D., Lazar, B. and McCaffrey, M. (1986) Evolution of the atmosphere and oceans. Nature, 320, 27-33.
49. Holser, W. T., Schonlaub, H. P., Boeckelmann, K. and Magaritz, M. (1991) The Permian-Triassic boundary in the Carnic Alps of Austria (Gartnerkofel Region). Abhandlungen der Geologischen Bundes-Anstalt, 45, 1-232.
50. Hudson, J. D. (1989) Palaeoatmospheres in the Phanerozoic. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 146, 155-160.
51. Hutchinson, G. E. (1957) Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology, 22, 415-427.
52. Isozaki, Y. (1997) Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: records from lost deep sea. Science, 276, 235-238.
53. Jeram, A. J., Selden, P. A. and Edwards, D. (1990). Land animals in the Silurian: arachnids and myriapods from Shropshire, England. Science, 250, 658-661.
54. Jones, T. P. and Chaloner, W. G. (1991) Fossil charcoal, its recognition and palaeoatmospheric significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section), 97, 39-50.
55. Kasting, J. F. (1987) Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere. Precambrian Research, 1987, 205-229.
56. Kasting, J. F. (1993) Earth's early atmosphere. Science, 259, 920-926.
57. Kaufman, P. B., Dayanandan, P., Takaoka, Y., Bigelow, W. C., Jones, J. D. and Iler, R. (1981). Silica in shoots of higher plants. In Silicon and Siliceous Structures in Biological Systems, edited by T. Simpson and B. E. Volcani, pp. 409-449. New York: Springer-Verlag.
58. Knoll, A. H., Hayes, J. M., Kauffman, A. J., Swett, K. and Lambert, I. B. (1986) Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature, 231, 832-838.
59. Knoll, A. H., Bambach, R. K., Canfield, D. E. and Grotzinger, J. P. (1996) Comparative earth history and late Permian mass extinction. Science, 273, 452-457.
60. Krogh, A. (1941) The Comparative Physiology of Respiratory Mechanisms. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
61. Kukalova-Peck, J. (1991) Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In Insects of Australia, edited by I. D. Naumann), PP. 141-179. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
62. Labandeira, C. C. and Sepkoski, J. J. (1993) Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science, 261, 310-315.
63. Larcher, W. (1995) Physiological Plant Ecology. Third edition. New York: Springer-Verlag.
64. Lenfant, C., Johansen, K., Petersen, J. A., and Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1970) Respiration in the fresh water turtle, Chelys fimbriata. Respiration Physiology, 8, 261-275.
65. Little, C. (1983) The Terrestrial Invasion of Land. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66. Little, C. (1990). The Colonisation of Land. Origins and Adaptations of Terrestrial Animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67. Małkowski, K., Gruszczynski, M., Hoffman, A. and Halas, S. (1989). Oceanic stable isotope composition and a scenario for the Permo-Triassic crisis. Historical Biology, 2, 289-309.
68. Mangum, C. P. (1997) Invertebrate blood oxygen carriers. In Handbook of Physiology, Section 13, volume 2, pp. 1097-1135. New York: Oxford University Press.
69. Margalef, R. (1982) Ecologia. Barcelona: Omega.
70. McAlester, A. L. (1970) Animal extinction, oxygen consumption, and atmospheric history. Journal of Paleontology, 44, 405-109.
71. McMenamin, M. A. S. and McMenamin, D. L. S. (1990) The Emergence of Animals - the Cambrian Breakthrough. New York: Columbia University Press.
72. 2 levels from soil carbonates and organic matter. Science, 271, 1105-1107.
73. Needham, J. G. and Heywood, H. B. (1929) A Handbook of the Dragonflies of North America. Baltimore: Charles C. Thomas.
74. Niklas, K. J. (1992) Plant Biomechanics: An Engineering Approach to Plant Form and Function. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
75. Nobel, P. (1983). Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
76. Packard, G. C. (1976) Devonian amphibians: did they excrete carbon dioxide via skin, gills, or lungs? Evolution, 30, 270-280.
77. Panchen, A. L. (1980) Editor. The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of the Land Vertebrates. London: Academic Press.
78. Pennycuick, C. J. (1992) Newton Rules Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
79. Pough, F. H. (1980). The advantages of ectothermy for tetrapods. The American Naturalist, 115, 92-112.
80. Rahn, H. (1966) Aquatic gas exchange: theory. Respiration Physiology, 1, 1-12.
81. Reid, R. C., Prausnitz, J. M. and Poling, B. E. (1987) The Properties of Gases and Liquids. Fourth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
82. Retallack, G. J. (1995) Permian-Triassic life crisis on land. Science, 267, 77-80.
83. Retallack, G. J. (1997) Early forest soils and their role in Devonian global change. Science, 276, 583-585.
84. Robinson, J. M. (1991) Phanerozoic atmospheric reconstructions: a terrestrial perspective. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecoloqy (Global and Planetary Change Section), 97, 51-62.
85. Ross, A. J. and Jarzembowski, E. A. (1993) Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In The Fossil Record 2, edited by M. J. Benton, pp. 363-426. London: Chapman and Hall.
86. Runnegar, B. (1982a) Oxygen requirements, biology and phylogenetic significance of the late Precambrian worm Dickinsonia, and the evolution of the burrowing habit. Alcheringa, 6, 223-239.
87. Runnegar, B. (1982b) The Cambrian explosion: animals or fossils? Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 29, 395-411.
88. Schopf, J. W. (1983) Editor. Earth's Earliest Biosphere: its Origin and Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
89. Shear, W. A. (1991) The early development of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature, 351, 283-289.
90. Sundquist, E. (1993) The global carbon dioxide budget. Science, 259, 934-941.
91. Tappan, H. (1974) Molecular oxygen and evolution. In Molecular Oxygen in Biology. Topics in Molecular Oxygen Research, edited by O. Hayaishi, pp. 81-135. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
92. Ultsch, G. R. (1987) The potential role of hypercarbia in the transition from water-breathing to air-breathing in vertebrates. Evolution, 41, 442-445.
93. Ultsch, G. R. (1996) Gas exchange, hypercarbia and acid-base balance, paleoecology, and the evolutionary transition from water breathing to air-breathing among vertebrates. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecotogy, 123, 1-27.
94. Visscher, H., Brinkhuis, H., Ditcher, D. L., Elsik, W. C., Eshet, Y., Looy, C. V., Rampino, M. R. and Traverse, A. (1996) The terminal Paleozoic fungal event: Evidence of terrestrial ecosystem destabilization and collapse. Ecology, 93, 2155-2158.
95. Vogel, S. (1994) Life in Moving Fluids. Second edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
96. Warneck, P. (1988) Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere. San Diego: Academic Press.
97. Wignall, P. B. and Hallam, A. (1992) Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: Facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 93, 21-46.
98. Wignall, P. B. and Twitchett, R. J. (1996) Oceanic anoxia and the end-Permian mass extinction. Science, 272, 1155-1158.
99. Woodcock, D. W, (1992) Climate reconstruction based on biological indicators. Quarterly Review of Biology, 67, 457-477.