Extended resolution fluorescence microscopy

Current Opinion in Structural Biology

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 627-628

  Gustafsson, Mats Gl ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; IMAGING; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; OPTICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 0032871413     PISSN: 0959440X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-440X(99)00016-0     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Agard DA, Hiraoka Y, Shaw P, Sedat JW Fluorescence microscopy in three dimensions. Methods Cell Biol. 30:1989;353-377.
2. Carrington WA, Lynch RM, Moore EDW, Isenberg G, Fogarty KE, Fay FS Super-resolution three-dimensional images of fluorescence in cells with minimal light exposure. Science. 268:1995;1483-1487.
3. Verveer PJ, Gemkow MJ, Jovin TM A comparison of image restoration approaches applied to three-dimensional confocal and wide-field fluorescence microscopy. J Microsc. 193:1999;50-61.
4. Pawley JB Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. 1995;Plenum Press, New York.
5. Abbe E Beiträge zur Theorie des Mikroskops und der mikroskopischen Wahrnehmung. Arkiv Mikroskop Anat. 9:1873;413-468. [Title translation: Contributions to the theory of the microscope and microscopic observations.].
6. Born M, Wolf E Principles of Optics, edn 3. 1997;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
7. Gustafsson MGL, Agard DA, Sedat JW Sevenfold improvement of axial resolution in 3D widefield microscopy using two objective lenses. Proc SPIE. 2412:1995;147-156.
8. Wilson T Optical sectioning in confocal fluorescent microscopes. J Microsc. 154:1989;143-156.
9. Wilson T The role of the pinhole in confocal imaging system. Pawley JB Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, edn 2. 1995;167-182 Plenum Press, New York.
10. Glass M, Dabbs T The experimental effect of detector size on confocal lateral resolution. J Microsc. 164:1991;153-158.
11. Sandison DR, Piston DW, Williams RM, Webb WW Quantitative comparison of background rejection, signal-to-noise ratio, and resolution in confocal and full-field laser scanning microscopes. Appl Opt. 34:1995;3576-3588.
12. Art J Photon detectors for confocal microscopy. Pawley JB Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, edn 2. 1995;183-196 Plenum Press, New York.
13. Denk W, Strickler JH, Webb WW Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science. 248:1990;73-76.
14. Hell SW, Bahlmann K, Schrader M, Aleksi S, Malak H, Gryczynski I, Lakowicz JR Three-photon excitation in fluorescence microscopy. J Biomed Opt. 1:1996;71-74.
15. Gu M, Sheppard CJR Comparison of three-dimensional imaging properties between two-photon and single-photon fluorescence microscopy. J Microsc. 177:1995;128-137.
16. Higdon PD, Torok P, Wilson T Imaging properties of high aperture multiphoton fluorescence scanning optical microscopes. J Microsc. 193:1999;127-141.
17. Dong CY, So PTC, French T, Gratton E Fluorescence lifetime imaging by asynchronous pump-probe microscopy. Biophys J. 69:1995;2234-2242.
18. Dong CY, So PTC, Buehler C, Gratton E Spatial resolution in scanning pump-probe fluorescence microscopy. Optik. 106:1997;7-14.
19. Hell SW, Wichmann J Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt Letters. 19:1994;780-782.
20. Klar TA, Hell SW Sub-diffraction resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy. Opt Letters. 24:1999;954-956. Stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED) is demonstrated experimentally. A 30% resolution improvement in one lateral direction is demonstrated on a 2D test sample.
21. Schönle A, Hänninen PE, Hell SW Nonlinear fluorescence through intermolecular energy transfer and resolution increase in fluorescence microscopy. Ann Phys. 8:1999;115-133. This paper proposes a hypothetical new class of clustered fluorophore that would react nonlinearly to excitation intensity because of energy transfer and, therefore, would yield greatly improved resolution. Whether such fluorophores can in fact be made remains to be seen.
22. Schönle A, Hell SW Far-field fluorescence microscopy with repetitive excitation. Eur Phys J D. 6:1999;283-290. The authors propose a method based on excitation by a pulsed, focused laser beam, followed for a time by a second beam that inhibits fluorescence at its focus by repeatedly re-exciting the fluorophores to a third, even higher, energy state. The inhibited fluorescence is released and detected when the second beam ends. High nonlinearity means that very high resolution could theoretically be reached, although at a severe loss of light efficiency. Photostability may be a serious problem.
23. Shaw PJ, Agard DA, Hiraoka Y, Sedat JW Tilted view reconstruction in optical microscopy. Biophys J. 55:1989;101-110.
24. Shaw PJ Three-dimensional optical microscopy using tilted views. J Microsc. 158:1990;165-172.
25. Bradl J, Hausmann M, Schneider B, Rinke B, Cremer C A versatile 2Pi-tilting device for fluorescence microscopes. J Microsc. 176:1994;211-221.
26. Cogswell CJ, Kieran GL, Klemm HU Fluorescence microtomography: multi-angle acquisition and 3D digital reconstruction. Proc SPIE. 2655:1996;109-115.
27. Stelzer EHK, Lindek S Fundamental reduction of the observation volume in far-field light microscopy by detection orthogonal to the illumination axis: confocal theta microscopy. Opt Commun. 111:1994;536-547.
28. Lindek S, Stefany T, Stelzer EHK Single-lens theta microscopy - a new implementation of confocal theta microscopy. J Microsc. 188:1997;280-284.
29. Lindek S, Swoger J, Stelzer EHK Single-lens theta microscopy: resolution, efficiency and working distance. J Mod Opt. 46:1999;843-858.
30. Bailey B, Farkas DL, Taylor DL, Lanni F Enhancement of axial resolution in fluorescence microscopy by standing wave excitation. Nature. 366:1993;44-48.
31. Lanni F, Bailey B Standing-wave excitation for fluorescence microscopy. Trends Cell Biol. 4:1994;262-265.
32. Bailey B, Krishnamurthi V, Farkas DL, Taylor DL, Lanni F Three-dimensional imaging of biological specimens with standing wave fluorescence microscopy. Proc SPIE. 2184:1994;208-213.
33. Krishnamurthi V, Bailey B, Lanni F Image processing in 3-D standing wave fluorescence microscopy. Proc SPIE. 2655:1994;18-25.
34. Lanni F, Bailey B, Farkas DL, Taylor DL Excitation field synthesis as a means for obtaining enhanced axial resolution in fluorescence microscopes. Bioimaging. 1:1993;187-196.
35. Freimann R, Pentz S, Hörler H Development of a standing-wave microscope with high nodal flatness. J Microsc. 187:1997;193-200.
36. Schneider B, Bradl J, Kirsten I, Hausmann M, Cremer C High precision localization of fluorescent targets in the nanometer range by spatially modulated excitation fluorescence microscopy. Slavic J Fluorescence Microscopy and Fluorescent Probes, vol 2. 1998;63-68 Plenum Press, New York.
37. Abraham VC, Krishnamurthi V, Taylor DL, Lanni F The actin-based nanomachine at the leading edge of migrating cells. Biophys J. 77:1999;1721-1732. This paper describes an application of standing wave fluorescence microscopy (SWFM) to a biological question and demonstrates that the method can produce quantitative measurements on very thin biological samples. The concepts and resolving power of SWFM are described in [30-34,P2-P4].
38. Hell S, Stelzer EHK Properties of a 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscope. J Opt Soc Am A. 9:1992;2159-2166.
39. Hell SW, Stelzer EHK, Lindek S, Cremer C Confocal microscopy with an increased detection aperture: type-B 4Pi confocal microscopy. Opt Letters. 19:1994;222-224.
40. Gustafsson MGL, Agard DA, Sedat JW 3D widefield microscopy with two objective lenses: experimental verification of improved axial resolution. Proc SPIE. 2655:1996;62-66.
41. 5M is outlined in [7].
42. Hänninen PE, Hell SW, Salo AJ, Soini E, Cremer C Two-photon excitation 4Pi confocal microscope: enhanced axial resolution microscope for biological research. Appl Phys Lett. 66:1995;698-700.
43. Hell SW, Schrader M, van der Voort HTM Far-field fluorescence microscopy with three-dimensional resolution in the 100-nm range. J Microsc. 87:1997;1-7.
44. Schrader M, Hell SW, van der Voort HTM Three-dimensional super resolution with a 4Pi-confocal microscope using image restoration. J Appl Phys. 84:1998;4033-4042. This paper, together with [43,45], describes the first demonstrations of 4Pi confocal microscopy on biological samples (actin filaments). It uses a 4Pi(A) confocal microscope with two-photon excitation, followed by deconvolution of the data. Fluorescent beads are well resolved at 150 nm distance.
45. Schrader M, Bahlmann K, Giese G, Hell SW 4Pi-confocal imaging in fixed biological specimens. Biophys J. 75:1998;1659-1668.
46. Nagorni M, Hell SW 4Pi-Confocal microscopy provides three dimensional images of the microtubule network with 100- to 150-nm resolution. J Struct Biol. 123:1998;236-247. 4Pi(A) confocal microscopy of the microtubule cytoskeleton in tissue culture cells is described. The very well-defined shape of microtubules makes resolution comparisons particularly clear. The paper compares fast-point deconvolution with full deconvolution.
47. Hell SW, Nagorni M 4Pi confocal microscopy with alternate interference. Opt Letters. 23:1998;1567-1569. This paper shows that a 4Pi(A) confocal microscope yields equivalent results after restoration, whether it is operated with the optimal phase or with the opposite phase. This is interesting mainly because it strengthens ones confidence in the restoration process - the same reconstruction is arrived at from two quite different sets of starting data.
48. Hell SW, Lindek S, Cremer C, Stelzer EHK Measurement of the 4Pi-confocal point spread function proves 75 nm axial resolution. Appl Phys Lett. 64:1994;1335-1337.
49. ••,52-54] in that the main aim is lateral resolution enhancement, not axial optical sectioning. The reconstruction method is therefore different.
50. Neil MAA, Wilson T, Juskaitis R Method of obtaining optical sectioning by using structured light in a conventional microscope. Opt Letters. 22:1997;1905-1907.
51. Neil MAA, Juskaitis R, Wilson T Real time 3D fluorescence microscopy by two beam interference illumination. Opt Commun. 153:1998;1-4. The authors used laterally structured illumination, created with two interfering laser beams, to achieve (axial) optical sectioning in a wide-field microscope. This is a variation on earlier work carried out by the same group [52-54], in which similar results were achieved using illumination masks to generate the structured illumination.
52. Juskaitis R, Wilson T, Neil MAA, Kozubek M Efficient real-time confocal microscopy with white light sources. Nature. 383:1996;804-806.
53. Wilson T, Juskaitis R, Neil MAA, Kozubek M Confocal microscopy by aperture correlation. Opt Letters. 21:1996;1879-1881.
54. Neil MAA, Wilson T, Juskaitis R A light efficient optically sectioning microscope. J Microsc. 189:1998;114-117.
55. Minsky M: Microscopy apparatus. 1961 US 3013467.
56. Lanni F, Taylor DL, Waggoner AS: Standing wave luminescence microscopy. 1986 US 4621911.
57. Lanni F, Taylor DL, Bailey B: Field synthesis and optical subsectioning for standing wave microscopy. 1995 US 5394268.
58. Lanni F, Taylor DL, Bailey B: Field synthesis and optical subsectioning for standing wave microscopy (continuation in part). 1998 US 5801881.
59. Gustafsson MGL, Agard DA, Sedat JW: Method and apparatus for three-dimensional microscopy with enhanced depth resolution. 1997 US 5671085.