Fas (Apo-1, CD95) receptor expression in childhood astrocytomas. Is it a marker of the major apoptotic pathway or a signaling receptor for immune escape of neoplastic cells?

In Vivo

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 357-373

  Bodey, Bela ^a,e   Bodey Jr , Bela ^a   Siegel, Stuart E ^b   Kaiser, Hans E ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL LOS ANGELES   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^e NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD) or active cell death (ACD) Calcium and magnesium dependent endonucleases; Apoptotic bodies; Bax; Bcl 2; Childhood astrocytomas (ASTR); Condensation of cellular chromatin; DNA fragmentation; Fas (APO 1 or CD95) receptor (FasR); Fas ligand (FasL); Immunocytochemistry; Immunophenotype (IP); World Health Organization (WHO) classification

Indexed keywords

ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ANTIBODY; FAS ANTIGEN; FAS LIGAND;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTOMA; B CELL LEUKEMIA; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER GRADING; CHILDHOOD CANCER; COLON MUCOSA; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; ENDOMETRIUM CARCINOMA; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GLIOBLASTOMA; HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOPEROXIDASE STAINING; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LARGE CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; PANCREAS CARCINOMA; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; T LYMPHOCYTE; THYMUS; TONSIL; TUMOR IMMUNITY;

EID: 0032743292     PISSN: 0258851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (217)

1. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC: Role of apoptosis in health and disease. JAMA 279: 1699, 1998.
2. Glucksmann A: Cell deaths in normal vertebrate ontogeny. Biol Rev 26: 59-86, 1951.
3. Saunders JW: Death in embryonic systems. Science 154: 604-612, 1966.
4. Walker NI, Harmon BV, Gobe GC, Kerr JFR: Patterns of cell death. Meth Achiev Exp Pathol 13: 18-54, 1988.
5. Shi L, Nishioka WK, Th'ng J, Bradbury EM, Litchfield DW, Greenberg AH: Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science 263: 1143-1145, 1994.
6. King KL, Cidlowski JA: Cell cycle and apoptosis: common pathways to life and death. J Cell Biochem 58: 175-180, 1995.
7. Meikrantz W, Schlegel R: Apoptosis and the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem 58: 160-174, 1995.
8. Dou QP, An B, Yu C: Activation of cyclin E-dependent kinase by DNA-damage signals during apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 214: 771-780, 1995.
9. White E: Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev 10: 1-15, 1996.
10. Sachs L, Lotem J: Control of programmed cell death in normal and leukemic cells: new implication for therapy. Blood 82: 15-21, 1993.
11. Mountz JD, Zhou T, Wu J, Wang W, Su X, Cheng J: Regulation of apoptosis in immune cells. J Clin Immunol 15: 1-16, 1995.
12. Hockenbery D: Defining apoptosis. Am J Pathol 146: 16-19, 1995.
13. Ridet A, Guillouf C, Duchaud E, Cundari E, Fiore M, Moustacchi E, Rosselli F: Deregulated apoptosis is a hallmark of the Fanconi anemia syndrome. Cancer Res 57: 1722-1730, 1997.
14. Kerr JFR, Wyllie AH, Currie AR: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
15. Arends MJ, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: Mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int Rev Exp Pathol 32: 223-254, 1991.
16. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH: The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J 10: 587-597, 1996.
17. Martin SJ, Green DR, Cotter TG: Dicing with death: dissecting the components of the apoptosis machinery. Trends Biochem Sci 19: 26-30, 1994.
18. Wyllie AH: Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature 284: 555-556, 1980.
19. Wyllie AH, Kerr JFR, Currie AR: Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68: 251-306, 1980.
20. Morris RG, Hargreaves AD, Duvall E, Wyllie AH: Hormone-induced cell death. 2. Surface changes in thymocytes undergoing apoptosis. Am J Pathol 115: 426-436, 1984.
21. Arends MJ, Morris RG, Wyllie AH: Apoptosis: The role of the endonuclease. Am J Pathol 136: 593-608, 1990.
22. Duke RC, Chervenak R, Cohen JJ: Endogenous endonuclease induced DNA fragmentation: An early event in cell mediated cytolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6361-6365, 1983.
23. Cohen JJ, Duke RC: Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J Immunol 132: 38-42, 1984.
24. Green DR, Bissonnette RP, Cotter TG: Apoptosis and Cancer. In: Important Advances in Oncology 1994 (DeVita VT, Hellman S. Rosenberg SA, eds). Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1994, pp. 37-52.
25. Savill J, Fadok V, Henson P, Haslett C: Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol Today 14: 131-136, 1993.
26. Trauth BC, Klas C, Peters AMJ, Matzku S, Moller P, Falk W, Debatin K-M, Krammer PH: Monoclonal antibody-mediated tumor regression by induction of apoptosis. Science 245: 301-305, 1989.
27. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233-243, 1991.
28. Shi Y, Glynn JM, Guilbert LJ, Cotter TG, Bissonnette RP, Green DR: Role for c-myc in activation-induced apoptotic cell death in T cell hybridomas. Science 257: 212-214, 1992.
29. Evan GI, Wyllie AH, Gilbert CS, Littlewood TD, Land H, Brooks M, Waters CM, Penn LZ, Hancock DC: Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 69: 119-128, 1992.
30. Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2: a repressor of lymphocyte death. Immunol Today 13: 285-288, 1992.
31. Goi K, Takagi M, Iwata S, Delia D, Asada M, Donghi R, Tsunematsu Y, Nakazawa S, Yamamoto H, Yokota J: DNA damage-associated dysregulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis control in cells with germ-line p53 mutation. Cancer Res 57: 1895-1902, 1997.
32. Hoffman B, Liebermann DA: Molecular controls of apoptosis: differentiation/growth arrest primary response genes, protooncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes as positive and negative modulators. Oncogene 9: 1807-1812, 1994.
33. Ehl S, Hoffmann-Rohrer U, Nagata S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R: Different susceptibility of cytotoxic T cells to CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) ligand-mediated cell death after activation in vitro versus in vivo. J Immunol 156: 2357-2360, 1996.
34. Durkop H, Latza U, Hummel M, Eitelbach F, Seed B, Stein H: Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hodgkin's disease. Cell 68: 421-427, 1992.
35. Calderhead DM, Buhlmann JE, van den Eertwegh AJM, Claassen E, Noelle RJ, Fell HP: Cloning of mouse Ox40: a T cell activation marker that may mediate T-B cell interactions. J Immunol 151: 5261-5271, 1993.
36. Smith CA, Farrah T, Goodwin RG: The TNF receptor super-family of cellular and viral proteins: activation, costimulation, and death. Cell 76: 959-962, 1994.
37. Nagata S: Fas and Fas ligand: a death factor and its receptor. Adv Immunol 57: 129-144, 1994.
38. Ogasawara J, Suda T, Nagata S: Selective apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by the anti-Fas antibody. J Exp Med 181: 485-491, 1995.
39. Alderson MR, Armitage RJ, Maraskovsky E, Tough TW, Roux E, Schooley K, Ramsdell F, Lynch DH: Fas transduces activation signals in normal human T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 178: 2231-2235, 1993.
40. Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M: A cell-killing monoclonal antibody (anti-Fas) to a cell surface antigen co-downregulated with the receptor of tumor necrosis factor. J Exp Med 169: 1747-1756, 1989.
41. Ogasawara J, Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Adachi M, Matsuzawa A, Kasugai T, Kitamura Y, Itoh N, Suda T, Nagata S: Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364: 806-809, 1993.
42. Suda T, Takahashi T, Golstein P, Nagata S: Molecular cloning and expression of the Fas ligand: a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor family. Cell 75: 1169-1178, 1993.
43. Suda T, Nagata S: Purification and characterization of the Fas ligand that induces apoptosis. J Exp Med 179: 873-878, 1994.
44. Nagata S, Golstein P: The Fas death factor. Science 267: 1449-1456, 1995.
45. Schulze-Osthoff K: The Fas/APO-1 receptor and its deadly ligand. Trends Cell Biol 4: 421-426, 1995.
46. Cohen PL, Eisenherg RA: Lpr and gld: single gene models of systemic autoimmunity and lymphoproliferative disease. Annu Rev Immunol 9: 243-269, 1991.
47. Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan CI, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nagata S: Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356: 314-317, 1992.
48. Takahashi T, Tanaka M, Brannan CI, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Suda T, Nagata S: Generalized lymphoproliferative disease in mice, caused hy a point mutation in the Fas ligand. Cell 76: 969-976, 1994.
49. Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Abnormal thymocyte development and production of autoreactive T cells in TCR transgenic autoimmune mice. J Immunol 147: 466-474, 1991.
50. Zhou T, Mountz JD, Edwards III CK, Berry K, Bluethmann H: Defective maintenance of T cell tolerance to a superantigen in MRL-lpr/lpr mouse. J Exp Med 176: 1063-1072, 1992.
51. Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Eldridge J, Berry K, Mountz JD: Origin of CD4-CD8-B220+ T cells in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Clues from a T cell receptor beta transgenic mouse. J Immunol 150: 3651-3667, 1993.
52. Owen-Schaub LB, Yonehara S, Crump WL III, Grimm E: DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by Fas antigen engagement. Cell Immunol 140: 197-205, 1992.
53. Klas C, Debatin K-M, Jonker RR, Krammer PH: Activation interferes with the APO-1 pathway in mature human T cells. Int Immunol 5: 625-630, 1993.
54. Su X, Zhou T, Wu J, Jope R, Mountz JD: Dephosphorylation of a 65kD protein associated with signaling for Fas-mediated apoptosis. (Abstract) FASEB J 8: A218, 1994.
55. Packham G, Cleveland J: c-Myc and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1242: 11-28, 1995.
56. Clarke AR, Purdie CA, Harrison DJ, Morris RG, Bird CC, Hooper ML, Wyllie AH: Thymocyte apoptosis induced by p53-dependent and independent pathways. Nature 362: 849-852, 1993.
57. Strasser A, Harris AW, Jacks T, Cory S: DNA damage can induce apoptosis in proliferating lymphoid cells via p53-independent mechanisms inhibitable by Bcl-2. Cell 79: 329-339, 1994.
58. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein overexpression in primary human osteosarcomas. Anticancer Res 17: 493-498, 1997.
59. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of p53 protein expression in various childhood astrocytoma subtypes: Significance in tumor progression. Anticancer Res 17: 1187-1194, 1997.
60. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Gröger AM, Luck JV, Siegel SE, Taylor CR, Kaiser HE: Immunocytochemical detection of the p 170 multidrug resistance (MDR) and the p53 tumor suppressor gene proteins in human breast cancer cells: Clinical and therapeutical significance. Anticancer Res 17: 1311-1318, 1997.
61. Fuchs EJ, McKenna KA, Bedi A: p53-dependent DNA damage-induced apoptosis requires Fas-APO-1-independent activation of CPP32b1. Cancer Res 57: 2550-2554, 1997.
62. Graeber TG, Osmanian C, Jacks T, Housman DE, Koch CJ, Lowe SW, Giaccia AJ: Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumors. Nature 379: 88-91, 1996.
63. Naumowski L, Cleary ML: Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis associated with terminal differentiation of HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. Blood 83: 2261-2266, 1994.
64. Reed JC: Regulation of apoptosis by bcl-2 family proteins and its role in cancer and chemoresistance. Curr Opin Oncol 7: 541-546, 1995.
65. Haldar S, Basu A, Croce CM: Bcl-2 is the guardian of microtubule integrity. Cancer Res 57: 229-233, 1997.
66. Oltvai Z, Milliman C, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog Bax that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619, 1993.
67. Yuan J, Horvitz HR: The Caenorhabditis elegans genes ced-3 and ced-4 act cell autonomously to cause programmed cell death. Dev Biol 138: 33-41, 1990.
68. Hengartner MO, Ellis RE, Horvitz HR: Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356: 494-499, 1992.
69. Steller H: Mechanisms and genes of cellular suicide. Science 267: 1445-1448, 1995.
70. Reed JC: Bcl-2 and the regulation of programmed cell death. J Cell Biol 124: 1-6, 1994.
71. Pourzand C, Rossier G, Reelfs O, Borner C, Tyrrell RM: The overexpression of bcl-2 inhibits UVA-mediated immediate apoptosis in rat 6 fibroblasts: evidence for the involvement of bcl-2 as an antioxidant. Cancer Res 57: 1405-1411, 1997.
72. Alnemri ES, Livingston DJ, Nicholson DW, Salvesen G, Thornberry NA, Wong WW, Yuan J: Human ICE/CED-3 protease nomenclature. Cell 87: 171, 1996.
73. Kumar S, Kinoshita M, Noda M, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA: Induction of apoptosis by the mouse Nedd 2 gene, which encodes a protein similar to the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death gene ced-3 and the mammalian IL-1b-converting enzyme. Genes Dev 8: 1613-1626, 1994.
74. Wang L, Miura M, Bergeron B, Zhu H, Yuan J: Ich-1, an ICE/Ced-3 related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78: 739-750, 1994.
75. Kamens J, Paskind M, Hugunin M, Talanian RV, Allen H, Banach D, Bump N, Hackett M, Johnston CG, Li P, Mankovich JA, Terranova M, Ghayur T: Identification and characterization of ICH-2, a novel member of the interleukin-1b-converting enzyme family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 270: 15250-15256, 1995.
76. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES: CPP32, a novel human apoptotic protein with homology to Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 and mammalian interleukin-1b-converting enzyme. J Biol Chem 269: 30761-30764, 1995.
77. Fernandes-Alnemri T, Litwack G, Alnemri ES: Mch2, a new member of the apoptotic Ced-3/ICE cysteine protease gene family. Cancer Res 55: 2737-2742, 1995.
78. Munday NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ali A, Casano FJ, Miller DK, Molineaux SM, Yamin TT, Yu VL, Nicholson DW: Molecular cloning and pro-apoptotic activity of ICErelII and ICErelIII members of the ICE/Ced-3 family of cysteine proteases. J Biol Chem 270: 15870-15876, 1995.
79. Duan H, Chinnaiyan AM, Hudson P, Wing JP, He WW, Dixit VM: ICE-LAP3, a novel mammalian homologue of of the Caenorhabditis elegans cell death protein Ced-3 is activated during Fas- and tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 271: 1621-1625, 1996.
80. Duan H, Orth K, Chinnaiyan AM, Poirier GG, Froelich CJ, He WW, Dixit VM: ICE-LAP6, a novel member of the ICE-Ced-3 gene family, is activated by the cytotoxic T cell protease granzyme B. J Biol Chem 271: 16720-16724, 1996.
81. Boldin MP, Goncharov TM, Goltsev YV, Wallach D: Involvement of MACH, a novel MORT1/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-1 and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85: 803-815, 1996.
82. Lazebnik YA, Kaufmann SH, Desnoyers S, Poirier GG, Earnshaw WC: Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE. Nature 371: 346-347, 1994.
83. Nicholson DW, Ali A, Thornberry NA, Vaillancourt JP, Ding CK, Gallant M, Gareau Y, Griffin PR, Labelle M, Lazebnik YA: Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. Nature 376: 37-43, 1995.
84. Sorensen CM: Apoptosis or planning a death. Biomedical Products (September, 1996 issue), pp 38-39, 1996.
85. Virchow R: Cellular pathology. New York, RM de Witt, 1860.
86. Torres LF, Jacob GV, Reis-Filho JS, de Noronha L: Primary pediatric tumours of the central nervous system. Anatomopathological study of 623 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 55: 795-800, 1997.
87. Williams BP, Abney ER, Raff MC: Macroglial cell development in embryonic rat brain: studies using monoclonal antibodies, flourescence-activated cell sorting and cell culture. Dev Biol 112: 126-134, 1985.
88. Katsura S, Suzuki J, Wada T: Statistical study of brain tumours in the neurosurgical clinics in Japan. J Neurosurg 16: 570-580, 1959.
89. von Deimling A, Louis DN, Wiestler OD: Molecular pathways in the formation of gliomas. Glia 15: 328-338, 1995.
90. Kleihues P, Soylemezoglu F, Schauble B, Scheithauer BW, Burger PC: Histopathology, classification, and grading of gliomas. Glia 75: 211-221, 1995.
91. Cairncross JG: The biology of astrocytoma: lessons learned from chronic myelogenous leukemia-hypothesis. J Neuro-Oncol 5: 99-104, 1987.
92. Greaves M, Janossy G, Francis G, Minowada J: Membrane phenotypes of human leukemic cells and leukemic cell lines: Clinical correlates and biological implications. In: Differentiation of normal and neoplastic hemopoietic cells (Clarkson B, Marks PL, Till J, eds). Vol 5, Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977, pp 823-841.
93. Burns BF: Molecular genetic markers in lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Biochem 22: 33-39, 1989.
94. Bodey B, Zeltzer PM, Saldivar V, Kemshead J: Immunophenotyping of childhood astrocytomas with a library of monoclonal antibodies. Int J Cancer 45: 1079-1087, 1990.
95. Bullard DE, Gillespie Y, Mahaley MS, Bigner DD: Immunobiology of human gliomas. Semin Oncol 13: 94-109, 1986.
96. Louis DN: A molecular genetic model of astrocytoma histopathology. Brain Pathol 7: 755-764, 1997.
97. Ng HK, Lam PY: The molecular genetics of central nervous system tumors. Pathology 30: 196-202, 1998.
98. Ohgaki K, Schoduble B, zur Hausen A, von Ammon K, Kleihues P: Genetic alterations associated with the evolution and progression of astrocytic brain tumors. Virchows Arch 427: 113-118, 1995.
99. Biernat W, Tohma Y, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Alterations of cell cycle regulatory genes in primary (de novo) and secondary glioblastomas. Acta Neuropathol 94: 303-309, 1997.
100. Pollack IF, Campbell JW, Hamilton RL, Martinez AJ, Bozik ME: Proliferation index as a predictor of prognosis in malignant gliomas of childhood. Cancer 79: 849-856, 1997.
101. Watanabe K, Tachibana O, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Role of gemistocytes in astrocytoma progression. Lab Invest 76: 277-284, 1997.
102. Sinkovics JG: Malignant lymphoma arising from natural killer cells: report of the first case in 1970 and newer developments in the FasL - >FasR system. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 44: 295-303, 1997.
103. Hara A, Hirose Y, Yoshimi N, Tanaka T, Mori H: Expression of Bax and bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in human brain tumors. Neurol Res 19: 623-628, 1997.
104. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr, Kaiser HE: Apoptosis in the mammalian thymus during its normal histogenesis and under various in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions. In vivo 12: 123-134, 1998.
105. Müllauer L, Mosberger I, Chott A: Fas ligand expression in nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mod Pathol 11: 369-375, 1998.
106. Tachibana O, Nakazawa H, Lampe J, Watanabe K, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Expression of Fas/APO-1 during the progression of astrocytomas. Cancer Res 55: 5528-5530, 1995.
107. Tachibana O, Lampe J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Preferential expression of Fas/APO1 (CD95) and apoptotic cell death in perinecrotic cells of glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol 92: 431-434, 1996.
108. Dietrich P-Y, Walker PR, Saas P, de Tribolet N: Immunobiology of gliomas: new perspectives for therapy. In: Challenges and opportunities in pediatric oncology (Holmes FF, Kepes JJ, Vats TS, Schuler D, Nyary I, eds). New York, Ann NY Acad Sci, 824: 124-140, 1997.
109. Krajewski S, Krajewska M, Ehrmann J, Sikorska M, Lach B, Chatten J, Reed JC: Immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1, and Bax in tumors of central and peripheral nervous system origin. Am J Pathol 150: 805-814, 1997.
110. Kernohan JW, Mabon RF, Svien YU, Adson AW: A simplified classification of gliomas. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 24: 71-75, 1949.
111. Ringertz J: Grading of Gliomas. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 27: 51-64, 1950.
112. Kernohan JW, Sayre GP: Tumors of Central Nervous System. Fascicle 35, Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, 1952, p 17-129.
113. Zülch KJ, Wechsler W: Pathology and classification of gliomas. Progr Neurol Surg, vol. 2, Karger, Basel-New York, pp 1-84, 1968.
114. Zülch KJ: Histologic classification of tumours of the central nervous system. International Histological Classification of Tumours, No. 21, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1979.
115. Zülch KJ: Principles of the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification of brain tumors. Neuroradiology 19: 59-66, 1980.
116. Daumos-Duport C, Sch.-.-Ithauer B, O'Faflen J, Kelly P: Grading of astrocytomas. A simple and reproducible method. Cancer 62: 2152-2165, 1988.
117. Russel DS, Rubinstein LJ: Tumors of central neuroepithelial origin. In: Pathology of tumors of the Nervous System. Edward Arnold, London, 1989, p 83-247.
118. Kleihues P., Burger PC, Scheithauer BW: Histological typing of tumors of the central nervous system. In: World Health Organisation International Histological Classification of Tumours. 2nd Edition, SpringerVerlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 1993.
119. Szymas J: Histologic classification of central nervous system tumors by the World Health Organization. Pol J Pathol 45: 81-91, 1994.
120. Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A, Yonehara M, Mizushima S, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S: The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 66: 233-243, 1991.
121. Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W, Pawlita M, Maier G, Klas C, LiWeber M, Richards S, Dhein J, Trauth BC: Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member i of the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. Sequence identity with the Fas antigen. J Biol Chem 267: 10709-10715, 1992.
122. Dhein J, Daniel PT, Trauth BC, Oehm A, Moller P, Krammer PH: Induction of apoptosis by monoclonal antibody anti-APO-1 class switch variants is dependent on cross-linking of APO-1 cell surface antigens. J Immunol 149: 3166-3173, 1992.
123. Moller P, Henne C, Schmidt A, Eichelmann A, Leithauser F, Bruderlein S, Dhein J, Krammer PH: Expression of APO-1, a cell surface molecule mediating apoptosis, during normal B cell ontogeny and in B cell tumors. Co-expression and coregulation of APO-1 and ICAM-1 (CD54) in germinal central cells. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 76: 237-242, 1992.
124. Falk MH, Trauth BC, Debatin KM, Klas C, Gregory CD, Rickinson AB, Calender A, Lenoir GM, Ellwart JW, Krammer PH: Expression of the APO-1 antigen in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines correlates with a shift towards a lymphoblastoid phenotype. Blood 79: 3300-3306, 1992.
125. Leithauser F, Dhein J, Mechtersheimer G, Koretz K, Bruderlein S, Henne C, Schmidt A, Debatin KM, Krammer PH, Moller P: Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab Invest 69: 415-429, 1993.
126. Klas C, Debatin KM, Jonker RR, Krammer PH: Activation interferes with the APO-1 pathway in mature human T cells. Int Immunol 5: 625-630, 1993.
127. Debatin KM, Goldman CK, Waldmann TA, Krammer PH: APO-1-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Blood 81: 2972-2977, 1993.
128. Mapara MY, Bargou R, Zugck C, Dohner H, Ustaoglu F, Jonker KR, Krammer PH, Dorken B: APO-1 mediated apoptosis or proliferation in human chronic B lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with bcl-2 oncogene expression. Eur J Immunol 23: 702-708, 1993.
129. Moller P, Henne C, Leithauser F, Eichelmann A, Schmidt A, Bruderlein S, Dhein J, Krammer PH: Coregulation of the APO-1 antigen with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) in tonsillar B cells and coordinate expression in follicular center B cells and in follicle center and mediastinal B-cell lymphomas. Blood 81: 2067-2075, 1993.
130. Cohen JJ: Apoptosis: the physiologic pathway of cell death. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 28: 35-43, 1993.
131. Schwartz LM, Osborne BA: Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes. Immunol Today 14: 582-590, 1993.
132. Sashchenko LP, Kabanova OD, Blishchenko LYu, Lukjianova TI, Satpaev DK, Chertov OYu, Gnuchev NV: The role of apoptotic and necrotic processes in cytolysis mediated by LAK cells with different phenotypes. FEBS Lett 335: 270-272, 1993.
133. Szende B, Romics I, Vass L: Apoptosis in prostate cancer after hormonal treatment. Lancet 342 (8884): 1422, 1993.
134. Debatin KM: APO-1 (CD95) and Bcl-2: determinants of cell death in the human thymus. Res Immunol 145: 146-151; discussion 155-158, 1994.
135. Krammer PH, Behrmann I, Daniel P, Dhein J, Debatin KM: Regulation of apoptosis in the immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 6: 279-289, 1994.
136. Moller P, Koretz K, Leithauser F, Bruderlein S, Henne C, Quentmeier A, Krammer PH: Expression of APO-1 (CD95), a member of the NGF/TNF receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic colon epithelium. Int J Cancer 57: 371-377, 1994.
137. Bargou RC, Daniel PT, Mapara MY, Bommert K, Wagener C, Kallinich B, Royer HD, Dorken B: Expression of the bcl-2 gene family in normal and malignant breast tissue: low bax-alpha expression in tumor cells correlates with resistance towards apoptosis. Int J Cancer 60: 854-859, 1995.
138. Moller P, von Reyher U, Leithauser F, Strater J: CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and CD95-ligand (CD95L). Implications of these apoptosis mediating receptor/ligand systems in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 80: 12-20, 1996.
139. Debatin KM: Cytotoxic drugs, programmed cell death, and the immune system: defining new roles in an old play. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 750-751, 1997.
140. Stahnke K, Hecker S, Kohne E, Debatin KM: CD95 (APO-1/FAS)-mediated apoptosis in cytokine-activated hematopoietic cells. Exp Hematol 26: 844-850, 1998.
141. Krammer PH, Galle PR, Moller P, Debatin KM: CD95(APO-1/Fas)-mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant liver, colon, and hematopoietic cells. Adv Cancer Res 75: 251-273, 1998.
142. Beltinger C, Kurz E, Bohler T, Schrappe M, Ludwig WD, Debatin KM: CD95 (APO-1/Fas) mutations in childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 91: 3943-3951, 1998.
143. Lutz W, Fulda S, Jeremias I, Debatin KM, Schwab M: MycN and IFNgamma cooperate in apoptosis of human neuroblastoma cells. Oncogene 17: 339-346, 1998.
144. Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 initiates a new category of oncogenes: regulators of cell death. Blood 80: 879-886, 1992.
145. Silvestrini R, Veneroni S, Daidone MG, Benini E, Boracchi P, Mezzetti M, Di Fronzo G, Rilke F, Veronesi L: The bcl-2 protein: a prognostic indicator strongly related to p53 protein in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 499-504, 1994.
146. Pezzella F, Mason DY: The bcl-2 gene and 14:18 translocation in lymphoproliferative disorders. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 32: 397-399, 1990.
147. Itoh N, Tsujimoto Y, Nagata S: Effect of Bcl-2 on Fas Antigen Mediated Cell Death. J Immunol 151: 621-627, 1993.
148. Haldar S, Jena N, Croce CM: Inactivation of bcl-2 by phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4507-4511, 1995.
149. Haldar S, Chintapalli J, Croce CM: Taxol-induced bcl-2 phosphorylation and death of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 56: 1253-1255, 1996.
150. Blagosklonny MV, Schulte T, Nguyen P, Trepel J, Neckers LM: Taxol-induced apoptosis and phosphorylation of bcl-2 protein involves c-Raf-1 signal transduction pathway. Cancer Res 56: 1851-1854, 1996.
151. Vaux DL, Cory S, Adams JM: Bcl-2 gene promotes hematopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortalize pre-B cells. Nature 355: 440-442, 1988.
152. Hockenbery DM, Nunez G, Milliman C, Schreiber RD, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 348: 334-336, 1990.
153. Hockenbery DM, Oltvai ZN, Yin X-M, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 functions in an antioxidant pathway to prevent apoptosis. Cell 75: 241-251, 1993.
154. Boise LH, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema CF, Ding L, Lindstein T, Turka LA, Mao X, Nunez G, Thompson CB: Bcl-X, a bcl-2 related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 74: 597-608, 1993.
155. Hsu YT, Wolter KG, Youle RJ: Cytosol-to-membrane redistribution of Bax and Bcl-X(L) during apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 3668-3672, 1997.
156. Wolter KG, Hsu YT, Smith CL, Nechushtan A, Xi XG, Youle RJ: Movement of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria during apoptosis. J Cell Biol 139: 1281-1292, 1997.
157. Hsu YT, Youle RJ: Bax in murine thymus is a soluble monomeric protein that displays differential detergent-induced conformations. J Biol Chem 273: 10777-10783, 1998.
158. Shi S-R, Key ME, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J Histochem Cytochem 39: 741-748, 1991.
159. Shi S-R, Cote C, Kalra KL, Taylor CR, Tandon AK: A technique for retrieving antigens in formalin-fixed, routinely acid-decalcified, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections for immunohistochernistry. J Histochem Cytochem 40: 787-792, 1992.
160. Key ME, Shi S-R, Kalra KL: Antigen retrieval in formalin fixed tissues using microwave energy. US Patent # 5,244,787: 14 September 1993.
161. Beckstead JH: Improved antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Appl Immunohistochem 2: 274-281, 1994.
162. Cuevas EC, Bateman AC, Wilkins BS, Johnson PA, Williams JH, Lee AH, Jones DB, Wright DH: Microwave antigen retrieval in immunocytochemistry: a study of 80 antibodies. J Clin Pathol 47: 448-452, 1994.
163. Chen T, Zhang D, Shi S-R, Taylor CR: Antigen retrieval pretreatment: microwaving procedures and alternative heating methods. BioLink 4: 2, 1995.
164. Janckila AJ, Yam LT, Li C-Y: Immunoalkaline phosphatase cytochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 84: 476-480, 1985.
165. Cattoretti G, Berti E, Schiro R, D' Amato L, Valeggio C, Rilke F: Improved avidin-biotin-peroxidasc complex (ABC) staining. Histol J 20: 75-80, 1988.
166. Yam LT, Janckila AJ, Epremian BE, Li C-Y: Diagnostic significance of levamisole-resistant alkaline phosphatase in cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 91: 31-36, 1989.
167. Strasburger CJ, Amir-Zaltsman Y, Kohen F: The avidin-biotin reaction as an universal amplification system in immunoassays. Prog Clin Biol Res 285: 79-100, 1988.
168. Wilchek M, Bayer EA. Introduction to avidin-biotin technology. Methods Enzymol 184: 5-13, 1990.
169. Duhamel RC, Whitehead JS: Prevention of nonspecific binding of avidin. Methods Enzymol 184: 201-207, 1990.
170. Diamandis EP, Christopoulos TK: The biotin-(strept)avidin system: principles and applications in biotechnology. Clin Chem 37: 625-636, 1991.
171. Thivolet J, Tack JL, Page Y, Schmitt D: Use of peroxidase-labelled antibodies in immunologic research and diagnosis. Presse Med 79: 2542-2544, 1971.
172. Hsu SM, Raine L, Fanger H: Use of avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison of ABC and unlabeled antibody (PAP) procedure. J Histochem Cytochem 29: 577-581, 1981.
173. Battifora H: The multitumor (sausage) tissue block: novel method for immunohistochemical antibody testing. Lab Invest 55: 244-248, 1986.
174. Battifora H, Mehta P: The checkerboard tissue block. An improved multitissue control block. Lab Invest 63: 722-724, 1990
175. Zeltzer PM, Bodey B, Marlin A, Kemshead J: Immunophenotype profile of childhood medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors using 16 monoclonal antibodies. Cancer, 66: 273-283, 1990
176. Cohen JJ: Apoptosis. Immunol Today 14: 126-130, 1993.
177. Szymas J, Dubiel R: NEURO multimedial data base and management system for neuropathology. Folia Neuropathol 32: 113-117, 1994.
178. Szymas J: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of tumors of the central nervous system. Folia Neuropathol 32: 209-214, 1994.
179. Kleinman GM, Zagzag D, Miller DC: Diagnostic use of immunohistochemistry in neuropathology. Neurosurgery Clinics North Am 5: 97-126, 1994.
180. Bodey B, Cosgrove M, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Siegel SE, Martin SE, Gilles FH: Co-expression of four intermediate filament subclasses in childhood glial neoplasms. Mod Pathol 4: 742-749, 1991.
181. Gianella-Borradori A, Zeltzer PM, Bodey B, Nelson M, Britton H, Marlin A: Choroid plexus tumors in childhood: Response to chemotherapy, and immunophenotypic profile using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Cancer 69: 809-816, 1992.
182. Bodey B, Siegel SE, Peacock SJ. Expression of carcinoembryonic or related cross reacting antigens in primary pediatric neuroectodermal brain tumors. Mod Pathol 5: 432-438, 1992.
183. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr. Siegel SE. Immunophenotypic characterization of infiltrating poly- and mononuclcar cells in childhood brain tumors. Mod Pathol 8: 333-338, 1995.
184. Bodey B, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE. Human cancer detection and immunotherapy with conjugated and non-conjugated monoclonal antibodies. Anticancer Res 16: 661-674, 1996.
185. Bodey B, Bodey B Jr. Gröger AM, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: Clinical and prognostic significance of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in childhood primitive ncuroectodermal brain tumors. Anticancer Res 17: 189-196, 1997.
186. Bodey B, Gröger AM, Bodey B Jr, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE: lmmunocytochemical detection of p53 protein expression in various childhood astrocytoma subtypes: Significance in tumor progression. Anticancer Res 17: 1187-1194, 1997.
187. Yew DT, Wang HH, Zheng DR: Apoptosis in astrocytomas with different grades of malignancy. Acta Neurochir 140: 341-347, 1998.
188. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Migheli A, Chio A, Giordana MT, Marino S, Attanasis A: Apoptosis and cell proliferation in human neurocpithelial tumours. Neurosci Lett 195: 81-84, 1995.
189. Schiffer D, Cavalla P, Migheli A, Giordana MT, Chiado-Piat L: Bcl-2 distribution in neuroepithelial tumours: an immunohistochemical study. J Neurooncol 27: 101-109, 1996.
190. Tachibana O, Lampe J, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Preferential expression of Fas/APO1 (CD95) and apoptotic cell death in perinecrotic cells of glioblastoma multiforme. Acta Neuropathol 92:431-434, 1996.
191. Tohma Y, Gratas C, Van Meir EG, Desbaillets I, Tenan M, Tachibana O, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Necrogenesis and Fas/APO-1 (CD95) expression in primary (de novo) and secondary glioblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 239-245, 1998.
192. Korshunov AG, Sycheva RV, Golanov AV: Immunohistochemical changes in apoptosis in glioblastoma of the cerebral hemispheres. Arkh Patol 60: 23-27, 1998.
193. Rhodes RH: Biological evaluation of biopsies from adult cerebral astrocytomas: cell-growth/cell-suicide ratios and their relationship to patient survival. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 57: 746-757, 1998.
194. Shinoura N, Yoshida Y, Sadata A, Hanada KI, Yamamoto S, Kirino T, Asai A, Hamada H: Apoptosis by retrovirus- and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of Fas ligand to glioma cells: implications for gene therapy. Hum Gene 9: 1983-1993, 1998.
195. Tachibana O, Nakazawa H, Lampe J, Watanabe K, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Expression of Fas/APO-1 during the progression of astrocytomas. Cancer Res 55: 5528-5530, 1995.
196. Husain N, Chiocca EA, Rainov N, Louis DN, Zervas NT:Coexpression of Fas and Fas ligand in malignant glial tumors and cell lines. Acta Neuropathol 95: 287-290, 1998.
197. Hara A, Hirose Y, Yoshimi N, Tanaka T, Mori H: Expression of Bax and bcl-2 proteins, regulators of programmed cell death, in human brain tumors. Neurol Res 19: 623-628, 1997.
198. Kaufmann SH: Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, campthothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note. Cancer Res 49: 5870-5878, 1989.
199. Martin SJ, Lennon SV, Bonham AM, Cotter TO: Induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in human leukemic HL-60 cells by inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis. J Immunol 145: 1859-1867, 1990.
200. Barry MA, Behnke CA, Eastman A: Activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by cisplatin, other anticancer drugs, toxins and hyperthermia. Biochem Pharmacol 40: 2353-2362, 1990.
201. Perotti M, Toddei F, Mirabelli F, Vairetti M, Bellomo G, McConkey DJ, Orrenius S: Calcium-dependent DNA fragmentation in human synovial cells exposed to cold shock. FEBS Lett 259: 331-334, 1990.
202. Kruman II, Matylevich NP, Beletsky IP, Afanasyev VN, Umansky SR: Apoptosis of murine BW 5147 thymoma cells induced by dexamethasone and gamma-irradiation. J Cell Physiol 148: 267-273, 1991.
203. Martin SJ, Cotter TG: Ultraviolet B irradiation of human leukaemia HL-60 cells in vitro induces apoptosis. Int J Radiat Biol 59: 1001-1016, 1991.
204. Del Bino G, Lassota P, Darzynkiewicz Z: The S-phase cytotoxicity of camptothecin. Exp Cell Res 193: 27-35, 1991.
205. Del Bino G, Darzynkiewicz Z: Camptothecin, teniposide, or 4′-(9-acridinylamino)-3-methanesulfon-m-anisidide, but not mitoxantronc or doxorubicin, induces degradation of nuclear DNA in the S phase of HL-60 cells. Cancer Res 51: 1165-1169, 1991.
206. Bertrand R, Sarang M, Jenkin J, Kerrigan D, Pommier Y: Differential induction of secondary DNA fragmentation by topoisomerase II inhibitors in human tumor cell lines with amplified c-myc expression. Cancer Res 51: 6280-6285, 1991.
207. O'Connor PM, Wassermann K, Sarang M, Magrath I, Bohr VA, Kohn KW: Relationship between DNA cross-links, cell cycle, and apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines differing in sensitivity to nitrogen mustard. Cancer Res 51: 6550-6557, 1991.
208. Hosli P, Sappino AP, de Tribolet N, Dietrich PY: Malignant glioma: should chemotherapy be overthrown by experimental treatments? Ann Oncol 9: 589-600, 1998.
209. Uchida A, Hoshino T: Clinical studies on cell-mediated immunity in patients with malignant disease. I. Effect of immunotherapy with OK-432 on lymphocyte subpopulation and phytomitogen responsiveness in vitro. Cancer 45, 476-483, 1980.
210. Hoshino T, Jiang YZ, Dunn D, Paul D, Qazilbash M, Cowan K, Wang J, Barrett J, Liu J: Transfection of interleukin-12 cDNAs into tumor cells induces cytotoxic immune responses against native tumor: implications for tumor vaccination. Cancer Gene Ther 5: 150-157, 1998.
211. Debinski W, Gibo DM, Puri RK: Novel way to increase targeting specificity to a human glioblastoma-associated receptor for intcrleukin 13. Int J Cancer 76: 547-551, 1998.
212. Coll JL, Negoescu A, Louis N, Sachs L, Tenaud C, Girardot V, Demeinex B, Brambilla E, Brambilla C, Favrot M: Antitumor activity of bax and p53 naked gene transfer in lung cancer: in vitro and in vivo analysis. Hum Gene Ther 9: 2063-2074, 1998.
213. Rainov NG, Dobberstein KU, Sena-Esteves M, Herrlinger U, Kramm CM, Philpot RM, Hilton J, Chiocca EA, Breakefield XO: New prodrug activation gene therapy for cancer using cytochrome P450 4B1 and 2-aminoanthracene/4-ipomeanol. Hum Gene Ther 9: 1261-1273, 1998.
214. Uckan D, Steele A, Cherry, Wang BY, Chamizo W, Koutsonikolis A, Gilbert-Barness E, Good RA: Trophoblasts express Fas ligand: a proposed mechanism for immune privilege in placenta and maternal invasion. Mol Hum Reprod 3: 655-662, 1997.
215. Saas P, Walker PR, Hahne M, Quiquerez AL, Schnuriger V, Perrin G, French L, Van Meir EG. de Tribolet N, Tschopp J, Dietrich PY: Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain? J Clin Invest 99: 1173-1178, 1997.
216. Walker PR, Saas P, Dietrich PY: Role of Fas ligand (CD95L) in immune escape: the tumor cell strikes back. J Immunol 158: 4521-4524, 1997.
217. Hetts SW: To die or not to die: an overview of apoptosis and its role in disease. JAMA 279: 300-307, 1998.