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note
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This is in contrast with results obtained by NMR spectroscopy in CDCla which indicate a 1:1 mixture of amide rotamers in H 95/71. This prevented a more detailed analysis of the spectra due to overlapping peaks. NMR spectra of H 244/45 were more informative indicating preferences for conformations stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the amine and alcohol functionalities. No hydrogen bond stabilization involving the ether oxygen was identified. This is in contrast with the results from the Monte Carlo conformational search which gave low-energy conformations including both these hydrogen bonds to about the same extent.
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-
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25
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33847501136
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note
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The use of a folded conformation as a starting geometry in a conformational search in simulated water resulted in stretched conformations. The opposite was also observed: using a stretched conformation as starting geometry in simulated chloroform resulted in folded conformations.
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-
-
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26
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33847498210
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-
note
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The smallest variation in PSA of all low-energy conformations, 11.5 A2, was found for pindolol (largest PSA = 61.8 A2; smallest PSA = 50.3 A2) and the largest variation, 47 A2, was displayed by H 216/44 (largest PSA = 116.6 A2; smallest PSA = 69.2 A2). The low-energy conformations of atenolol identified in chloroform displayed the smallest relative variation in PSA (APSA/PSAa = 5.4 2/91.6 2 = 6%), whereas the largest relative variation was found for alprenolol in water (APSA/PSAj = 20.9 A2/39.2 A2 = 54%).
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27
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33847524265
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-
note
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The low-energy conformations were divided into groups according to ref 18. The groups displayed different polar surface properties (0.001; ANOVA), and the variation within groups was small.
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-
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28
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33847503240
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note
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The polar surface areas reported in this paper differ slightly from those reported in ref 18. In the earlier paper we used the Lee and Richard-based numerical algorithm57 included in the PCMODEL program (v 4.0), whereas in this paper (as well as in our more recent publication, ref 19) we used an in-house computer program based on an analytical algorithm. In general the polar surface areas calculated with the analytical algorithm were larger (2-4 A2) than the numerically calculated areas. This is in agreement with the grid-based numerical algorithm in PCMODEL and the observation that the computed surface areas get larger when a smaller grid size is used in PCMODEL. However, for atenolol and practolol the polar surface areas calculated according to the analytical algorithm were smaller (4-5 A2) than the polar areas calculated by PCMODEL. After closer inspection this could be attributed to the fact that the carbon atoms in the carbonyl groups (accounting for approximately 7 A2 of the total area) were included in the polar surface area obtained from PCMODEL.
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Depending on whether the epithelial transport is transcellular and/or paracellular, the larger molecular size decreases cell monolayer permeability by either diffusional restriction and/or the sieving effect of the paracellular pathway. The Caco-2 cell monolayer is a relatively tight epithelium with a low paracellular permeability.2-66 In addition, the active secretion of H 216/44 in the absence of verapamil suggests efflux of H 216/44 across the apical cell membrane of the epithelial cells52 (see Experimental Section). Thus, one can assume that H 216/44 is to a significant extent transported transcellularly and that the size effect would result from a higher diffusional restriction.
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The value of n is dependent on the environment. StokesEinstein stated a value of 1/3 for spherical molecules. Later experimental values of 0.6-0.7 have been described. For polymers and in lipid bilayers a steeper size dependence has been observed, and values of 1-3 have been assigned to n.3ft
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The receiver concentrations in the a-b direction were close to or below the limit of detection resulting in only approximate permeability values.
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Both a-b and b-a epithelial permeability to H 216/44 was affected by the addition of verapamil to the apical side. Using a higher concentration of H 216/44 (5 mM) and addition of verapamil increased Pc of H 216/44 from 0.047 0.003 x 10~6 to 0.1040.016 x 10~6 cm/s in the a-b direction and decreased PC from 0.859 0.093 x 10'6 to 0.265 0.052 x 10'6 cm/s in the b-a direction. Thus the largest effect was seen on the b-a transport.
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