메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 41, Issue 27, 1998, Pages 5382-5392

Evaluation of dynamic polar molecular surface area as predictor of drug absorption: Comparison with other computational and experimental predictors

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPRENOLOL; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; H 244 45; H 95 71; METOPROLOL; N [2 [3 [4 [2 (2 CYCLOPROPYLMETHOXYETHOXY)ETHYL]PHENOXY] 2 HYDROXYPROPYLAMINO]ETHYL] 4 HYDROXY 1 PIPERIDINECARBOXAMIDE; OXPRENOLOL; PINDOLOL; PRACTOLOL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 0032585545     PISSN: 00222623     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jm980313t     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (216)

References (57)
  • 1
    • 0025804183 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells
    • Artursson, P.; Karlsson, J. Correlation between oral drug absorption in humans and apparent drug permeability coefficients in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1991,175, 880-885.
    • (1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.175 , pp. 880-885
    • Artursson, P.1    Karlsson, J.2
  • 2
    • 0030023536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison between active and passive drug transport in the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells in vitro and human jejunum in vivo
    • Lennernäs, H.; Palm, K.; Fagerholm, U.; Artursson, P. Comparison between active and passive drug transport in the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells in vitro and human jejunum in vivo. Int. J. Pharm. 1996,127, 103-107.
    • (1996) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.127 , pp. 103-107
    • Lennernäs, H.1    Palm, K.2    Fagerholm, U.3    Artursson, P.4
  • 3
    • 0019422355 scopus 로고
    • A practitioner's perspective of the role of quantitative structure-activity analysis in medicinal chemistry
    • Martin, Y. C. A practitioner's perspective of the role of quantitative structure-activity analysis in medicinal chemistry. J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 229-237.
    • (1981) J. Med. Chem. , vol.24 , pp. 229-237
    • Martin, Y.C.1
  • 5
    • 0021052458 scopus 로고
    • Corneal penetration behavior of beta-blocking agents I: Physicochemical factors
    • Schoenwald, R. D.; Huang, H.-S. Corneal penetration behavior of beta-blocking agents I: Physicochemical factors. J. Pharm. Sci. 1983, 72, 1266-1271.
    • (1983) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.72 , pp. 1266-1271
    • Schoenwald, R.D.1    Huang, H.-S.2
  • 6
    • 0025731738 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning of solutes in different solvent systems: The contribution of hydrogen-bonding capacity and polarity
    • El Tayar, N.; Tsai, R.-S.; Testa, B.; Carrupt, P.-A.; Leo, A. Partitioning of solutes in different solvent systems: The contribution of hydrogen-bonding capacity and polarity. J. Pharm. Sci. 1991, 80, 590-598.
    • (1991) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.80 , pp. 590-598
    • El Tayar, N.1    Tsai, R.-S.2    Testa, B.3    Carrupt, P.-A.4    Leo, A.5
  • 7
    • 0025999171 scopus 로고
    • The influence of peptide structure on transport across Caco-2 cells
    • Conradi, R. A.; Hilgers, A. R.; Ho, N. F. H.; Burton, P. S. The influence of peptide structure on transport across Caco-2 cells. Pharm. Res. 1991, 8, 1453-1460.
    • (1991) Pharm. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 1453-1460
    • Conradi, R.A.1    Hilgers, A.R.2    Ho, N.F.H.3    Burton, P.S.4
  • 8
    • 0026513211 scopus 로고
    • The Influence of Peptide Structure on Transport across Caco-2 Cells. II. Peptide Bond Modification which Results in Improved Permeability
    • Conradi, R. A.; Hilgers, A. R.; Ho, N. F. H.; Burton, P. S. The Influence of Peptide Structure on Transport Across Caco-2 Cells. II. Peptide Bond Modification Which Results in Improved Permeability. Pharm. Res. 1992, 9, 435-439.
    • (1992) Pharm. Res. , vol.9 , pp. 435-439
    • Conradi, R.A.1    Hilgers, A.R.2    Ho, N.F.H.3    Burton, P.S.4
  • 9
    • 33751158453 scopus 로고
    • Solute interactions with immobilized artificial membranes
    • Ong, S.; Qiu, X.; Pidgeon, C. Solute interactions with immobilized artificial membranes. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 10189-10199.
    • (1994) J. Phys. Chem. , vol.98 , pp. 10189-10199
    • Ong, S.1    Qiu, X.2    Pidgeon, C.3
  • 11
    • 0028999501 scopus 로고
    • Immobilized-liposome Chromatographie analysis of drug partitioning into lipid bilayers
    • Beigi, F.; Yang, Q.; Lundahl, P. Immobilized-liposome Chromatographie analysis of drug partitioning into lipid bilayers. J. Chromatogr. A 1995, 704, 315-321.
    • (1995) J. Chromatogr. a , vol.704 , pp. 315-321
    • Beigi, F.1    Yang, Q.2    Lundahl, P.3
  • 12
    • 0348189638 scopus 로고
    • Solubility of nonelectrolytes in polar solvents. V. Estimation of the solubility of aliphatic monofunctional compounds in water using a molecular surface area approach
    • Amidon, G. L.; Yalkowsky, S. H.; Anik, S. T.; Valvani, S. C. Solubility of nonelectrolytes in polar solvents. V. Estimation of the solubility of aliphatic monofunctional compounds in water using a molecular surface area approach. J. Phys. Chem. 1975, 79, 2239-2246.
    • (1975) J. Phys. Chem. , vol.79 , pp. 2239-2246
    • Amidon, G.L.1    Yalkowsky, S.H.2    Anik, S.T.3    Valvani, S.C.4
  • 13
    • 0023263358 scopus 로고
    • The role of solventaccessible surface area in determining partition coefficients
    • Dunn, W. J., Ill; Koehler, M. G.; Grigoras, S. The role of solventaccessible surface area in determining partition coefficients. J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 1121-1126.
    • (1987) J. Med. Chem. , vol.30 , pp. 1121-1126
    • Ill, D.W.J.1    Koehler, M.G.2    Grigoras, S.3
  • 14
    • 0028363125 scopus 로고
    • The design of peptide analogues for improved absorption
    • Barlow, D.; Satoh, T. The design of peptide analogues for improved absorption. J. Contr. Relat. 1994, 29, 283-291.
    • (1994) J. Contr. Relat. , vol.29 , pp. 283-291
    • Barlow, D.1    Satoh, T.2
  • 15
    • 0023338543 scopus 로고
    • Accessible surface areas as a measure of the thermodynamic parameters of hydration of peptides
    • Ooi, T.; Oobatake, M.; Némethy, G.; Scheraga, H. A. Accessible surface areas as a measure of the thermodynamic parameters of hydration of peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.SA. 1987, 84, 3086-3090.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.SA. , vol.84 , pp. 3086-3090
    • Ooi, T.1    Oobatake, M.2    Némethy, G.3    Scheraga, H.A.4
  • 16
    • 21144467893 scopus 로고
    • Hydrogen-bonding capacity and brain penetration
    • van de Waterbeemd, H.; Kansy, M. Hydrogen-bonding capacity and brain penetration. Chimia 1992, 46, 299-303.
    • (1992) Chimia , vol.46 , pp. 299-303
    • Waterbeemd, H.1    Kansy, M.2
  • 19
    • 0030914681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polar molecular surface properties predict the intestinal absorption of drugs in humans
    • Palm, K; Stenberg, P.; Luthman, K.; Artursson, P. Polar molecular surface properties predict the intestinal absorption of drugs in humans. Pharm. Res. 1997, 14, 568-571.
    • (1997) Pharm. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 568-571
    • Palm, K.1    Stenberg, P.2    Luthman, K.3    Artursson, P.4
  • 20
    • 0031404654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical calculation and prediction of Caco-2 cell permeability using MolSurf parametrization and PLS statistics
    • The multivariate partial least-squares projections to latent structures (PLS) method was used in: Norinder, U.; Österberg, T.; Artursson, P. Theoretical calculation and prediction of Caco-2 cell permeability using MolSurf parametrization and PLS statistics. Pharm. Res. 1997, 14, 1785-1790.
    • (1997) Pharm. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 1785-1790
    • Norinder, U.1    Österberg, T.2    Artursson, P.3
  • 21
    • 0029938236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting blood-brain transport of drugs: A computational approach
    • Basak, S. C.; Gute, B. D.; Drewes, L. R. Predicting blood-brain transport of drugs: A computational approach. Pharm. Res. 1996, 13, 775-778.
    • (1996) Pharm. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 775-778
    • Basak, S.C.1    Gute, B.D.2    Drewes, L.R.3
  • 22
    • 0031024171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings
    • Lipinski, C. A.; Lombardo, F.; Dominy, B. W.; Feeney, P. J. Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1996, 23, 3-25.
    • (1996) Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. , vol.23 , pp. 3-25
    • Lipinski, C.A.1    Lombardo, F.2    Dominy, B.W.3    Feeney, P.J.4
  • 23
    • 0025311288 scopus 로고
    • Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. I: A model for studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorptive (Caco-2) cells
    • Artursson, P. Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. I: A model for studying the passive diffusion of drugs over intestinal absorptive (Caco-2) cells. J. Pharm. Sci. 1990, 79, 476-482.
    • (1990) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.79 , pp. 476-482
    • Artursson, P.1
  • 24
    • 33847498817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is in contrast with results obtained by NMR spectroscopy in CDCla which indicate a 1:1 mixture of amide rotamers in H 95/71. This prevented a more detailed analysis of the spectra due to overlapping peaks. NMR spectra of H 244/45 were more informative indicating preferences for conformations stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the amine and alcohol functionalities. No hydrogen bond stabilization involving the ether oxygen was identified. This is in contrast with the results from the Monte Carlo conformational search which gave low-energy conformations including both these hydrogen bonds to about the same extent.
  • 25
    • 33847501136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The use of a folded conformation as a starting geometry in a conformational search in simulated water resulted in stretched conformations. The opposite was also observed: using a stretched conformation as starting geometry in simulated chloroform resulted in folded conformations.
  • 26
    • 33847498210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The smallest variation in PSA of all low-energy conformations, 11.5 A2, was found for pindolol (largest PSA = 61.8 A2; smallest PSA = 50.3 A2) and the largest variation, 47 A2, was displayed by H 216/44 (largest PSA = 116.6 A2; smallest PSA = 69.2 A2). The low-energy conformations of atenolol identified in chloroform displayed the smallest relative variation in PSA (APSA/PSAa = 5.4 2/91.6 2 = 6%), whereas the largest relative variation was found for alprenolol in water (APSA/PSAj = 20.9 A2/39.2 A2 = 54%).
  • 27
    • 33847524265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The low-energy conformations were divided into groups according to ref 18. The groups displayed different polar surface properties (0.001; ANOVA), and the variation within groups was small.
  • 28
    • 33847503240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The polar surface areas reported in this paper differ slightly from those reported in ref 18. In the earlier paper we used the Lee and Richard-based numerical algorithm57 included in the PCMODEL program (v 4.0), whereas in this paper (as well as in our more recent publication, ref 19) we used an in-house computer program based on an analytical algorithm. In general the polar surface areas calculated with the analytical algorithm were larger (2-4 A2) than the numerically calculated areas. This is in agreement with the grid-based numerical algorithm in PCMODEL and the observation that the computed surface areas get larger when a smaller grid size is used in PCMODEL. However, for atenolol and practolol the polar surface areas calculated according to the analytical algorithm were smaller (4-5 A2) than the polar areas calculated by PCMODEL. After closer inspection this could be attributed to the fact that the carbon atoms in the carbonyl groups (accounting for approximately 7 A2 of the total area) were included in the polar surface area obtained from PCMODEL.
  • 30
  • 31
    • 0025803782 scopus 로고
    • A method for the determination of cellular permeability coefficients and aqueous boundary layer thickness in monolayers of intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells grown in permeable filter chambers
    • Karlsson, J.; Artursson, P. A method for the determination of cellular permeability coefficients and aqueous boundary layer thickness in monolayers of intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells grown in permeable filter chambers. Int. J. Pharm. 1991, 71, 55-64.
    • (1991) Int. J. Pharm. , vol.71 , pp. 55-64
    • Karlsson, J.1    Artursson, P.2
  • 32
    • 33744655743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Depending on whether the epithelial transport is transcellular and/or paracellular, the larger molecular size decreases cell monolayer permeability by either diffusional restriction and/or the sieving effect of the paracellular pathway. The Caco-2 cell monolayer is a relatively tight epithelium with a low paracellular permeability.2-66 In addition, the active secretion of H 216/44 in the absence of verapamil suggests efflux of H 216/44 across the apical cell membrane of the epithelial cells52 (see Experimental Section). Thus, one can assume that H 216/44 is to a significant extent transported transcellularly and that the size effect would result from a higher diffusional restriction.
  • 33
    • 0002639157 scopus 로고
    • The molecular basis of diffusion across cell membranes
    • Academic Press: New York
    • Stein, W. D. The molecular basis of diffusion across cell membranes. The movement of molecules across cell membranes; Academic Press: New York, 1967.
    • (1967) The Movement of Molecules across Cell Membranes
    • Stein, W.D.1
  • 34
    • 33744627716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The value of n is dependent on the environment. StokesEinstein stated a value of 1/3 for spherical molecules. Later experimental values of 0.6-0.7 have been described. For polymers and in lipid bilayers a steeper size dependence has been observed, and values of 1-3 have been assigned to n.3ft
  • 35
    • 0028062263 scopus 로고
    • Structural elements which govern the resistance of intestinal tissues to compound transport
    • Rubas, W.; Cromwell, M.; Gadek, T.; Narindray, D.; Mrsny, R. Structural elements which govern the resistance of intestinal tissues to compound transport. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1994, 337, 179-185.
    • (1994) Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. , vol.337 , pp. 179-185
    • Rubas, W.1    Cromwell, M.2    Gadek, T.3    Narindray, D.4    Mrsny, R.5
  • 36
    • 0028272183 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between permeant size and permeability in lipid bilayer membranes
    • Xiang, T.-X.; Anderson, B. D. The relationship between permeant size and permeability in lipid bilayer membranes. J. Membr. Biol. 1994, 140, 111-122.
    • (1994) J. Membr. Biol. , vol.140 , pp. 111-122
    • Xiang, T.-X.1    Anderson, B.D.2
  • 37
    • 0031414492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chromatographie indexes on immobilized artificial membranes for local anesthetics: Relationships with activity data on closed sodium channels
    • Barbato, F.; La Rotonda, M. L; Quaglia, F. Chromatographie indexes on immobilized artificial membranes for local anesthetics: relationships with activity data on closed sodium channels. Pharm. Res. 1997, 14, 1699-1705.
    • (1997) Pharm. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 1699-1705
    • Barbato, F.1    La Rotonda, M.L.2    Quaglia, F.3
  • 38
    • 0031060245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between immobilised artificial membrane Chromatographie retention and the brain penetration of structurally diverse drugs
    • Salminen, T.; Pulli, A.; Taskinen, J. Relationship between immobilised artificial membrane Chromatographie retention and the brain penetration of structurally diverse drugs. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1997, 15, 469-477.
    • (1997) J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 469-477
    • Salminen, T.1    Pulli, A.2    Taskinen, J.3
  • 39
    • 0031942688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PH-metric logP 10. Determination of liposomal membrane-water partition coefficients of ionizable drugs
    • Avdeef, A.; Box, K. J.; Comer, J. E. A.; Hibbert, C.; Tarn, K. Y. pH-metric logP 10. Determination of liposomal membrane-water partition coefficients of ionizable drugs. Pharm. Res. 1998, 15, 209-215.
    • (1998) Pharm. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 209-215
    • Avdeef, A.1    Box, K.J.2    Comer, J.E.A.3    Hibbert, C.4    Tarn, K.Y.5
  • 41
    • 0024558250 scopus 로고
    • The nature of the hydrophobic binding of small peptides at the bilayer interfaces: Implications for the insertion of transbilayer helices
    • Jacobs, R. E.; White, S. H. The nature of the hydrophobic binding of small peptides at the bilayer interfaces: implications for the insertion of transbilayer helices. Biochemistry 1989, 28, 3421-3437.
    • (1989) Biochemistry , vol.28 , pp. 3421-3437
    • Jacobs, R.E.1    White, S.H.2
  • 43
    • 33847497372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The program M-AREA v 1.1 used for surface area calculations is available upon request from the authors (contact johan.grasjo galenik.uu.se). The program is available free of charge for academic users.
  • 44
    • 0016721416 scopus 로고
    • Calculation of hydrophobic constant (log P) from φ and f constants
    • Leo, A.; Jow, P. Y. C.; Silipo, C.; Hansch, C. Calculation of hydrophobic constant (log P) from φ and f constants. J. Med. Chem. 1975, 18, 865-868.
    • (1975) J. Med. Chem. , vol.18 , pp. 865-868
    • Leo, A.1    Jow, P.Y.C.2    Silipo, C.3    Hansch, C.4
  • 45
    • 0025339490 scopus 로고
    • Drug lipophilicity in QSAR practice: I. a comparison of experimental with calculative approaches
    • Mannhold, R.; Dross, K P.; Rekker, R. F. Drug lipophilicity in QSAR practice: I. A comparison of experimental with calculative approaches. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 1990, 9, 21-28.
    • (1990) Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. , vol.9 , pp. 21-28
    • Mannhold, R.1    Dross, K.P.2    Rekker, R.F.3
  • 46
    • 0000611178 scopus 로고
    • Drug Compendium
    • Drayton, C. J., Ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford
    • Experimentally determined values of p/fa and IogZ)m were taken from: Craig, P. N. Drug Compendium. In Cumulative Subject Index & Drug Compendium, 1st ed.; Drayton, C. J., Ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1990; pp 237-991; with the exception of pÄa and log Dm of H 216/44: personal communication with Kurt-Jörgen Huffman, Astra Hassle AB, Sweden.
    • (1990) Cumulative Subject Index & Drug Compendium, 1st Ed. , pp. 237-991
    • Craig, P.N.1
  • 47
    • 0027071736 scopus 로고
    • PH-Metric log P. Part 1. Difference plots for determining ion-pair octanol-water partition coefficients of multiprotic substances
    • Avdeef, A. pH-Metric log P. Part 1. Difference plots for determining ion-pair octanol-water partition coefficients of multiprotic substances. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 1992, 11, 510-517.
    • (1992) Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. , vol.11 , pp. 510-517
    • Avdeef, A.1
  • 49
    • 0027098054 scopus 로고
    • Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. VII: Effects of pharmaceutical surfactant excipients and bile acids on transepithelial permeability in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells
    • Anderberg, E. K.; Nyström, C.; Artursson, P. Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. VII: Effects of pharmaceutical surfactant excipients and bile acids on transepithelial permeability in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. J. Pharm. Sci. 1992, 81, 879-887.
    • (1992) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.81 , pp. 879-887
    • Anderberg, E.K.1    Nyström, C.2    Artursson, P.3
  • 50
    • 33847504513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The receiver concentrations in the a-b direction were close to or below the limit of detection resulting in only approximate permeability values.
    • The receiver concentrations in the a-b direction were close to or below the limit of detection resulting in only approximate permeability values.
  • 51
    • 0027146389 scopus 로고
    • Transport of celiprolol across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: Mediation of secretion by multiple transporters including Pglycoprotein
    • Karlsson, J.; Kuo, S.-M.; Ziemniak, J.; Artursson, P. Transport of celiprolol across human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: mediation of secretion by multiple transporters including Pglycoprotein. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 110, 1009-1016.
    • (1993) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.110 , pp. 1009-1016
    • Karlsson, J.1    Kuo, S.-M.2    Ziemniak, J.3    Artursson, P.4
  • 52
    • 0030458462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How structural features influence the biomembrane permeability of peptides
    • Burton, P. S.; Conradi, R. A.; Ho, N. F. H.; Hilgers, A. R.; Borchardt, R. T. How structural features influence the biomembrane permeability of peptides. J. Pharm. Sci. 1996, 85, 1336-1340.
    • (1996) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.85 , pp. 1336-1340
    • Burton, P.S.1    Conradi, R.A.2    Ho, N.F.H.3    Hilgers, A.R.4    Borchardt, R.T.5
  • 53
    • 33847494352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Both a-b and b-a epithelial permeability to H 216/44 was affected by the addition of verapamil to the apical side. Using a higher concentration of H 216/44 (5 mM) and addition of verapamil increased Pc of H 216/44 from 0.047 0.003 x 10~6 to 0.1040.016 x 10~6 cm/s in the a-b direction and decreased PC from 0.859 0.093 x 10'6 to 0.265 0.052 x 10'6 cm/s in the b-a direction. Thus the largest effect was seen on the b-a transport.
  • 56
    • 0027312774 scopus 로고
    • Selective paracellular permeability in two models of intestinal absorption: Cultured monolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells and rat intestinal segments
    • Artursson, P.; Ungell, A.-L.; Lofroth, J.-E. Selective paracellular permeability in two models of intestinal absorption: cultured monolayers of human intestinal epithelial cells and rat intestinal segments. Pharm. Res. 1993, 10, 1123-1129.
    • (1993) Pharm. Res. , vol.10 , pp. 1123-1129
    • Artursson, P.1    Ungell, A.-L.2    Lofroth, J.-E.3
  • 57
    • 0015222647 scopus 로고
    • The interpretation of protein structures: Estimation of static accessibility
    • Lee, B.; Richards, F. M. The interpretation of protein structures: estimation of static accessibility. J. Mol. Biol. 1971, 55, 379-400.
    • (1971) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.55 , pp. 379-400
    • Lee, B.1    Richards, F.M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.