Chronic pulmonary hypertension-the monocrotaline model and involvement of the hemostatic system

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 271-346

  Schultze, A E ^a   Roth, R A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DRUG DERIVATIVE; MONOCROTALINE; MONOCROTALINE PYRROLE;

ANIMAL; BLOOD; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DISEASE MODEL; DRUG EFFECT; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; PATHOLOGY; PLANT; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RAT; REVIEW; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ANIMALS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR; MONOCROTALINE; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; PLANTS, TOXIC; RATS;

EID: 0032186324     PISSN: 10937404     EISSN: 15216950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10937409809524557     Document Type: Article

References (393)

1. Adams, R., and Rogers, E. F. 1939. The structure of monocrotaline, the alkaloid in Crotalaria spectabilis and Crotalaria retusa. I. j. Am. Cbem. Soc. 61:2815-2819.
2. Allen, J. R., and Carstens, L. A. 1970. Pulmonary vascular occlusions initiated by endothelial lysis in monocrotaline-intoxicated rats. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 13:159-171.
3. Allen, J. R., and Carstens, L. A. 1971. Monocrotaline-induced Budd-Chiari syndrome in monkeys. Am J Digest. Dis. 16:111-121.
4. Allen, J. R., and Chesney, C. F. 1972. Effect of age on development of cor pulmonale in non-human primates following pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 17:220-232.
5. Allen, J. R., Childs, G. R., and Cravens, W. W. 1960. Crotalaria spectabilis toxicity in chickens. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 104:434-436.
6. Allen, J. R., Lalich, J. J., and Schmittle, S. C. 1963. Crotalaria spectabilis induced cirrhosis in turkeys. Lab. Invest. 12:512-517.
7. Allen, J. R., Carstens, L. A., and Knezevic, A. L. 1965. Crotalaria spectabilis intoxication in rhesus monkeys. Am. J. Vet. Res. 26:753-757.
8. Allen, J. R., Chesney, C. F., and Frazee, W. J. 1972. Modifications of pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication resulting from altered hepatic microsomal enzymes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 23:470-479.
9. Altiere, R. J., Olson, J. W., and Gillespie, M. N. 1986. Altered pulmonary vascular smooth muscle responsiveness in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 236:390-395.
10. Arcot, S. S., Lipke, D. W., Gillespie, M. N., and Olson J. W. 1993. Alteration of growth factor transcripts in rat lungs during development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol. 46:1086-1091.
11. Arcot, S. S., Fagerland, J. A., Lipke, D. W., Gillespie, M. N., and Olson, J. W. 1995. Basic fibroblast growth factor alterations during development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Growth Factors 12:121-130.
12. Assoian, R. K., and Sporn, M. B. 1986. Type B transforming growth factor in human platelets: Release during platelet degranulation and action on vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Cell Biol. 102: 1217-1223.
13. Astrup, T., and Albrechtsen, O. K. 1957. Estimation of the plasminogen activator and the trypsin inhibitor in animal and human tissues. Scand. j. Clin. Lab. Invest. 9:233-243.
14. Atarashi, K., Mulrow, P.J., and Franco-Saenz, R. 1984. Inhibition of aldosterone production by atrial extract. Science 224:992-994.
15. Bachman, F., and Kruithof, E. K. O. 1984. Tissue plasminogen activator: Chemical and physiological aspects. Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis. 10:6-17.
16. Becker, R. B., Neal, W. M., Arnold, P. T. D., and Shealy, A. L. 1935. A study of the palatability and possible toxicity of 11 species of Crotalaria especially of C. spectabilis. I. Agric. Res. 50:911-922.
17. Benditt, E. P., and Schwartz, S. M. 1988. Blood vessels. In Pathology, eds. E. Rubin and J. L. Farber, pp. 452-541. Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott.
18. Benveniste, J., and Chignard, M. 1985. A role for PAF-acether (platelet-activating factor) in platelet-dependent vascular diseases. Circulation 72:713-717.
19. Benveniste, J., Hensen, P. M., and Cochrane, C. G. 1972. Leukocyte-dependent histamine release from rabbit platelets: The role of IgE, basophils, and a platelet-activating factor, j. Exp. Med. 136:1356-1377.
20. Berk, B. C., Alexander, R. W., Brock, T. A., Gimbrone, M. A., and Webb, R. C. 1986. Vasoconstriction: A new activity for platelet-derived growth factor. Science 232:87-90.
21. Bevilacqua, M. P., Pober, J. S., Majeau, G. R., Cotran, R. S., and Gimbrone, M. A. 1984. Interleukin (1L-1) induces biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells Exp. Med. 160:618-623.
22. Bevilacqua, M. P., Schleef, R. R., Gimbrone, M. A., and Loskutoff, D. J. 1986. Regulation of the fibrinolytic system of cultured human vascular endothelium by interleukin 1. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 587-591.
23. Bick, R. L., and Kunkel, L. 1992. Hypercoagulability and thrombosis. Lab. Med. 23:233-238.
24. Bjornsson, J., and Edwards, W. D. 1985. Primary pulmonary hypertension: a histologic study of 80 cases. Mayo Clin. Proc. 60:16-25.
25. Bloom, A. L. 1990. Physiology of blood coagulation. Haemostasis 20(suppl. 1):14-29.
26. Bonner, H. 1988. The blood and lymphoid organs. In Pathology, eds. E. Rubin and J. L. Farber, pp. 1014-1117. Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott.
27. Bruner, L. H., Hilliker, K. S., and Roth, R. A. 1983. Pulmonary hypertension and ECG changes from monocrotaline pyrrole in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 245 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 14):H300-H306.
28. Bruner, L. H., Carpenter, L. J., Hamlow, P., and Roth, R. A. 1986. Effect of a mixed function oxidase inducer and inhibitor on monocrotaline pyrrole pneumotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 85: 416-427.
29. Bull, L. B., Culvenor, C. C. J., and Dick, A. T. 1968. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Their chemistry-pathogenicity and other properties, eds. A. Neuberger and E. L. Tatum, pp. 1-32, 40-68, 167, 215-219, 234-262. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
30. Bummer, P. M., Baughn, J. A., Sanders, L. P., Absher, K. R., O'Connor, W. N., Olson, J. W., and Gillespie, M. N. 1994. Surfactant disposition in rats with monocrotaline-induced pneumotoxicity. Toxicology 90:53-62.
31. Burch, G. H., Jensen, L. R., Pappas, J., Hammond, E. H., Banner, W., Jr., and Shaddy, R. E. 1996. Growth factor expression and effects of amrinone in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Biochem. Mol. Med. 58:204-210.
32. Busch, C., and Owen, W. G. 1982. Identification in vitro of an endothelial cell surface cofactor for antithrombin III. Parallel studies with isolated perfused rat hearts and microcarrier cultures of bovine endothelium Clin. Invest. 69:726-729.
33. Butler, W. H. 1970. An ultrastructural study of the pulmonary lesion induced by pyrrole derivatives of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids Pathol. 102:15-19.
34. Butler, W. H., Mattocks, A. R. and Barnes, M. 1970. Lesions in the liver and lungs of rats given pyrrole derivatives of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J. Pathol. 100:169-175.
35. Carpenter, G., and Cohen, S. 1979. Epidermal growth factor. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 48:193-216.
36. Cassis, L. A., Rippetoe, P. E., Soltis, E. E., Painter, D. J., Fitz, R., and Gillespie, M. N. 1992. Angiotensin II and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: Effect of losartan (DuP 753), a nonpeptide angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262:1168-1172.
37. Cassis, L., Shenoy, U., Lipke, D., Baughn, J., Fettinger, M., and Gillespie, M. 1997. Lung angiotensin receptor binding characteristics during the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol. 54:27-31.
38. Cerveny, T. J., Fass, D. M., and Mann, K. G. 1984. Synthesis of coagulation factor V by cultured aortic endothelium. Blood 63:1467-1474.
39. Chao, J., Simson, J. A., Chung, P., Chen, L. M., and Chao, L. 1993. Regulation of kininogen gene expression and localization in the lung after monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 203:243-250.
40. Cheeke, P. R. 1989. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity and metabolism in laboratory animals and livestock. In Toxicants of plant origin, Vol. I, Alkaloids, ed. P. R. Cheeke, pp. 2-22. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
41. Cheeke, P. R., and Pierson-Goeger, M. L. 1983. Toxicity of Senecio jacobaea and pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various laboratory animals and avian species. Toxicol. Lett. 18:343-349.
42. Chen, E. P., Bittner, H. B., Davis, R. D., and Van Trigt, P. 1997. Right ventricular failure-Insights provided by a new model of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Transplantation 63:209-216.
43. Chesney, C. F., and Allen, J. R. 1973a. Resistance of the guinea pig to pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26:385-392.
44. Chesney, C. F., and Allen, J. R. 1973b. Endocardial fibrosis associated with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in nonhuman primates (Macaca arctoides). Am. J. Vet. Res. 34:1577-1581.
45. Chesney, C. F., Allen, J. R., and Hsu, I. C. 1974a. Right ventricular hypertrophy in monocrotaline pyrrole treated rats. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 20:257-268.
46. Chesney, C. F., Hsu, I. C., and Allen, J. R. 1974b. Modifications of the in vitro metabolism of the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Res. Common. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 8:567-570.
47. Coflesky, J. T., Adler, K. B., Woodcook-Mitchell, J., Mitchell, J., and Evans, J. N. 1988. Proliferative changes in the pulmonary arterial wall during short-term hyperoxic injury to the lung. Am. J. Pathol. 132:563-573.
48. Collen, D. 1980. On the regulation and control of fibrinolysis. Thromb. Hemostasis. 43:77-89.
49. Colman, R. W., Hirsh, J., Marder, V. J., and Salzman, E. W. eds. 1987. Hemostasis and thrombosis, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
50. Colucci, M., Paramo, J. A., and Collen, D. 1985. Generation in plasma of a fast-acting inhibitor of plasminogen activator in response to endotoxin stimulation J. Clin. Invest. 75:818-824.
51. Conney, A. H. 1967. Pharmacological implications of microsomal enzyme induction. Pharmacol. Rev. 19:317-354.
52. Connors, A. F., McCaffree, D. R., and Rogers, R. M. 1981. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Dis. Monogr. 27:1-75.
53. Cooper, D. R., Lewis, G. P., Lieberman, G. E., Webb, H., and Westwick, J. 1979. ADP metabolism in vascular tissue, a possible thromboregulatory mechanism. Thromb. Res. 14:901-914.
54. Crutchley, D.J. 1987. Hemostatic potential of the pulmonary endothelium. In Lung biology in health and disease. Pulmonary endothelium in health and disease, vol. 32, ed. U. S. Ryan, pp. 237-273. New York: Marcel Dekker.
55. Crutchley, D. J., Eling, T. E., and Anderson, M. W. 1978. ADPase activity of isolated perfused rat lung. LifeSci. 22:1413-1420.
56. Crutchley, P. J., Ryan, J. W., Ryan, U. S., and Fisher, C. H. 1983. Bradykinin-induced release of prostacyclin and thromboxanes from bovine pulmonary endothelial cells. Studies with lower homologs and calcium antagonists. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 751:99-107.
57. Crutchley, D. J., Ryan, U. S., and Ryan, J. W. 1985. Glucocorticoid modulation of prostacyclin production in cultured bovine pulmonary endothelial cells Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 233:650-655.
58. Culvenor, C. C. J., and Dal Bon, R. 1964. Carbonyl stretching frequencies of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. AustJ. Chem. 17:1296-1300.
59. Curriden, S. A., Podor, T. J., and Loskutoff, D. J. 1988. The fibrinolytic system of cultured endothelial cells. In Endothelial cell biology in health and disease, eds. N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu, pp. 229-252. New York: Plenum Press.
60. Currie, M. G., Geller, D. M., and Cole, B. R. 1983. Bioactive cardiac substances: Potent vasorelaxant activity in mammalian atria. Science 221:71-73.
61. Davies, P., Jones, R. C., Schloo, B. L., and Reid, L. M. 1987. Endothelium of the pulmonary vasculature in health and disease. In Lung biology in health and disease. Pulmonary endothelium in health and disease, vol. 32, ed. U. S. Ryan, pp. 375-445. New York: Marcel Dekker.
62. DeBold, A. J., Borenstein, H. B., Veress, A. T., and Sonnenberg, H. 1981. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. 28:89-94.
63. Dichek, D., and Quertermous, T. 1989. Thrombin regulation of mRNA levels of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Blood 74:222-228.
64. Dickinson, J. O. 1980. Release of pyrrolizidine alkaloids into milk. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 23:377-379.
65. Dzau, V. J., Gibbons, G. H., and Pratt, E. R. 1991. Molecular mechanisms of vascular renin-angiotensin system in myointimal hyperplasia. Hypertension 18(suppl 1):100-105.
66. Edelberg, J. M., Sane, D. C., and Pizzo, S. V. 1994. Vascular regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis 20:319-323.
67. Eisenberg, P. R., Lucore, C., Kaufman, L., Sobel, B. E., Jaffe, A. S., and Rich, S. 1990. Fibrinopeptide A levels indicative of pulmonary vascular thrombosis in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 82:841-847.
68. Emmel, M. W., Sanders, D. A., and Healey, W. W. 1935. Crotalaria spectabilis Roth seed poisoning in swine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 86:43-54.
69. Erickson, L. A., Schleef, R. R., Ny, T., and Loskutoff, D. J. 1985. The fibrinolytic system of the vascular wall. In Clinics in haematology, vol. 14(2), ed. Z. M. Ruggeri, pp. 513-529. Philadelphia: Saunders.
70. Esmon, C. T. 1987. The regulation of natural anticoagulant pathways. Science 235:1348-1352
71. Esmon, C. T. 1988. Assembly and function of the protein C anticoagulant pathway on endothelium. In Endothelial cell biology in health and disease, eds. N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu, pp. 191-206. New York: Plenum Press.
72. Esmon, C. T., Esmon, N. L., and Harris, K. W. 1982a. Complex formation between thrombin and thrombomodulin inhibits both thrombin-catalyzed fibrin formation and factor V activation. J. Biol. Chem. 257:7944-7947.
73. Esmon, N. L., Owen, W. G., and Esmon, C. T. 1982b. Isolation of a membrane-bound cofactor for thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. J. Biol. Chem. 257:859-864.
74. Estep, J. E., Lame, M. W., Jones, D. A., and Segall, H. J. 1990. N-Acetylcysteine-conjugated pyrrole identified in rat urine following administration of two pyrrolizidine alkaloids, monocrotaline and senecionine. Toxicol. Lett. 54:61-69.
75. Estep, J. E., Lame, M. W., Morin, D., Jones, A. D., Wilson, D. W., and Segall, H. J. 1991. 'CJMonocrotaline kinetics and metabolism in the rat. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19:135-139.
76. Falk, D. K. 1984. Pulmonary disease in idiopathic urticarial vasculitis. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11:346-352.
77. Fasules, J. W., Stenmark, K. R., Hensen, P. M., Voelkel, N. F., and Reeves, J. T. 1987. Neither anticoagulant nor nonanticoagulant heparin affects monocrotaline lung injury. J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 816-820.
78. Fernandez-Segoviano, P., Estaban, A., and Martinez-Cubruja, R. 1983. Pulmonary vascular lesions in the toxic oil syndrome in Spain. Thorax 38:724-729.
79. Findlay, S. R., Lichtenstein, L. M., Hanahan, D. J., and Pickard, R. N. 1981. Contraction of guinea pig ileal smooth muscle by actetly glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine. Am. J. Physiol. 241:C130-033.
80. Fishman, A. P. 1997. Appetite-suppressant drugs and primary pulmonary hypertension [letter], N. Engl. J. Med. 336:511.
81. Fullerton, D. A., Hahn, A. R., and McIntyre, R. C., Jr. 1996. Mechanistic imbalance of pulmonary vasomotor control in progressive lung injury. Surgery 119:98-103.
82. Fuster, V., Steele, P. M., Edwards, W. D., Gersh, B. J., McGoon, M. D., and Frye, R. L. 1984. Primary pulmonary hypertension: natural history and the importance of thrombosis. Circulation70:580-587.
83. Ganey, P. E., and Roth, R. A. 1986. Thromboxane does not mediate pulmonary vascular response to monocrotaline pyrrole. Am. J. Physiol. 252 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 21):H743-H748.
84. 2 in isolated, buffer-perfused lungs from monocrotaline pyrrole-treated rats. Exp. Lung Res. 12:195-206.
85. Ganey, P. E., and Roth, R. A. 1987b. 5-hydroxytryptamine and thromboxane in platelets from rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88:157-164.
86. 2 in isolated, blood-perfused lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 23:127-137.
87. Ganey, P. E., Fink, G. D., and Roth, R. A. 1985. The effect of dietary restriction and altered sodium intake on the cardiopulmonary toxicity of monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 78:55-62.
88. Ganey, P. E., Sprugel, K. H., Hadley, K. B., and Roth, R. A. 1986. Monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity is not altered by metergoline or ketanserin. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 237:226-231.
89. Ganey, P. E., Sprugel, K. H., White, S. M., Wagner, J. G., and Roth, R. A. 1988. Pulmonary hypertension due to monocrotaline pyrrole is reduced by moderate thrombocytopenia. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 24):H1165-H1172.
90. Gardiner, M. R., Royce, R., and Bokor, A. 1965. Studies on Crotalaria crispata, a newly recognized cause of Kimberley horse disease. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 89:43-55.
91. Ge, M., Ryan, T. J., and Malik, A. B. 1991. Pulmonary endothelium and coagulation. In The lung, vol. 1, eds. R. G. Crystal and. B. West, pp. 329-336, New York: Raven Press.
92. Geggel, R. L., Hu, L. M., and Reid, L. M. 1986. Effect of heparin during chronic hypoxia: a hemodynamic study including acute hypoxia (abstr.). Fed. Proc. 45:943.
93. Geggel, R. L., Carvalho, A. C. A., Hover, L. W., and Reid, L. M. 1987. Von Willebrand factor abnormalities in primary pulmonary hypertension. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:294-299.
94. Gerard, R. D., and Meidell, R. S. 1989. Regulation of tissue plasminogen activator expression. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 51:245-262.
95. Gertler, J. P., and Abbott, W. M. 1992. Prothrombotic and fibrinolytic function of normal and perturbed endothelium. J. Surg. Res. 52:89-95.
96. Ghodsi, F., and Will, J. A. 1981. Changes in pulmonary structure and function induced by monocrotaline intoxication. Am. J. Physiol. 240 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 9):H149-H155.
97. Gibbons, W. J., Durr, H. E., and Cox, S. A. 1953. An outbreak of cirrhosis of the liver in horses. North Am. Vet. 34:556-558.
98. Giddings, J C. 1986. Von Willebrand factor-Physiology. In Vascular endothelium in hemostasis and thrombosis, ed. M. A. Gimbrone, pp. 142-168. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
99. Gillespie, M. N., Frederick, W. B., Altiere, R. J., Olson, J. W., and Kimmel, E. C. 1985. Pulmonary mechanical, ventilatory, and gas exchange abnormalities in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Exp. Lung Res. 8:189-197.
100. Gillespie, M. N., Olson, J. W., Reinsel, C. N., O'Connor, W. N., and Altiere, R. J. 1986. Vascular hyperresponiveness in perfused lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats. Am. J. Physiol. 251 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 20):H109-H114.
101. Gillespie, M. N., Rippetoe, P. E., Haven, C. A., Shiao, R. T., Orlinska, U., Maley, B. E., and Olson, J. W. 1989. Polyamines and epidermal growth factor in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1462-1466.
102. Gillis, C. N., Huxtable, R. J., and Roth, R. A. 1978. Effects of monocrotaline pretreatment of rats on removal of S-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline by perfused lung. Br. j. Pharmacol. 63:435-443.
103. Gimbrone, M. A., and Bevilacqua, M. P. 1988. Vascular endothelium functional modulation at the blood interface. In Endothelial cell biology in health and disease, eds. N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu, pp. 255-273. New York: Plenum Press.
104. Glowaz, S. L., Michnika, M., and Huxtable, R. J. 1992. Detection of a reactive pyrrole in the hepatic metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 115:168-173.
105. Goldenthal, E. I., D'Aguanno, W., and Lynch, J. F. 1964. Hormonal modification of the sex differences following monocrotaline administration. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 6:434-441.
106. Gorman, R. R., Bunting, S., and Miller, O. V. 1977. Modulation of human platelet adenylate cyclase by prostaglandin (PCX). Prostaglandins 13:377-388.
107. Gospodarowicz, D., Hirabayashi, L., Giguere, L., and Tauber, J. P. 1981. Factors controlling the proliferative rate, final cell density, and life span of bovine vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. J. Cell. Biol. 89:568-578.
108. Gross, N. 1977. Pulmonary effects of radiation therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 86:81-92.
109. Gross, S. S., and Wolin, M. S. 1995. Nitric oxide: Pathophysiologic mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57:737-769.
110. Habenicht, A.J. R., Salbach, P., Blattner, C., and Janssen-Timmen, U. 1990. Platelet-derived growth factor: Formation and biological activities. In Growth factors, differentiation factors, and cytokines, ed. A. Habenicht, pp. 31-41. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
111. Hacker, A., Madden, J., and Choy, J. 1995. Inhibition of nitric oxide production protects against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension (abstr.). Am. I. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: A730.
112. Hales, C. A., Kradin, R. L., Brandstetter, R. D., and Zhu, Y. 1983. Impairment of hypoxic pulmonary artery remodeling by heparin in mice. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128:747-751.
113. 2* associated with von Willebrand factor release in human endothelial cells exposed to histamine: study of microcarrier cell monolayers using the fluorescent probe indo-1. j. Clin. Invest. 79:600-608.
114. Hampl, V., Tristani-Firouzi, M., Hutsell, T. C., and Archer, S. L. 1996. Nebulized nitric oxide/nucle-ophile adduct reduces chronic pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc. Res. 31:55-62.
115. Harpel, P. C. 1987. Blood proteolytic enzyme inhibitors: their role in modulating blood coagulation and fibrinolytic enzyme pathways. In Hemostasis and thrombosis, eds. R. W. Colman, V. J. Marder, E. W. Salzman, and J. Hirsh, pp. 219-234. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
116. Harris, P. N., Anderson, R. C., and Chen, K. K. 1942. The action of monocrotaline and retronecine. I. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 75:78-82.
117. Hartmann, T., and Witte, L. 1995. Chemistry, biology and chemoecology of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In Alkaloids: Chemical and biological perspectives, vol. 9, ed. S. W. Pelletier, pp. 156-233. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
118. Hassoun, P., Kradin, R., Thompson, T., and Hales, C. 1986. Effect of heparin on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling (abstr.). Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:A228.
119. Hayashi, Y. 1966. Excretion and alteration of monocrotaline in rats after a subcutaneous injection. Fed. Proc. 25:688.
120. Hayashi, Y., and Lalich, J. J. 1967. Renal and pulmonary alterations induced in rats by a single injection of monocrotaline. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 124:392-396.
121. Hayashi, Y., Kato, M., and Otsuka, H. 1979. Inhibitory effects of diet-reduction on monocrotaline intoxication in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 3:151-155.
122. Hayashi, Y., Kokubo, T., Takahashi, M., Furukawa, F., Otsuka, H., and Hashimoto, K. 1984. Correlative morphological and biochemical studies on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary alterations in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 21:65-71.
123. Heath, D. 1969. Pulmonary hypertension due to Crotalaria spectabilis. In The pulmonary circulation and interstitial space, eds. A. P. Fishman and H. H. Hecht, pp. 305-319. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
124. Heath, D. 1992. The rat is a poor animal model for the study of human pulmonary hypertension. Cardioscience 3:1-6.
125. Heath, D., and Smith, P. 1978. The electron microscopy of "fibrinoid necrosis" in pulmonary arteries. Thorax 33:579-595.
126. Heffner, J. E., Shoemaker, S. A., Canham, E. M., Patel, M., McMurtry, I., Morris, H. G., and Repine, J. E. 1983. Platelet-induced pulmonary hypertension and edema. Chest 5(suppl.):78-79.
127. Heffner, J. E., Sahn, S. A., and Repine, J. E. 1987. The role of platelets in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135:482-492.
128. Henderson R. F., Damon, E. G., and Henderson, T. R. 1978a. Early damage indicators in the lung. I. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in the airways. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 44:291-297.
129. Henderson, R. F., Muggenburg, B. A., Mauderly, J. L., and Tuttle, W. A. 1978b. Early damage indicators in the lung. II. Time sequence of protein accumulation and lipid loss in the airways of beagle dogs with beta irradiation of the lung. Radiat. Res. 76:145-158.
130. Henderson, R. F., Bensen, J. M., Hahn, F. F., Hobbs, C. H., Jones, R. K., Mauderly, J. L., McClellan, R. O., and Pickrell, J. A. 1985. New approaches for the evaluation of pulmonary toxicity: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 5:451-458.
131. Herget, J., Palacek, F., Preclik, P., Cermakova, M., Vizek, M., and Petrovicka, M. 1981. Pulmonary hypertension induced by repeated inflammation in the rat. A Appl. Physiol. 51:755-761.
132. Hill, N. S., O'Brien, R. F., and Rounds, S. 1984. Repeated lung injury due to alpha-naphthylurea causes right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. A Appl. Physiol. 56:388-396.
133. Hilliker, K. S., and Roth, R. A. 1984. Alteration of monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cardiopulmonary effects in rats by hydralazine, dexamethasone or sulfinpyrazone. Br. J. Pharmacol. 82:375-380.
134. Hilliker, K. S., and Roth, R. A. 1985. Increased vascular responsiveness in lungs of rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline pyrrole. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:46-50.
135. Hilliker, K. S., Bell, T. G., and Roth, R. A. 1982. Pneumotoxicity and thrombocytopenia after a single injection of monocrotaline. Am. A Physiol. 242 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 11):H573-H579.
136. Hilliker, K. S., Garcia, C. M., and Roth, R. A. 1983a. Effects of monocrotaline pyrrole on 5-hydroxy-tryptamine and paraquat uptake by lung slices. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 40: 179-197.
137. Hilliker, K. S., Bell, T. G., and Roth, R. A. 1983b. Monocrotaline pyrrole-induced pulmonary hypertension in fawn-hooded rats with platelet storage pool deficiency: 5-Hydroxytryptamine uptake by isolated, perfused lungs. Thromb. Hemostasis 50:844-847.
138. Hilliker, K. S., Deyo, J. A., Bell, T. G., and Roth, R. A. 1983c. Aggregation of platelets from monocrotaline pyrrole-treated rats. Thromb. Res. 32:325-333.
139. Hilliker, K. S., Imlay, M., and Roth, R. A. 1984a. Effect of monocrotaline treatment on norepinephrine removal by isolated, perfused rat lungs. Biochem. Pharmacol. 33:2690-2692.
140. Hilliker, K. S., Bell, T. G., Lorimer, D., and Roth, R. A. 1984b. Effects of thrombocytopenia on monocrotaline pyrrole induced pulmonary hypertension. Am. j. Physiol. 246 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 15):H747-H753.
141. Hislop, A., and Reid, L. 1974. Arterial changes in Crotalaria spectabilis-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Br. A Exp. Pathol. 55:153-163.
142. Hoorn, C. M., and Roth, R. A. 1992. Monocrotaline pyrrole alters DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am. A Physiol. 262 Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 6 L740-L747.
143. Hoorn, C. M., and Roth, R. A. 1993. Monocrotaline pyrrole-induced changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme activity of cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Br. A Pharmacol 110:597-602.
144. Hosoda, Y. 1994. Pathology of pulmonary hypertension: a human and experimental study. Pathol. Int. 44:241-267.
145. Hsu, I. C., Chesney, C. F., and Allen, J. R. 1973. Chronic effects of monocrotaline pyrrole on hepatic mitosis and DNA synthesis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142:1133-1136.
146. Huang, E. M., and Detwiler, T. C. 1986. Stimulus-response coupling mechanisms. In Biochemistry of platelets, eds. D. R. Phillips and M. A. Shuman, pp. 1-68. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
147. Hughes, J., Gillis, C. N., and Bloom, F. E. 1969. The uptake and disposition of d,/-norepinephrine in perfused rat lung. A Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 169:237-248.
148. Hurley, J. V., and Jago, M. V. 1975. Pulmonary oedema in rats given dehydromonocrotaline: A topographic and electron microscopic study. J. Pathol. 117:23-32.
149. Huxtable, R. J. 1979. New aspects of the toxicology and pharmacology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Cert. Pharmacol. 10:159-167.
150. Huxtable, R. J. 1989. Human health implications of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and herbs containing them. In Toxicants of plant origin, vol. I, Alkaloids, ed. P. R. Cheeke, pp. 41-86. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
151. Huxtable, R. J. 1990. Activation and pulmonary toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (T. E. Cram, special ed.). Pharmacol. Ther. 47:371-389.
152. Huxtable, R., Paplanus, M. D., and Laugharn, B. S. 1977. The prevention of monocrotaline-induced right ventricular hypertrophy. Chest 71 (2)(suppl.):308-310.
153. Huxtable, R. J., Ciaramitaro, D., and Eisenstein, D. 1978. The effects of a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, and a pyrrole, dehydroretronecine, on the biochemical functions of the pulmonary endothelium. Mol. Pharmacol. 14:1189-1203.
154. Ichikawa, K. I., Hidai, C., Okuda, C., Kimata, S. I., Matsuoka, R., Hosoda, S., Quertermous, T., and Kawana, M. 1996. Endogenous endothelin-1 mediates cardiac hypertrophy and switching of myosin heavy chain gene expression in rat ventricular myocardium./. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 27:1286-1291.
155. Inglesby, T. V., Singer, J. W., and Cordon, D. S. 1973. Abnormal fibrinolysis in familial pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Med. 55:5-14.
156. Inoue, M., Watanabe, K., Mori, C., and Tanaka, O. 1994. The effect of bunazosin on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Acta Paediatr. Ipn. 36:133-138.
157. International Agency for Research in Cancer. 1976. Monocrotaline. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinogen. Risk Chem. Man 10:265-342.
158. Ishikawa, K., Hashimoto, H., Mitani, S., Toki, Y., Okumura, K., and Ito, T. 1995. Enalapril improves heart failure induced by monocrotaline without reducing pulmonary hypertension in rats: Roles of preserved myocardial creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. Int. J. Cardiol. 6:225-233.
159. Ito, K., Nakashima, T., Murakami, K., and Murakami, T. 1988. Altered function of pulmonary endothelium following monocrotaline-induced lung vascular injury in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 94:1175-1183.
160. Iwasawa, Y., Gillis, C. N., and Aghajanian, G. 1973. Hypothermic inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine uptake by lung: Cellular location of amines after uptake. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 186:498-507.
161. Jackson, C. M., and Nemerson, Y. 1980. Blood coagulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 49:765-811.
162. Jaffe, E. A. 1983. Vascular function in hemostasis. In Hematology, 3rd ed., eds. W. J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erslev, and M. A. Lichtman, pp. 1277-1287. New York: McGraw-Hill.
163. Jaffe, E. A. 1987. Cell biology of endothelial cells. Hum. Pathol. 18:234-239.
164. Jones, P. L., and Rabinovitch, M. 1996. Tenascin-C is induced with progressive pulmonary vascular disease in rats and is functionally related to increased smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ. Res. 79:1131-1142.
165. Kameji, R., Otsuka, H., and Hayashi, Y. 1980. Increase of collagen synthesis in pulmonary arteries of monocrotaline-treated rats. Experientia 36:441-442.
166. Kanai, Y., Hori, S., Tanaka, T., Yasuoka, M., Watanabe, K., Aikawa, N., and Hosoda, Y. 1993. Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the progression of monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 27:1619-1623.
167. Kasahara, Y., Tatsumi, K., Nakano, H., Sugito, K., Igari, H., Saito, T., and Kuriyama, T. 1995. The induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat lungs with pulmonary hypertension (abstr.). Am. I. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A728.
168. Kasselberg, A. G., Orth, D. N., Gray, M. E., and Stahman, M. T. 1985. Immunocytochemical localization of human epidermal growth factor/urogastrone in several human tissues. Histochem. Cytochem. 33:315-322.
169. Kasturi, T. E., Manchanda, S. C., Tandon, R. K., Rajani, M., and Bhatia, M. L. 1979. Haemodynamic studies in venoocclusive disease of the liver. Br. Heart/. 41:594-599.
170. Katayama, Y., Hatanaka, K., Hayashi, T., Onoda, K., Yada, I., Namikawa, S., Yuasa, H., Kusagawa, M., Maruyama, K., and Kitabatake, M. 1994. Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in rats with chemically induced pulmonary hypertension. Respir. Physiol. 97:301-307.
171. Kay, J. M., and Heath, D. 1966. Observations on the pulmonary arteries and heart weight of rats fed on Crotalaria spectabilis seeds. A Pathol. Bacteriol. 92:385-394.
172. Kay, J. M., and Heath, D. 1969. Crotalaria spectabilis-The pulmonary hypertension plant, pp. 5-11, 62-95, 99-110. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
173. Kay, J. M., Smith, P., and Heath, D. 1969. Electron microscopy of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 24:511-526.
174. Kay, J. M., Suyama, K. L., and Keane, P. M. 1982a. Failure to show decrease in small pulmonary blood vessels in rats with experimental pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 37:927-930.
175. Kay, J. M., Keane, P. M., Suyama, K. L., and Gauthier, D. 1982b. Angiotensin converting enzyme activity and evolution of pulmonary vascular disease in rats with monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 37:88-96.
176. Keane, P. M., and Kay, J. M. 1984. Lung angiotensin converting enzyme activity in monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension (letter). Thorax 39:159.
177. Keane, P. M., Kay, J. M., Suyama, K. L., Gauthier, D., and Andrew, K. 1982. Lung angiotensin converting enzyme activity in rats with pulmonary hypertension. Thorax 37:198-204.
178. Keski-Oja, J., Leof, E. B., Lyons, R. M., Coffey, R. J., and Moses, H. L. 1987. Transforming growth factors and control of neoplastic cell growth. A Cell. Biochem. 33:95-107.
179. King, A., Smith, P., and Heath, D. 1994. Ultrastructural differences between pulmonary arteriolar muscularization induced by hypoxia and monocrotaline. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 61:24-35.
180. Kingdon, H. S., Cohen, L. S., Roberts, W. C., and Braunwald, E. 1966. Familial occurrence of primary pulmonary hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. 118:422-426.
181. Kreutz, R., Fernandez-Alfonso, M. S., Ganten, D., and Paul, M. 1996. Effect of losartan on right ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac angiotensin l-converting enzyme activity in pulmonary hypertensive rats. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 18:101-111.
182. Krishnamurti, C., and Alving, B. M. 1992. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1: Biochemistry and evidence for modulation of fibrinolysis in vivo. Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis 18:67-80.
183. Kuo, P. C., and Schroeder, R. A. 1994. The emerging multifaceted roles of nitric oxide. Ann. Surg 221:230-235.
184. Lafranconi, W. M., and Huxtable, R. J. 1983. Changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in lungs damaged by the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Thorax 38:307-309.
185. Lafranconi, W. M., Duhamel, R. C., Brendel, K., and Huxtable, R. J. 1984. Differentiation of the cardiac and pulmonary toxicity of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Biochem. Pharmacol. 33:191-197.
186. Lafranconi, W. M., Ohkuma, S., and Huxtable, R. J. 1985. Biliary excretion of novel pneumotoxic metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Toxicon 23:983-992.
187. Lai, Y. L., and Zhou, K. R. 1997. Eglin-c prevents monocrotaline-induced ventilatory dysfunction. A Appl. Physiol. 82:324-328.
188. Lai, Y. L., Olson, J. W., and Gillespie, M. N. 1991. Ventilatory dysfunction precedes pulmonary vascular changes in monocrotaline-treated rats. j. Appl. Physiol. 70:561-566.
189. Lai, Y. L., Thacker, A. A., and Diana, J. N. 1996. Hypoxemia and elevated tachykinins in rat monocrotaline pneumotoxicity. Lung 174:195-203.
190. Lalich, J. J., and Ehrhart, L. A. 1962. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arteritis in rats. A Atheroscler. Res. 2:482-492.
191. Lalich, J., Johnson, W. D., Raczniak, T. F., and Shumaker, R. C. 1977. Fibrin thrombosis in monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cor pulmonale in rats. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 101:69-73.
192. Lalich, J. J., and Merkow, L. 1961. Pulmonary arteritis produced in rats by feeding Crotalaria spectabilis. Lab. Invest. 10:744-750.
193. Lame, M. W., Morin, D., Jones, A. D., Segall, H. J., and Wilson, D. W. 1990. Isolation and identification of a pyrrolic glutathione conjugate metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Toxicol. Lett. 51:321-329.
194. 4C]monocrotaline by isolated perfused rat liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19:516-524.
195. Lame, M. W., Jones, A. D., Morin, D., Wilson D. W., and Segall, H. J. 1997. Association of dehy-dromonocrotaline with rat red blood cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10:694-701.
196. Langleben, D., and Reid, L. 1985. Effect of methylprednisolone on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascular disease and right ventricular hypertrophy. Lab. Invest. 52:298-303.
197. Langleben, D., Carvalho, A. C. A., and Reid, L. M. 1986. The platelet thromboxane inhibitor, dazmegrel, does not reduce monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:789-791.
198. Langleben, D., Szarek, J. L., Coflesky, J. T., Jones, R. C., Reid, L. M., and Evans, J. N. 1988. Altered artery mechanics and structure in monocrotaline pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol. 65:2326-2331.
199. Lappin, P. B., and Roth, R. A. 1997. Hypertrophy and prolonged DNA synthesis in smooth muscle cells characterize pulmonary arterial wall thickening after monocrotaline pyrrole administration to rats. Toxicol. Pathol. 25:372-380.
200. Lappin, P. B., Ross, K. L., King, L. E., Fraker, P. J., and Roth, R. A. 1998. The response of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells to monocrotaline pyrrole: cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150:37-48.
201. Levin, E. G., and Santell, L. 1987. Conversion of the active to latent plasminogen activator inhibitor from human endothelial cells. Blood 70:1090-1098.
202. Levine, J. D., Harlan, J. M., Harker, L. A., Joseph, M. L., and Counts, R. B. 1982. Thrombin-mediated release of factor VIII antigen from human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. Blood60:531-534.
203. Lichey, J., Friedrich, T., Franke, J., Nigam, S., Priesnitz, M., and Oeff, K. 1984. Pressure effects and uptake of platelet-activating factor in isolated rat lung. I. Appl. Physiol. 57:1039-1044.
204. Lipke, D. W., Arcot, S. S., Gillespie, M. N., and Olson, J. W. 1993. Temporal alterations in specific basement membrane components in lungs from monocrotaline-treated rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 9:418-428.
205. Lipke, D. L., Aziz, S. M., Fagerland, J. A., Majesky, M., and Arcot, S. S. 1996. Tenascin synthesis, deposition, and isoforms in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rat lungs. Am. J. Physiol. 271(2 part 1):L208-L215.
206. Loskutoff, D. J. 1988. Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and its potential influence on thrombolytic therapy. Semin. Thromb. Hemostasis 14:100-109.
207. Madden, J. A., Keller, P. A., Effros, R. M., Seavitte, C., Choy, J. S., and Hacker, A. D. 1994. Responses to pressure and vasoactive agents by isolated pulmonary arteries from monocrotaline-treated rats. I. Appl. Physiol. 76:1589-1593.
208. Madden, J. A., Keller, P. A., Choy, J. S., Alvarez, T. A., and Hacker, A. D. 1995. l-Arginine-related responses to pressure and vasoactive agents in monocrotaline-treated rat pulmonary arteries, j. Appl. Physiol. 79:589-593.
209. Mansoor, A. M., Honda, M., Saida, K., Ishinaga, Y., Kuramochi, T., Maeda, A., Takabatake, T., and Mitsui, Y. 1995. Endothelin induced collagen remodeling in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215:981-986.
210. Marcum, J. A., and Rosenberg, R. D. 1988. The biochemistry and physiology of anticoagulantly active heparin-like molecules. In Endothelial cell biology in health and disease, eds. N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu, pp. 207-228. New York: Plenum Press.
211. Marshall, B. E., and Marshall, C. 1991. Pulmonary hypertension. In The lung, eds. R. G. Crystal and J. B. West, pp. 1177-1187. New York: Raven Press.
212. Maruyama, I., Salem, H. H., and Majerus, P. W. 1984. Coagulation factor Va binds to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and accelerates protein C activation. J. Clin. Invest. 74:224-230.
213. Maruyama, K., Kitabatake, M., Maruyama, J., Yamauchi, T., Muneyuki, M., and Miyasaka, K. 1995. The effect of continuous inhalation of nitric oxide on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular changes (abstr.). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151: A730.
214. Maruyama, J., Maruyama, K., Mitani, Y., Kitabatake, M., Yamauchi, T., and Miyasaka, K. 1997. Continuous low-dose NO inhalation does not prevent monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 272(1 part 2):H517-H524.
215. Masugi, Y., Oami, H., Aihara, K., Hashimoto, K., and Hakozaki, T. 1965. Renal and pulmonary vascular changes induced by Crotalaria spectabilis in rats. Acta Pathol. Ipn. 15:407-415.
216. Mathew, R., Cuzowski, D. E., and Gloster, E. S. 1990. Effect of verapamil on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension and endothelial cell dysfunction in rats. Exp. Lung Res. 16:627-644.
217. Mathew, R., Zeballos, G. A., Tun, H., and Gewitz, M. H. 1995. Role of nitric oxide and endothelin-1 in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats. Cardiovasc. Res. 30:739-746.
218. Mathew, R., Gloster, E. S., Sundararajan, T., Thompson, C. I., Zeballos, G. A., and Gewitz, M. H. 1997. Role of inhibition of nitric oxide production in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol. 82:1493-1498.
219. Mattocks, A. R. 1972. Acute hepatotoxicity and pyrrolic metabolites in rats dosed with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Chem. Biol. Interact. 5:227-242.
220. Mattocks, A. R. 1986. Metabolism, distribution and excretion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In Chemistry and toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, pp. 158-190. London: Academic Press.
221. Mattocks, A. R., and Jukes, R. 1990. Trapping and measurement of short-lived alkylating agents in a recirculating flow system. Chem. Biol. Interact. 76:19-30.
222. Mattocks, A. R., and White, I. N. H. 1970. Estimation of metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in animal tissues. Anal. Biochem. 38:529-535.
223. Mattocks, A. R., and White, I. N. H. 1971. The conversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to N-oxides and to dihydropyrrolizine derivatives by rat liver microsomes in vitro. Chem. Biol. Interact. 3:383-396.
224. Mattocks, A. R., Legg, R. F., and Jukes, R. 1990. Trapping of short-lived electrophile metabolites of pyrrolizidine alkaloids escaping from perfused rat liver. Toxicol. Lett. 54:93-99.
225. McFarlane, A. L., and Branday, W. J. 1945. Hepatic enlargement with ascites in children. Br. Med. J. 1:838-840.
226. McLean, E. K. 1970. Toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids. Pharmacol. Rev. 22:429-483.
227. McLeod, A. A., and Jewitt, D. E. 1986. Drug treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Drugs 31:177-184.
228. McNabb, L. J., and Baldwin, K. M. 1984. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of exercise in Crofa/ar/'a-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 57:1829-1833.
229. Merkow, L., and Kleinerman, J. 1966. An electron microscopic study of pulmonary vasculitis induced by monocrotaline. Lab. Invest. 15:547-564.
230. Meyrick, B., and Brigham, K. L. 1986. Repeated £. coli endotoxin induced pulmonary inflammation causes chronic pulmonary hypertension in sheep: Structural and functional changes. Lab. Invest. 55:164-176.
231. Meyrick, B., and Reid, L. 1979a. Development of pulmonary arterial changes in rats fed Crotalaria spectabilis. Am. j. Pathol. 94:37-50.
232. 3H-thymidine by cells of rat pulmonary arteries and alveolar wall. AmJ Pathol. 96:51-70.
233. 3H-thymidine by cells of the pulmonary circulation and alveolar walls. Am. J. Pathol. 106:84-94.
234. Meyrick, B., Gamble, W., and Reid, L. 1980. Development of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension: Hemodynamic and structural study. Am. I. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 8)H692-H702.
235. Meyrick, B., Niedermeyer, M. E., Ogletree, M. L., and Brigham, K. L. 1985. Pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vasoreactivity caused by repeated indomethacin in sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 59:443-452.
236. Meyrick, B., Perkett, E. A., and Brigham, K. L. 1987. Inflammation and models of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:767-769.
237. Miller, W. C., Rice, D. L., Kreusel, R. G., and Bedrossian, C. W. M. 1978. Monocrotaline model of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 45:962-965.
238. Miller, W. C., Rice, D. L., Unger, K. M., and Bradley, B. L. 1981. Effect of PEEP on lung water content in experimental noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit. Care Med. 9:7-9.
239. Miyata, M., Ueno, Y., Sekine, H., Ito, O., Sakuma, F., Koike, H., Nishio, S., Nishimaki, T., and Kasukawa, R. 1996. Protective effect of beraprost sodium, a stable prostacyclin analogue, in development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 27:20-26.
240. Miyauchi, T., Yorikane, R., Sakai, S., Sakurai, T., Okada, M., Nishikibe, M., Yano, M., Yamaguchi, I., Sugishita, Y., and Goto, K. 1993. Contribution of endogenous endothelin-1 to the progression of cardiopulmonary alterations in rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Circ. Res. 73:887-897.
241. Mojarad, M., Hamasaki, Y., and Said, S. I. 1983. Platelet-activating factor increases pulmonary microvascular permeability and induces pulmonary edema. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 19:253-256.
242. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., Port, C. D., and Solliday, N. H. 1984. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction in rats. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 176:88-94.
243. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., Solliday, N. H., and Dunne, M. 1985. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats: Amelioration by captopril and penicillamine. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 180:112-120.
244. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., and Solliday, N. H. 1986a. Modification of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary injury by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors CGS13945 and CGS16617. Fed. Proc. 45:461.
245. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., and Solliday, N. H. 1986b. Monocrotaline-induced cardiopulmonary damage in rats: Amelioration by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor CL242817. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 182:483-493.
246. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C., and Solliday, N. H. 1987. Monocrotaline-induced cardiopulmonary injury in rats: Modification by thiol and nonthiol ACE inhibitors. Clin. Exp. Theory Pract. A9(2 & 3):381-385.
247. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., and Fitzsimons, E. J. 1988a. Serum copper concentration as an index of cardiopulmonary injury in monocrotaline-treated rats. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 18:476-483.
248. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C., and Solliday, N. H. 1988b. Monocrotaline-induced cardiopulmonary injury in rats: modification by the nonthiol ACE inhibitors CGS13945 and CGS16617. Arch. tnt. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 291:21-39.
249. Molteni, A., Ward, W. F., Ts'ao, C. H., and Hinz, J. M. 1989. Monocrotaline-induced cardiopulmonary injury in rats. Modification by the neutrophil elastase inhibitor SC39026. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38:2411-2419.
250. Morel, D. R., Dargent, F., Bachmann, M., Suter, P. M., and Junrod, A. F. 1985. Pulmonary extraction of serotonin and propranolol in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132:479-484.
251. Morita, K., Ogawa, Y., and Tobise, K. 1996. Effect of endothelium of pulmonary artery vasoreactivity in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats./pn. Circ. I. 60:585-592.
252. Mroczkowski, B., and Ball, R. 1990. Epidermal growth factor: Biology and properties of its gene and protein precursor. In Growth factors, differentiation factors, and cytokines, ed. A. Habenicht pp. 18-30. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
253. Nawroth, P. P., and Stem, D. M. 1986. Endothelial cells as active participants in coagulation reactions. In Vascular endothelium in haemostasis and thrombosis, ed. M. A. Gimbrone, pp. 14-39. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
254. Nawroth, P. P., Handley, D., and Stern, D. M. 1986. The multiple levels of endothelial cell-coagulation factor interactions. Clin. Haematol. 15:293-321.
255. Nemerson, Y. 1988. Tissue factor and hemostasis. Blood 71:1-8.
256. Newberne, P. M., Wilson, R., and Rogers, A. E. 1971. Effects of a low-lipotrope diet on the response of young male rats to the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 18:387-397.
257. Ng, K. K. F., and Vane, J. R. 1967. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Nature 216: 762-766.
258. Nilsson, J., Sjolund, M., Palmberg, L., Thyberg, J., and Heldin, C. H. 1985. Arterial smooth muscle cells in primary culture produce a platelet-derived growth factor-like protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4418-4422.
259. Oehlenschlager, W. F., Kurtz, D. T., Baron, D. A., and Currie, M. G. 1989. Enhanced activity of the cardiac endocrine system during right ventricular hypertrophy. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 62:243-251.
260. Ohie, T., Kikuchi, K., Watanabe, K., and Mori, C. 1993. Cardiac atrial natriuretic peptide in mono-crotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats. Acta Paediatr. jpn. 35:278-282.
261. Oka, Y., and Orth, D. N. 1983. Human plasma epidermal growth factor/B-urogastrone is associated with blood platelets. j. Clin. Invest. 72:249-259.
262. Okada, M., Yamashita, C., Okada, M., and Okada, K. 1995a. A dehydromonocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model in the beagle. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 110:546-547.
263. Okada, M., Yamashita, C., Okada, M., and Okada, K. 1995b. Endothelin receptor antagonists in a beagle model of pulmonary hypertension: Contribution to possible potential therapy? /. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 25:1213-1217.
264. Okumura, K., Kondo, J., Shimizu, K., Yoshino, M., Toki, Y., Hashimoto, H., and Ito, T. 1992. Changes in ventricular 1,2-diacylglycerol content in rats following monocrotaline treatment. Cardiovasc. Res. 26:626-630.
265. Ono, S., and Voelkel, N. F. 1991. PAF antagonists inhibit monocrotaline-induced lung injury and pulmonary hypertension. J. Appl. Physiol. 71:2483-2492.
266. Ono, S., and Voelkel, N. F. 1992. PAF receptor blockade inhibits lung vascular changes in the rat monocrotaline model. Lung 170:31-40.
267. Ono, S., Tanita, T., Ashino, Y., Noda, M., Tabata, S., Hoshikawa, Y., Ueda, S., Nishimura, T., and Fujimura, S. 1994. Lung 3H-thymidine incorporation in monocrotaline (MCT)-treated rats-Role of platelet-activating factor (PAF). Nippon Kyobu Shikkan Cakkai Zasshi 32:441-445.
268. Page, C. P., Archer, C. B., Paul, W., and Morley, J. 1984. Paf-acether. A mediator of inflammation and asthma. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 5:239-241.
269. Palevsky, H. I., and Fishman, A. P. 1985. Vasodilator therapy for primary pulmonary hypertension. Annu. Rev. Med. 36:563-578.
270. Palevsky, H. I., and Weiss, D. W. 1990. Clinical pathologic conference. Pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic thromboembolism. J. Nucl. Med. 31:1-9.
271. Pan, L. E., Lame, M. W., Morin, D., Wilson, D. W., and Segall, H. J. 1991. Red blood cells augment transport of reactive metabolites of monocrotaline from liver to lung in isolated and tandem liver and lung preparations. Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 110:336-346.
272. Pan, L. C., Lame, M. W., Wilson, D. W., and Segall, H. J. 1992. Cor pulmonale is caused by putative monocrotaline metabolite MCTP, but not glutathione or cysteine conjugates. Toxicologist 12:34.
273. Perkett, E. A., Brigham, K. L., and Meyrick, B. 1986. Increased vasoreactivity and chronic pulmonary hypertension following thoracic irradiation in sheep. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:1875-1881.
274. Perkett, E. A., Brigham, K. L., and Meyrick, B. 1988. Continuous air embolization into sheep causes sustained pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary vasoreactivity. Am. 1. Pathol. 132:444-454.
275. Plestina, R., and Stoner, H. B. 1972. Pulmonary oedema in rats given monocrotaline pyrrole. J. Pathol. 106:235-249.
276. Preissner, K. T. 1988. Anticoagulant potential of endothelial cell membrane components. Haemostasis 18:271-306.
277. Rabinovitch, M. 1991. Investigational approaches to pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol. Pathol. 19(4 part 1):458-469.
278. Rabinovitch, M., Gamble, W., Nadas, A. S., Miettinen, O. S., and Reid, R. L. 1976. Rat pulmonary circulation after chronic hypoxia: Hemodynamic and structural features. Exp. Pathol. 12:329-335.
279. Rabinovitch, M., Andrew, M., Thom, H., Trusler, G. A., Williams, W. G., Rowe, R. D., and Olley, P. M. 1987. Abnormal endothelial factor associated with pulmonary hypertension and congenital heart defects. Circulation 766:1043-1052.
280. Raczniak, T. J., Chesney, C. F., and Allen, J. R. 1978. Ultrastructure of the right ventricle after monocrotaline-induced cor pulmonale in the nonhuman primate (Macaca arctoides). Exp. Mol. Pathol. 28:107-118.
281. Raczniak, T. J., Shumaker, R. C., Allen, J. R., Will, J. A., and Lalich, R. L. 1979. Pathophysiology of dehydromonocrotaline-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the beagle. Respiration 37:252-260.
282. Rao, L. V. M., Rapaport, S. I., and Lorenzi, M. 1987. Enhancement by human umbilical vein endothelial cells of factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor VII. Blood 71:791-796.
283. Rapaport, S. I. 1990. The initiation of the tissue factor dependent pathway of blood coagulation. In Fibrinogen, thrombosis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol. 281, eds. C. Y. Liu and S. Chein, pp. 97-103. New York: Plenum Press.
284. Reeves, J. T., and Grover, B. M. 1985. Approach to the patients with pulmonary hypertension. In Pulmonary hypertension, eds. E. K. Weir and J. T. Reeves, pp. 1-44. New York: Futura.
285. Reid, L. M., and Davies, P. 1989. Control of cell proliferation in pulmonary hypertension. In Lung biology in health and vascular disease. Pulmonary vascular physiology and pathophysiology, vol. 38, eds. E. K. Weir and J. T. Reeves, pp. 541-611. New York: Marcel Dekker.
286. Reid, L., Fried, R., Geggel, R., and Langleben, D. 1986. Anatomy of pulmonary hypertensive states. In Abnormal pulmonary circulation. Contemporary issues in pulmonary disease, vol.4, ed. E. H. Bergosfsky, pp. 221-263. New York: Churchill Livingstone.
287. Reindel, J. F., and Roth, R. A. 1991. The effects of monocrotaline pyrrole on cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Pathol. 138:707-719.
288. Reindel, J. F., Ganey, P. E., Wagner, J.G., Slocombe, R. F., and Roth, R. A. 1990. Development of morphologic, hemodynamic, and biochemical changes in lungs of rats given monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 106:179-200.
289. Resta, T. C., Gonzales, R. J., Dail, W. G., Sanders, T. C., and Walker, B. R. 1997. Selective upregula-tion of arterial endothelial nitric oxide synthase in pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 272(2 part. 2):H806-H813.
290. Ribes, J. A., Francis, C. W., and Wagner, D. D. 1987. Fibrin induces release of von Willebrand factor from endothelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 79:117-123.
291. Robbins, D. J. 1982. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products, eds. W. Herz, H. Grisebach, and G. W. Kirby, pp. 115-203. Vienna: Springer-Verlag.
292. Rodgers, G. M. 1988. Hemostatic properties of normal and perturbed vascular cells. FASEB J. 2:116-123.
293. Rose, A. L., Gardner, C. A., McConnell, D., and Bull, B. 1957. Field and experimental investigation of "walk-about" disease of horses (Kimberley horse disease) in northern Australia: Crotalaria poisoning in horses. Part II. Aust. Vet. J. 33:49-62.
294. Rose, C. L., Fink, R. D., Harris, P. N., and Chen, K. K. 1945. Effect of hepatotoxic alkaloids on prothrombin time of rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 83:265-269.
295. Rosenberg, H. C., and Rabinovitch, M. 1988. Endothelial injury and vascular reactivity in monocro-taline pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 24):H1484-H1491.
296. Ross, R., Raines, E. W., and Bowen-Pope, D. F. 1986. The biology of platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 46:155-169.
297. Roth, R. A. 1981. Effect of pneumotoxicants on lactate dehydrogenase activity in the airways of rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 57:69-78.
298. Roth, R. A. 1985. Biochemistry, physiology and drug metabolism-Implications regarding the role of the lung in drug disposition. Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 3:66-79.
299. Roth, R. A., and Ganey, P. E. 1987. Lipid mediators in the normal and abnormal pulmonary circulation. Arachidonic acid metabolites and mechanisms of monocrotaline pneumotoxicity. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:762-765.
300. Roth, R. A., and Ganey, P. E. 1988. Platelets and the puzzles of pulmonary pyrrolizidine poisoning. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 93:463-471.
301. Roth, R. A., Dotzlaf, L. A., Baranyi, B., Kuo, C.-H., and Hook, J. B. 1981. Effect of monocrotaline ingestion on liver, kidney, and lung of rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 60:193-203.
302. Roth, R. A., White, S. M., and Reindel, J. F. 1989. Mechanisms of lung injury and pulmonary hypertension from monocrotaline: An hypothesis. Comments Toxicol. 3:131-144.
303. Ryan, J. W., Ryan, U. S., Shultz, D. R., Whitaker, C., and Chung, A. 1975. Subcellular localization of pulmonary angiotensin converting enzyme (Kinase II). Biochem. J. 146:497-499.
304. Ryan, U. S., and Ryan, J. W. 1984. Cell biology of pulmonary endothelium. Circulation 70(suppl. 111):11146-11162.
305. Ryan, U. S., Ryan, J. W., and Crutchley, D. J. 1985. The pulmonary endothelial surface. Fed. Proc. 44:2603-2609.
306. Rykerson, S., Thompson, J., and Wessel, D. L. 1995. Inhalation of nitric oxide: An innovative therapy for treatment of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 30:381-390.
307. Ryland, D., and Reid, L. 1975. The pulmonary circulation in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 30:285-292.
308. Saksela, O., and Rifkin, D. B. 1988. Cell-associated plasminogen activation: regulation and physiological functions. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4:93-126.
309. Salido, E. C., Barajas, L., Lechago, J., Laborde, N., and Fisher, D. A. 1986. Immunocytochemica! localization of epidermal growth factor in mouse kidney. I. Histochem. Cytochem. 34:1155-1160.
310. Samson, W. K. 1985. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits dehydration and hemorrhage-induced vasopressin release. Neuroendocrinology 40:277-279.
311. Sanders, D. A., Shealy, A. L., and Emmel, M. W. 1936. Crotalaria spectabilis (Roth) poisoning in cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 89:150-162.
312. Schmaier, A. H., Kuo, A., and Cines, D. 1987. High molecular weight kininogen expression on human endothelial cells. Clin. Res. 35:432A.
313. Schembre, D. B., and Boynton, K. K. 1997. Appetite-suppressant drugs and primary pulmonary hypertension (letter). N. Engl. J. Med. 336:510-511.
314. Schoental, R. 1968. Chemical structures and pathological effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Is. j. Med. Sci. 4:1133-1145.
315. Schoental, R., and Head, M. A. 1955. Pathological changes in rats as a result of treatment with monocrotaline. Br. Cancer 9:229-237.
316. Schraufnagel, D. E., and Schmid, A. 1989. Pulmonary capillary density in rats given monocrotaline. A cast corrosion study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1405-1409.
317. Schultze, A. E., and Roth, R. A. 1993a. Procoagulant and fibrinolytic properties of bovine endothelial cells treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 122:7-15.
318. Schultze, A. E., and Roth, R. A. 1993b. Fibrinolytic activity in blood and lungs of rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 121:129-137.
319. Schultze, A. E., Wagner, J. G., White, S. M., and Roth, R. A. 1991a. Early indications of monocrotaline pyrrole-induced lung injury in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 109:41-50.
320. Schultze, A. E., Wagner, J. G., and Roth, R. A. 1991b. An evaluation of procoagulant activity in the peripheral blood of rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 109:421-431.
321. Schultze, A. E., Gunaga, K. P., Wagner, J. G., Hoorn, C. M., Moorehead, W. R., and Roth, R. A. 1994. Total lactate dehydrogenase activity and isozyme patterns in tissues, cell lysates, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 126:301-310.
322. Schultze, A. E., Emeis, J. J., and Roth, R. A. 1996. Cellular fibronectin and Von Willebrand factor concentrations in plasma of rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole. Biochem. Pharmacol. 51:187-191.
323. Selikoff, I. J., and Lee, D. H. K., with the active collaboration of H. A. Anderson et al. 1978. Asbestos and disease, pp. 25-30, 143-188, 207-240, 413-416. New York: Academic Press.
324. Semmens, M., and Reid, L. 1974. Pulmonary arterial muscularity and right ventricular hypertrophy in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Br. J. Dis. Chest 68:253-263.
325. Shubat, P. J., Banner, W., and Huxtable, R. J. 1987. Pulmonary vascular responses induced by the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, in rats. Toxicon 25:995-1002.
326. Simpson, C. F., Waldroup, P. W., and Harms, R. H. 1963. Pathologic changes associated with feeding various levels of Crotalaria spectabilis seed to poultry. 1. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 142:264-271.
327. Smith, L. W., and Culvenor, C. C. J. 1981. Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, j. Natl. Prod. 44:129-152.
328. Smith, P., and Heath, D. 1978. Evagination of vascular smooth muscle cells during early stages of Crotalaria pulmonary hypertension. J. Pathol. 124:177-183.
329. Snow, R. L., Davies, P., Pontoppidan, H., Zapol, W. M., and Reid, L. 1982. Pulmonary vascular remodeling in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:887-892.
330. Sprengers, E. D., and Kluft, C. 1987. Plasminogen activator inhibitors. Blood 69:381-387.
331. Stenberg, P. E., and Bainton, D. F. 1986. Storage organelles in platelets and megakaryocytes. In Biochemistry of platelets, eds. D. R. Phillips and M. A. Shuman, pp. 257-294. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
332. Stenmark, K. R., Morganroth, M. L., Remigio, L. K., Voelkel, N. F., Murphy, R. C., Hensen, P. M., Mathias, M. M., and Reeves, J. T. 1985. Alveolar inflammation and arachidonate metabolism in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. 248 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 17): H859-H866.
333. Stern, D. M., Drillings, M., Nossel, H. L., Hurlet-Jansen, A., LaGamma, K. S., and Owen, J. 1983. Binding of factors IX and IXa to cultured vascular endothelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:4119-4123.
334. Stern, D. M., Knitter, G., Kisiel, W., and Nawroth, P. P. 1987. In vivo evidence of intravascular binding sites for coagulation factor IX. Br. J. Haematol. 66:227-232.
335. Stern, D. M., Handley, D. A., and Nawroth, P. P. 1988a. Endothelium and the regulation of coagulation. In Endothelial cell biology in health and disease, eds. N. Simionescu and M. Simionescu, pp. 275-306. New York: Plenum Press.
336. Stern, D. M., Kaiser, E., and Nawroth, P. P. 1988b. Regulation of the coagulation system by vascular endothelial cells. Haemostasis 18:202-214.
337. Strum, J. M., and Junrod, A. F. 1972. Autoradiographic demonstration of S-hydroxytryptamine-’H uptake by pulmonary endothelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 54:456-467.
338. Sugita, T., Stenmark, K. R., Wagner, W. W., Hensen, P., Hensen, J., Hyers, T. M., and Reeves, J. T. 1983. Abnormal alveolar cells in monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension. Exp. Lung Res. 5:201-215.
339. Sunderman, F. W., and Leibman, K. C. 1970. Nickel carbonyl inhibition of induction of aminopyrine demethylase activity in liver and lung. Cancer Res. 30:1645-1650.
340. Suttorp, N., Seeger, W., Uhl, J., Lutz, F., and Roka, L. 1985. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytotoxin stimulates prostacyclin production in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells: Membrane attack and calcium influx.J. Cell. Physiol. 123:64-72.
341. Tabrizchi, R., MacNicol, B. M., and Lin, B. P. 1995. Effects of calcium channel antagonists and pertussis toxin on noradrenaline-induced contractions in pulmonary artery from pulmonary hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 56:1173-1185.
342. Takada, A., Urano, T., and Takada, Y. 1990. The regulation of the activation of the fibrinolytic system. In Fibrinogen, thrombosis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol. 281, eds. C. Y. Liu and S. Chein, pp. 209-222. New York: Plenum Press.
343. Takahashi, T., Kanda, T., Imai, S., Suzuki, T., Kobayashi, I., and Murata, K. 1995. Semotiadil inhibits the development of right ventricular hypertrophy and medial thickening of pulmonary arteries in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. 9:809-814.
344. Takahashi, T., Kanda, T., Imai, S., Suzuki, T., Kobayashi, I., and Murata, K. 1996. Semotiadil improves survival of rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: Comparison with diltiazem. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 295(2-3):226-234.
345. 2*-induced contraction and hyperreactivity of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle in monocrotaline-treated rats. Ipn. Circ. J. 54:515-523.
346. Tanaka, Y., Schuster, D. P., Davis, E. C., Patterson, G. A., and Botney, M. D. 1996a. The role of vascular injury and hemodynamics in rat pulmonary artery remodeling. J. Clin. Invest. 15:434-442.
347. Tanaka, Y., Bernstein, M. L., Mecham, R. P., Patterson, G. A., Cooper, J. D., and Botney, M. D. 1996b. Site-specific responses to monocrotaline-induced vascular injury: Evidence for two distinct mechanisms of remodeling. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 145:390-397.
348. Tatebe, S., Miyamura, H., Sugawara, M., Watanabe, H., and Eguchi, S. 1996. Induction of right ventricular hypertrophy in neonatal guinea pigs by monocrotaline. Ipn. Circ. J. 60:604-608.
349. Tateson, J. E., Moncada, S., and Vane, J. R. 1977. Effects of prostacyclin (PGX) on cyclic AMP concentrations in human platelets. Prostaglandins 13:389-397.
350. Taylor, D. W., Wilson D. W., Lame, M. W., Dunston, S. D., Jones, A. D., and Segall, H. J. 1997. Comparative cytotoxicity of monocrotaline and its metabolites in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 143:196-204.
351. Thomas, E. F. 1934. The toxicity of certain species of Crotalaria seed for the chicken, quail, turkey and dove. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 85:617-622.
352. Thomas, H. C., Lame, M. W., Wilson, D. W., and Segall, H. J. 1996. Cell cycle alterations associated with covalent binding of monocrotaline pyrrole to pulmonary artery endothelial cell DNA. Toxicol. Appi Pharmacol. 141:319-329.
353. Thompson, A. R., and Harker, L. A. 1983. Manual of hemostasis and thrombosis, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
354. Todorovich-Hunter, L., Johnson, D. J., Ranger, P., Keeley, F. W., and Rabinovitch, M. 1988. Altered elastin and collagen synthesis associated with progressive pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline: A biochemical and ultrastructural study. Lab. Invest. 58:184-195.
355. Todorovich-Hunter, L., Dodo, H., Ye, C., McCready, L., Keeley, F. W., and Rabinovitch, M. 1992. Increased pulmonary artery elastolytic activity in adult rats with monocrotaline-induced progressive hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease compared with infant rats with nonprogressive disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146:213-223.
356. Tomashefski, J. F., Davies, P., Boggis, C., Greene, R., Zapol W. M., and Reid, L. M. 1983. The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Pathol. 112:112-126.
357. Ts'ao, C. H., Ward, W. F., and Port, C. D. 1983. Radiation injury in rat lung. III. Radiat. Res. 96:301-308.
358. Tuchweber, B., Kovacs, K., Jago, M. V., and Beaulieu, T. 1974. Effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal microsomal enzyme inducers on the hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rats. Res. Common. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 7:459-480.
359. Turner, J. H., and Lalich, J. J. 1965. Experimental cor pulmonale in the rat. Arch. Pathol. 79:409-418.
360. Umans, J. G., and Levi, R. 1995. Nitric oxide in the regulation of blood flow and arterial pressure. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 57:771-790.
361. Valdivia, E., Lalich, J. J., Hayashi, Y., and Sonnad, J. 1967a. Alterations in pulmonary alveoli after a single injection of monocrotaline. Arch. Pathol. 84:64-76.
362. Valdivia, E., Sonnad, J., Hayashi, Y., and Lalich, J. 1967b. Experimental interstitial pulmonary edema. Angiology 18:378-383.
363. Vallance, P., and Collier, J. 1994. Biology and clinical relevance of nitric oxide. Br. Med. J. 309:453-457.
364. Van Camp, J. R., Yian, C., and Lupinetti, F. M. 1994. Regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance by endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 58:1025-1030.
365. Vincic, L., Orr, F. W., Warner, D. J. A, Suyama, K. L., and Kay, J. M. 1989. Enhanced cancer metastasis after monocrotaline-induced lung injury. Toxicol. Appi. Pharmacol. 100:259-270.
366. Voelkel, N. F. 1997. Drug-induced pulmonary hypertension: Must history repeat itself? Pulmonary Pharmacol. 9:67-68.
367. Voelkel, N., and Reeves, J. T. 1979. Primary pulmonary hypertension. In Pulmonary vascular diseases, ed. K. Moser, pp. 573-628. New York: Marcel Dekker.
368. Voelkel, N. F., and Weir, E. K. 1989. Etiologic mechanisms in pulmonary hypertension. In Lung biology in health and vascular disease. Pulmonary vascular physiology and pathophysiology, vol. 38, eds. E. K. Weir and J. T. Reeves, pp. 513-539. New York: Marcel Dekker.
369. Voelkel, N. F., Worthen, S. C., Reeves, F. T., Hensen, P. M., and Murphy, R. C. 1982. Nonimmunological production of leukotrienes induced by platelet-activating factor. Science 218:286-288.
370. Voelkel, N. F., Tuder, R. M., Bridges, J., and Arend, W. P. 1994. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist treatment reduces pulmonary hypertension generated in rats by monocrotaline. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 11:664-675.
371. Wagenvoort, C. A. 1980. Lung biopsies in the differential diagnosis of thromboembolic versus primary pulmonary hypertension. Prog. Respir. Res. 13:16-21.
372. Wagenvoort, C. A., and Wagenvoort, N. 1977. Pathology of pulmonary hypertension. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
373. Wagner, D. D., and Bonfanti, R. 1991. Von Willebrand factor and the endothelium. Mayo Clin. Proc. 66:621-627.
374. Walcott, G., Burchell, H. B., and Brown, A. L. 1970. Primary pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Med. 49:70-79.
375. Wanstall, J. C., and O'Donnell, S. R. 1990. Endothelin and 5-hydroxytryptamine on rat pulmonary artery in pulmonary hypertension. Eur.j. Pharmacol. 6:159-160.
376. Watanabe, S., and Ogata, T. 1976. Clinical and experimental study upon primary pulmonary hypertension. Ipn. Circ. j. 40:603-610.
377. Watson, S. P., McConnell, R. T., and Lapetina, E. G. 1984. The rapid formation of inositol phosphates in human platelets by thrombin is inhibited by prostacyclin. f. Biol. Chem. 259:13199-13203.
378. Werchan, P. M., Gregory, T. J., Summer, W. R., and McDonough, K. H. 1986. In vitro right ventricular function in monocrotaline induced hypertrophy. Fed. Proc. 45:776.
379. Werchan, P. M., Summer, W. R., Gerdes, A. M., and McDonough, K. H. 1989. Right ventricular performance after monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am. j. Physiol. 256:H1328-H1335.
380. White, S. M., and Roth, R. A. 1988. Pulmonary platelet sequestration is increased following monocrotaline pyrrole treatment of rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96:465-475.
381. White, S. M., Wagner, J. G., and Roth, R. A. 1989. Effects of altered platelet number on pulmonary hypertension and platelet sequestration in monocrotaline pyrrole-treated rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 99:302-313.
382. Williams, W. J. 1983. Hematology, 3rd ed., eds. W. J. Williams, E. Beutler, A. J. Erselv, and M. A. Lichtman, pp. 1238-1255, 1474-1488. New York: McGraw-Hill.
383. Wilson, D. W., Segall, H. J., Pan, L. C., Lame, M. W., Estep, J. E., and Morin, D. 1992. Mechanisms and pathology of monocrotaline pulmonary toxicity. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 22:307-325.
384. Winter, C. K., and Segall, H. J. 1989. Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. In Toxicants of plant origin, vol. I, Alkaloids, ed. P. R. Cheeke, pp. 23-40. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
385. Yan, C. C., and Huxtable, R. J. 1994. Quantitation of the hepatic release of metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 127:58-63.
386. Yan, C. C., and Huxtable, R. J. 1995a. The relationship between the concentration of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline and the pattern of metabolites released form the isolated liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130:1-8.
387. Yan, C. C., and Huxtable, R. J. 1995b. Relationship between glutathione concentration and metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, in the isolated, perfused liver. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 130:132-139
388. Yorikane, R., Miyauchi, T., Sakai, S., Sakurai, T., Yamaguchi, I., Sugishita, Y., and Goto, K. 1993. Altered expression of ETB-receptor mRNA in the lung of rats with pulmonary hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 22(suppl 8):S336-S338.
389. Yuki, H., Sato, S., Arisaka, Y., Kato, S., and Tomoike, H. 1994. Orally administered beraprost sodium inhibits pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline in rats. Tohoku /. Exp. Med. 173:371-375.
390. Yuki, H., Kato, S., Saito, H., Nakamura, H., and Tomoike, H. 1995. Continuous inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) promotes pulmonary hypertension induced by monocrotaline in rats (abstr. Am.). Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:A729.
391. Zapol, W. M., and Jones, R. 1987. Vascular components of ARDS. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:471-474.
392. Zapol, W., and Snider, M. 1977. Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure. N. Engl. 1. Med. 296:476-480.
393. Zhou, K. R., and Lai, Y. L. 1992. a-Difluoromethylornithine attenuates monocrotaline-induced air-way/lung dysfunction. J. Appl. Physiol. 72:1914-1921