Chromosomal imprinting in plants

Current Opinion in Genetics and Development

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 240-244

  Martienssen, Robert ^a  

^a Bungtown Road   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOME PROTEIN; CYTOSINE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE; METHYLTRANSFERASE;

ARTICLE; CHROMATIN; CHROMOSOME; ENZYME MODIFICATION; GENOME IMPRINTING; NONHUMAN; PLANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOMATIC CELL; TRANSPOSON;

EID: 0032055337     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80147-0     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Baulcombe DC. RNA as a target and an initiator of post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol. 32:1996;79-88.
2. Matzke MA, Matzke AJ. Epigenetic silencing of plant transgenes as a consequence of diverse cellular defence responses. of special interest Cell Mol Life Sci. 54:1998;94-103 In this review, the authors summarize the potential roles of post-transcriptional and transcriptional silencing of transgenes in viral immunity and in genome defense against mobile DNA (see also [10]).
3. Martienssen R. Epigenetic phenomena: paramutation and gene silencing in plants. of special interest Curr Biol. 6:1996;810-813 A review of three cases of paramutation-like phenomena in maize and Arabidopsis. A mechanism for paramutation based on transposon interactions during presetting is proposed and the potential role of transposons in epigenetic phenomena is discussed.
4. Sakai H, Medrano LJ, Meyerowitz EM. Role of SUPERMAN in maintaining Arabidopsis floral whorl boundaries. Nature. 378:1995;199-203.
5. Jacobsen SE, Meyerowitz EM. Hypermethylated SUPERMAN epigenetic alleles in Arabidopsis. of special interest Science. 277:1997;1100-1103 The authors describes loss-of-function alleles of the floral regulatory gene SUPERMAN that are the result of increased DNA methylation at the locus. Unexpectedly, methylation increases and sup phenotypes are observed in mutants and transgenic plants with reduced levels of genome-wide DNA methylation. Previous examples of similar phenomena in maize are reviewed in [40].
6. Bender J, Fink GR. Epigenetic control of an endogenous gene family is revealed by a novel blue fluorescent mutant of Arabidopsis. Cell. 83:1995;725-734.
7. Hollick JB, Dorweiler JE, Chandler VL. Paramutation and related allelic interactions. of special interest Trends Genet. 13:1997;302-308 An important review of several examples of paramutation in maize, including at the B locus, which does not undergo differential methylation.
8. Kermicle JL, Eggleston WB, Alleman M. Organization of paramutagenicity in R-stippled maize. Genetics. 141:1995;361-372.
9. Eggleston WB, Alleman M, Kermicle JL. Molecular organization and germinal instability of R-stippled maize. Genetics. 141:1995;347-360.
10. Matzke M, Matzke A, Eggleston WB. Paramutation and transgene silencing: a common response to invasive DNA? Trends Plant Sci. 1:1996;382-387.
11. Mikula BC. Environmental programming of heritable epigenetic changes in paramutant r-gene expression using temperature and light at a specific stage of early development in maize seedlings. Genetics. 140:1995;1379-1387.
12. Kermicle JL, Alleman M. Gametic imprinting in maize in relation to the angiosperm life cycle. Dev Suppl. 1990:1990;9-14.
13. Solter D. Differential imprinting and expression of maternal and paternal genomes. Annu Rev Genet. 22:1998;127-146.
14. Barabas Z, Redei GP. Frequency of androgenesis. Arabidopsis Information Service. 89:1971;9-10.
15. Kermicle J. Androgenesis conditioned by a mutation in maize. Science. 116:1969;1422-1424.
16. Gresshoff PM, Doy CH. Induction and differentiation of haploid Arabidopsis thaliana. Aust J Biol Sci. 25:1972;259-264.
17. Koorneef M. Arabidopsis genetics. Meyerowitz E, Somerville C. Arabidopsis. 1994;89-120 Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York.
18. Spielman M, Preuss D, Li FL, Browne WE, Scott RJ, Dickinson HG. TETRASPORE is required for male meiotic cytokinesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. of special interest Development. 124:1997;2645-2657 The authors of this paper describe a cytokinesis mutant in Arabidopsis that results in polyploid spores. The products of presumed fertilization with polyploid gametes are defective, consistent with parental genome dose requirements in Arabidopsis endosperm.
19. Lund G, Messing J, Viotti A. Endosperm-specific demethylation and activation of specific alleles of alpha-tubulin genes of Zea mays L. Mol Gen Genet. 246:1995;716-722.
20. Chaudhuri S, Messing J. Allele-specific parental imprinting of dzr1, a posttranscriptional regulator of zein accumulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:1994;4867-4871.
21. Meinke D. Seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Meyerowitz E, Somerville C. Arabidopsis. 1994;274 Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York.
22. Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. Reduced DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana results in abnormal plant development. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;8449-8454 Description of a variety of floral phenotypes that result from demethylation via antisense methyltransferase transgenes. These include floral phenotypes caused by misregulation of AGAMOUS, SUPERMAN and other genes.
23. Bevan M, Bancroft I, Bent E, Love K, Goodman H, Dean C, Bergkamp R, Dirkse W, Van Staveren M, Stiekema W, et al. Analysis of 1.9 Mb of contiguous sequence from chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis thaliana. of special interest Nature. 391:1998;485-488 The first large contiguous region of a plant genome to be sequenced, revealing that retrotransposons are found every 150 kb. Along with other classes of transposon and repeat, they comprise <10% of the genome.
24. Goodman HM, Gallant P, Keifer-Higgins S, Rubenfield M, Church GM: Genbank entry gi-1297184-gb-U53501-ATU53501-1297184. 1996.
25. Ronemus MJ, Galbiati M, Ticknor C, Chen J, Dellaporta SL. Demethylation-induced developmental pleiotropy in Arabidopsis. of special interest Science. 273:1996;654-657 Report of a variety of floral phenotypes that result from demethylation via antisense methyltransferase transgenes and a demonstration that both regulatory and housekeeping genes are demethylated in these plants. A model for genome-wide methylation as a developmental clock, originally proposed on the basis of transposon suppression in maize, is re-examined.
26. Vongs A, Kakutani T, Martienssen RA, Richards EJ. Arabidopsis thaliana DNA methylation mutants. Science. 260:1993;1926-1928.
27. Kakutani T, Jeddeloh JA, Richards EJ. Characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana DNA hypomethylation mutant. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:1995;130-137.
28. Kakutani T, Jeddeloh JA, Flowers SK, Munakata K, Richards EJ. Developmental abnormalities and epimutations associated with DNA hypomethylation mutations. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;12406-12411 A description of a variety of phenotypes that result from inbreeding of ddm1 hypomethylation mutants in Arabidopsis. These phenotypes resemble those seen in transgenic plants but can be mapped to individual loci that are repeatedly epimutated in independent progeny. Unmethylated sequences and epimutations are typically stable over generations. The spectrum of phenotypes observed is consistent from line to line, suggesting that only a handful of genes are affected by epimutation.
29. Richards EJ. DNA methylation and plant development. of special interest Trends Genet. 13:1997;319-323 In this review, the developmental defects of anti-methyltransferase and ddm1 mutant plants are compared. Models that account for similarities and discrepancies between the results of three different studies are carefully outlined. Inbreeding effects in ddm1 strains are described and the possibility that DNA methylation operates above the level of individual genes is considered.
30. Kakutani T. Genetic characterization of late-flowering traits induced by DNA hypomethylation mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana. of special interest Plant J. 12:1997;1447-1451 Demonstration that the late-flowering phenotypes observed in ddm1 progeny are probably epimutations in the fwa late-flowering gene. This could be an alternative explanation for the late-flowering phenotype of the antisense methyltransferase plants [22,25].
31. Scheid OM, Afsar K, Paszkowski J. Release of epigenetic gene silencing by trans-acting mutations in Arabidopsis. of special interest Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;632-637 Trans-acting mutations that influence gene silencing were selected on the basis of derepression of a silent transgene in Arabidopsis. Several mutants were allelic to ddm1. These findings indicate that transgene silencing and endogenous gene silencing may occur by a common mechanism.
32. Jeddeloh JA, Bender J, Richards EJ. The DNA methylation locus DDM1 is required for maintenance of gene silencing in Arabidopsis. of special interest Genes Dev. 1998; Epigenetic silencing of the PAI2 gene in Arabidopsis is induced by a paramutation-like mechanisms associated with methylation [6]. This paper reports that silencing and methylation can be efficiently reversed in ddm1 mutants. Sectored plants, similar to those observed in maize [12,45], have somatic clones with demethylated genes.
33. Barkan A, Martienssen RA. Inactivation of maize transposon Mu suppresses a mutant phenotype by activating an outward-reading promoter near the end of Mu1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 88:1991;3502-3506.
34. Lusser A, Brosch G, Loidl A, Haas H, Loidl P. Identification of maize histone deacetylase HD2 as an acidic nucleolar phosphoprotein. Science. 277:1997;88-91.
35. Goodrich J, Puangsomlee P, Martin M, Long D, Meyerowitz EM, Coupland G. A Polycomb-group gene regulates homeotic gene expression in Arabidopsis. of special interest Nature. 386:1997;44-51 The curly-leaf gene in Arabidopsis encodes a Polycomb-like gene similar to Enhancer of zeste and other SET domain proteins in animals and yeast. Mutants have altered leaf and floral morphology in part because of misexpression of floral homeotic genes APETALA3 and AGAMOUS. These same genes are misexpressed in methylation-deficient transgenic plants [22,25].
36. Haig D, Westoby M. Genomic imprinting in endosperm: its effect on seed development in crosses between species, and between different ploidies of the same species, and its implications for the evolution of apomixis. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 333:1991;1-13.
37. Hurst LD, McVean GT. Growth effects of uniparental disomies and the conflict theory of genomic imprinting. Trends Genet. 13:1997;436-443.
38. Bartolomei MS, Tilghman SM. Genomic imprinting in mammals. Annu Rev Genet. 31:1997;493-525.
39. McClintock B. The control of gene action in maize. Brookhaven Symp Biol. 18:1965;162-184.
40. Martienssen RA, Richards EJ. DNA methylation in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 5:1995;234-242.
41. SanMiguel P, Tikhonov A, Jin YK, Motchoulskaia N, Zakharov D, Melake-Berhan A, Springer PS, Edwards KJ, Lee M, Avramova Z, et al. Nested retrotransposons in the intergenic regions of the maize genome. of special interest Science. 274:1996;765-768 A series of nested retrotransposons are found to comprise most of the DNA in a YAC clone that carries a handful of maize genes including Adh1. This important paper extends previous observations concerning the prevalence of high-copy retrotransposons in plant genomes and makes an estimate of the number of families and their distribution.
42. Bennetzen JL, Schrick K, Springer PS, Brown We, SanMiguel P. Active maize genes are unmodified and flanked by diverse classes of modified, highly repetitive DNA. Genome. 37:1994;565-576.
43. Yoder JA, Walsh CP, Bestor TH. Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites. Trends Genet. 13:1997;335-340.
44. Martienssen RA. Monitor. Trends Genet. 12:1996;508.
45. Martienssen R, Baron A. Coordinate suppression of mutations caused by Robertson's Mutator transposons in maize. Genetics. 136:1994;1157-1170.
46. Martienssen RA. Epigenetic silencing of Mu transposable elements in maize. Russo VEA, Martienssen RA, Riggs A. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Gene Regulation. 1996;593-608 Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York.
47. Gerasimova TI, Corces VG. Polycomb and trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator. Cell. 92:1998;511-521.
48. Roberts SM, Winston F. Essential functional interactions of SAGA, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae complex of Spt, Ada, andGcn5 proteins, with the Snf/Swi and Srb/mediator complexes. Genetics. 147:1997;451-465.
49. Grewal SI, Klar AJ. A recombinationally repressed region between mat2 and mat3 loci shares homology to centromeric repeats and regulates directionality of mating-type switching in fission yeast. Genetics. 146:1997;1221-1238.
50. Csink AK, Henikoff S. Genetic modification of heterochromatic association and nuclear organization in Drosophila. Nature. 381:1996;529-531.