Chemical contrast on a microphase-separated block copolymer surface observed by scanning force microscopy

Advanced Materials

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 452-456

  Werts, Michel P L ^a   Van Der Vegte, Eric W ^a   Grayer, Valérie ^a   Esselink, Eddy ^a   Tsitsilianis, Constantinos ^b   Hadziioannou, Georges ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PATRAS   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION; MORPHOLOGY; PHASE SEPARATION; PLASTIC FILMS; POLYSTYRENES; VINYL RESINS;

FRICTION FORCE IMAGING; POLYVINYLPYRIDINE; SCANNING FORCE MICROSCOPY;

BLOCK COPOLYMERS;

EID: 0032050233     PISSN: 09359648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199804)10:6<452::AID-ADMA452>3.0.CO;2-1     Document Type: Article

References (43)

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5. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
6. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
7. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
8. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
9. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
10. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
11. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
12. Eight recent examples: a) C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, A. Noy, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, Science 1994, 265, 2071. b) A. Noy, C. D. Frisbie, L. F. Rozsnyai, M. S. Wrighton, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7943. c) J.-B. D. Green, M. T. McDermott, M. D. Porter, L. M. Siperko, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 10960. d) R. C. Thomas, J. E. Houston, R. M. Crooks, T. Kim, T. A. Michalske, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3830. e) S. K. Sinniah, A. B. Steel, J. C. Miller, J. E. Reutt-Robey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8925. f) T. Han, J. M. Wiliams, T. P. Beebe, Anal. Chim. Acta 1995, 307, 361. g) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, Langmuir 1997,13, 4357. h) E. W. van der Vegte, G. Hadziioannou, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 9563. i) D.I. Vezenov, A. Noy, L. F. Rozsnyai, C. M. Lieber, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2006.
13. Five recent examples: a) A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002. b) A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498. c) G. Lopez, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1513. d) J. L. Wilbur, E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 649. e) Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 471.
14. Five recent examples: a) A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002. b) A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498. c) G. Lopez, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1513. d) J. L. Wilbur, E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 649. e) Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 471.
15. Five recent examples: a) A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002. b) A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498. c) G. Lopez, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1513. d) J. L. Wilbur, E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 649. e) Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 471.
16. Five recent examples: a) A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002. b) A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498. c) G. Lopez, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1513. d) J. L. Wilbur, E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 649. e) Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 471.
17. Five recent examples: a) A. Kumar, G. M. Whitesides, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 63, 2002. b) A. Kumar, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1498. c) G. Lopez, H. A. Biebuyck, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1994, 10, 1513. d) J. L. Wilbur, E. Kim, Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 649. e) Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 471.
18. Although recently Akari et al. (see [1]) claimed molecular resolution on single polymer molecules in friction force imaging with modified tips, their results should he interpreted with care, as topography differences have a major contribution on the lateral force signal. Besides, their measurements were carried out in air, so capillary forces mask the true tip-sample interactions.
19. Two recent examples: a) J.-A. Ruan, B. Bhushan, Trans. ASME 1994, 116, 378. b) B. Bhushan, Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1995, p. 298.
20. Two recent examples: a) J.-A. Ruan, B. Bhushan, Trans. ASME 1994, 116, 378. b) B. Bhushan, Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1995, p. 298.
21. load). However, this empirical law holds for macroscopic contacts where multiple asperity contact statistics are involved. In single asperity contact measurements, such as SFM and SFA (surface force apparatus), the friction force is proportional to the contact area, which is dependent on the exact contact mechanics (e.g., JKR theory: K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A. D. Roberts, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1971, 324, 301) and thus a complex function of the normal load (J. Krim, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 1995, 17, 263). Thus, generally, one would expect non-Amonton's-law-like friction-load behavior in single asperity friction force measurements. a) E. Meyer, N. Luthi, L. Howald, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, H.-J. Guntherodt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996,14, 1285. b) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1995, 14, 1289. c) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, Langmuir 1996,12, 3334.
22. load). However, this empirical law holds for macroscopic contacts where multiple asperity contact statistics are involved. In single asperity contact measurements, such as SFM and SFA (surface force apparatus), the friction force is proportional to the contact area, which is dependent on the exact contact mechanics (e.g., JKR theory: K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A. D. Roberts, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1971, 324, 301) and thus a complex function of the normal load (J. Krim, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 1995, 17, 263). Thus, generally, one would expect non-Amonton's-law-like friction-load behavior in single asperity friction force measurements. a) E. Meyer, N. Luthi, L. Howald, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, H.-J. Guntherodt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996,14, 1285. b) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1995, 14, 1289. c) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, Langmuir 1996,12, 3334.
23. load). However, this empirical law holds for macroscopic contacts where multiple asperity contact statistics are involved. In single asperity contact measurements, such as SFM and SFA (surface force apparatus), the friction force is proportional to the contact area, which is dependent on the exact contact mechanics (e.g., JKR theory: K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A. D. Roberts, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1971, 324, 301) and thus a complex function of the normal load (J. Krim, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 1995, 17, 263). Thus, generally, one would expect non-Amonton's-law-like friction-load behavior in single asperity friction force measurements. a) E. Meyer, N. Luthi, L. Howald, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, H.-J. Guntherodt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996,14, 1285. b) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1995, 14, 1289. c) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, Langmuir 1996,12, 3334.
24. load). However, this empirical law holds for macroscopic contacts where multiple asperity contact statistics are involved. In single asperity contact measurements, such as SFM and SFA (surface force apparatus), the friction force is proportional to the contact area, which is dependent on the exact contact mechanics (e.g., JKR theory: K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A. D. Roberts, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1971, 324, 301) and thus a complex function of the normal load (J. Krim, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 1995, 17, 263). Thus, generally, one would expect non-Amonton's-law-like friction-load behavior in single asperity friction force measurements. a) E. Meyer, N. Luthi, L. Howald, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, H.-J. Guntherodt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996,14, 1285. b) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1995, 14, 1289. c) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, Langmuir 1996,12, 3334.
25. load). However, this empirical law holds for macroscopic contacts where multiple asperity contact statistics are involved. In single asperity contact measurements, such as SFM and SFA (surface force apparatus), the friction force is proportional to the contact area, which is dependent on the exact contact mechanics (e.g., JKR theory: K. L. Johnson, K. Kendall, A. D. Roberts, Proc. R. Soc. London A 1971, 324, 301) and thus a complex function of the normal load (J. Krim, Comments Condens. Matter Phys. 1995, 17, 263). Thus, generally, one would expect non-Amonton's-law-like friction-load behavior in single asperity friction force measurements. a) E. Meyer, N. Luthi, L. Howald, M. Bammerlin, M. Guggisberg, H.-J. Guntherodt, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996,14, 1285. b) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1995, 14, 1289. c) R. Carpick, N. Aigrait, D. F. Ogletree, M. Samleron, Langmuir 1996,12, 3334.
26. Three recent examples: a) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, T. D. Weatherill, Langmuir 1994,10, 4295. b) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, R. T. Weberg, R. R. Jones, Langmuir 1995, 11, 3473. c) J. A. Hammerschmidt, B. Moasser, W. L. Gladfelter, G. Haugstad, R. R. Jones, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8996.
27. Three recent examples: a) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, T. D. Weatherill, Langmuir 1994,10, 4295. b) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, R. T. Weberg, R. R. Jones, Langmuir 1995, 11, 3473. c) J. A. Hammerschmidt, B. Moasser, W. L. Gladfelter, G. Haugstad, R. R. Jones, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8996.
28. Three recent examples: a) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, T. D. Weatherill, Langmuir 1994,10, 4295. b) G. Haugstad, W. L. Gladfelter, E. B. Weberg, R. T. Weberg, R. R. Jones, Langmuir 1995, 11, 3473. c) J. A. Hammerschmidt, B. Moasser, W. L. Gladfelter, G. Haugstad, R. R. Jones, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8996.
29. G. Krausch, M. Hipp, M. Böltau, O. Marti, J. Mlynek, Macromolecules 1995, 28, 260.
30. As shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the tip radius is not changed due to desposition of the gold layer. Hence, since the sharpness of modified and unmodified tips is the same, this cannot explain the difference in friction behavior.
31. The friction coefficient depends not only on the chemical nature of a surface, but also on the mechanical properties. For both polymers, the glass transition temperature is about 100°C, so the mechanical properties are similar. For PVP, the absorption of water will decrease the glass transition temperature drastically, changing the mechanical properties of the material, and thus the friction coefficient. Since the samples were vacuum-dried and measured under argon, excluding water absorption, we expect the glass transition temperature, and hence the elastic properties of both polymers, to be the same. Indeed, no difference in elasticity between PS and PVP was found in an image recorded in the z-modulation mode.
32. Friction force images are recorded by measuring the torsion of the cantilever during scanning, i.e., detecting the horizontal movement of the laser spot, which is reflected from the cantilever. Owing to height differences, the laser spot also moves in the vertical direction. This vertical movement causes a change in the horizontal (friction) signal because of nonlinearity of the photodetector of the SFM. Since these topography effects are the same in both the forward (+x) and reverse (-x) scans, this effect can be eliminated by subtracting one scan (+x) from the other (-x).
33. 3 tip. We only observed the lamellar structure with a COOH tip, however, so these effects are not present in our experiments and the contrast found can only be attributed to chemical interactions, a) W. Barger, D. Koleske, K. Fledman, K. Kruger, R. Colton, Polymer Prepr. 1996, 37, 606. b) G. Bar, S. Rubin, A. N. Parikh, B. I. Swanson, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., M.-H. Whangbo, Langmuir 1997,13, 373.
34. 3 tip. We only observed the lamellar structure with a COOH tip, however, so these effects are not present in our experiments and the contrast found can only be attributed to chemical interactions, a) W. Barger, D. Koleske, K. Fledman, K. Kruger, R. Colton, Polymer Prepr. 1996, 37, 606. b) G. Bar, S. Rubin, A. N. Parikh, B. I. Swanson, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., M.-H. Whangbo, Langmuir 1997,13, 373.
35. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
36. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
37. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
38. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
39. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
40. For example: a) R. G. Nuzzo, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 4481. b) M. D. Porter, T. B. Bright, D. L. Allara, C. E. D. Chidsey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 709, 3559. c) C. D. Bain, E. B. Troughton, Y.-T. Tao, J. Evall, G. M. Whitesides, R. G. Nuzzo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 11, 321. d) R. G. Nuzzo, L. H. Dubois, D. L. Allara, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 558. e) P.E. Laibinis, M. A. Fox, J. P. Folkers, G. M. Whitesides, Langmuir 1991, 7, 3167. f) E. Delamarche, B. Michel, H. Kang, C. Gerber, Langmuir 1994, 10, 4103.
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