First episode research

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 27-32

  Yung, Alison R ^a,b  

^a Ctr for Young People's Mental Hlth   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOZAPINE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; HALOPERIDOL; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; RISPERIDONE;

COGNITIVE THERAPY; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEUROPSYCHOLOGY; ONSET AGE; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SECONDARY PREVENTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0031985771     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001504-199801000-00015     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Keshavan MS, Schooler NR. First-episode studies in schizophrenia: criteria and characterization. Schizophr Bull 1992; 18:491-513.
2. Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Johnson AL, MacMillian JF. The Northwick Park study of first episode schizophrenia: I. Presentation of the illness and problems relating to admission. Br J Psychiatry 1986; 148:115-120.
3. The Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish first episode schizophrenia study. VIII. Five-year follow-up: clinical and psychosocial findings. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:496-500.
4. Thara R, Henrietta M, Joseph A, Eaton WW. Ten year course of schizophrenia the Madras Longitudinal Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 90:329-336.
5. Lieberman JA, Koreen AR, Chakos M, Sheitman B, Woerner M, Alvir J, et al. Factors influencing treatment response and outcome of first-episode schizophrenia: implications for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57 (Suppl 9):5-9. A useful discussion is provided regarding the range of variables associated with treatment response and outcome, and presentation of data indicating decreased responsiveness to treatment of recurrent relapses.
6. Lieberman JA. Pharmacotherapy for patients with first-episode, acute, and refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatr Ann 1996; 26:515-518.
7. Jackson C, Birchwood M. Early intervention in psychosis: opportunities tor secondary prevention. Br J Clin Psychol 1996; 35:487-502.
8. Birchwood M, McGorry P, Jackson H. Early intervention in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:2-5.
9. Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C. Early intervention in psychosis: the critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
10. Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, Woerner M, Degreef G, Bilder RM, Ashtari M, et al. Prospective study of psychobiology in first-episode schizophrenia at Hillside Hospital. Schizophr Bull 1992; 18:351-371.
11. Lim KO, Tew W, Kusher M, Chow K, Matsumoto B, DeLisi LE. Cortical gray matter volume deficit in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1548-1553.
12. Inada T, Sugita T, Dobashi I, Inagaki A, Kitao Y, Matsuda G, et al. Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism and psychiatric symptoms seen in schizophrenic patients at their first episode. Am J Med Genet 1996; 67:406-408.
13. Barr WB, Ashtari M, Bilder RM, Degreef G, Lieberman JA. Brain morphometric comparison of first-episode schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:515-519.
14. O'Donnell MC, Catts SV, Ward PB, Liebert B, Lloyd A, Wakefield D, et al. Increased production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) but not soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Psychiatry Res 1996; 65:171-178.
15. Miller C, Kirchmair R, Troger J, Saria A, Fleischhacker WW, Fischer-Colbrie R, et al. CSF of neurleptic-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients: levels of biogenic amines, substance P, and peptides derived from chromogranin A (GE-25) and secretogranin II (secretoneurin). Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:911-918.
16. Nagase Y, Okubo Y, Toru M. Electoencephalography in schizophrenic patients: comparison between neuroleptic-naive state and after treatment. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:452-456.
17. Keshavan MS, Schooler NR, Sweeney JA, Haas GL, Pettegrew JW. Research and treatment strategies in first episode psychoses: the Pittsburgh experience. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
18. Kapur S, Remington G, Jones C, Wilson A, DaSilva J, Houle S, Zipursky R. High levels of dopamine D2 receptor occupancy with low-dose haloperidol treatment: a PET study. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:948-950. This group showed that even low doses of neuroleptics result in reasonable D2 occupancy rates as measured by PET scanning. Good clinical response and low EPSs were also found. This important study links biological research with clinical practice, indicating that low-dose neuroleptics can be effective in FE schizophrenia.
19. Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Wiesel FA, Forslund K, Pauli S, Halldin C, Uppfeldt G. Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in relation to antipsychotic drug effects: a double blind PET study of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 33:227-235.
20. Albus M, Hubmann W, Ehrenberg C, Forcht U, Mohr F, Sobizack N, et al. Neuropsychological impairment in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996; 246:249-255.
21. Sweeney JA, Bauer KS, Keshavan MS, Haas GL, Schooler NR, Kroboth PD. Adverse effects of risperidone on eye movement activity: a comparison of risperidone and haloperidol in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychopharmacology 1997; 16:217-228.
22. Albus M, Hubmann W, Wahlheim C, Sobizack N, Franz U, Mohr F. Contrasts in neuropsychological test profile between patients with first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94:87-93. This study found that neuropsychological abnormalities in attention and visuomotor processing were associated with psychosis and were not specific for schizophrenia per se.
23. Cornblatt B, Obuchowski M, Schnur D, O'Brien JD. The Hillside study of risk and early detection in schizophrenia: an introduction. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
24. Katsanis J, Iacono WG, Beiser M. Eye-tracking performance and adaptive functioning over the short-term course of first-episode psychosis. Psychiatry Res 1996; 64:19-26.
25. Fennig S, Craig TJ, Bromet EJ. The consistency of DSM-III-R delusional disorder in a first-admission sample. Psychopathology 1996; 29:315-324.
26. Hambrecht M, Hafner H. Sensitivity and specificity of relatives' reports on the early course of schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1997; 30:12-19.
27. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The initial prodrome in psychosis: Descriptive and qualitative aspects. Aus NZ J Psychiatry 1996; 30:587-599.
28. Vazquez-Barquero JL, Lastra I, Nunez MJC, Castanedo SH, Dunn G. Patterns of positive and negative symptoms in first episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 168:693-701.
29. Vazquez-Barquero JL, Nunez MJC, Castanedo SH, Diez Manrique JF, Pardo G, Dunn G. Sociodemographic and clinical variables as predictors of the diagnostic characteristics of first episodes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94:149-155.
30. Hafner H, Hambrecht M, Loffler W, Munk-Jorgensen P, Riecher-Rossler A. Is schizophrenia a disorder of all ages? A comparison of first episodes and early course over the life-cycle. Psychol Med (in press). This paper examines the effects of age and sex on the presentation of the FE and early course of schizophrenia.
31. Kopala LC, Good KP, Honer WG. Extrapyramidal signs and clinical symptoms in first-episode schizophrenia: response to low-dose risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1997; 17:308-313.
32. Chaterjee A, Chakos M, Koreen A, Geisler S, Sheitman B, Woerner M, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of extrapyramidal signs and spontaneous dyskinesia in never-medicated schizophrenia patients. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1724-1729.
33. Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. New York: Robert E. Kreiger Publishing Co.; 1971
34. Kopala LC. Spontaneous and drug-induced movement disorders in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94:12-17.
35. Addington D, Addington J, Patten S. Depression in first episode schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press). This longitudinal cohort study compared levels of depression in a FE schizophrenia sample (n = 13) with those in a relapsing group (n = 100). Even with this low number of FEs, a significantly higher level of depression was found in the FE group at baseline and at 3 month follow up, and higher levels were also found at 1 year follow up. This has clinical implications for those working with FE patients.
36. Mortensen PB, Juel K. Mortality and causes of death in first admitted schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 1993; 163:183-189.
37. Fennig S, Susser ES, Pilowsky DJ, Fennig S, Bromet EJ. Childhood hallucinations preceding the first psychotic episode. J Nerv Mental Dis 1997; 185:115-116. The finding that isolated childhood hallucinations occurred in some FE patients before schizophrenia onset at a rate much higher than that in the general population suggests that these symptoms might represent an antecedent to psychotic disorders.
38. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first episode psychosis: past and current conceptualisations. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:353-370.
39. Yung AR, McGorry PD, McFarlane CA, Jackson HJ, Patton GC, Rakkar A. Monitoring and care of young people at incipient risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:283-303.
40. Gupta S, Andreasen NC, Arndt S, Flaum M, Hubbard WC, Ziebell S. The Iowa longitudinal study of recent onset psychosis: one-year follow-up of first-episode patients. Schizophr Res 1997; 23:1-13.
41. Mason P, Harrison G, Glazebrook C, Medley I, Croudace T. The course of schizophrenia over 13 years. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:580-586.
42. Linszen D, Dingemans P, Van Der Does JW, Nugter A, Scholte P, Lenior R, et al. Treatment, expressed emotion and relapse in recent onset schizophrenic disorders. Psychol Med 1996; 26:333-342.
43. Bhurga D, Hilwig M, Hossein B, Marceau H, Neehall J, Leff J, et al. First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 1996; 169:587-592.
44. Edwards J, Maude D, McGorry PD, Harrigan SM, Cocks JT. Early intervention and prevention of 'treatment resistance' in first-episode psychosis: Treatment Resistant Early Assessment Team (TREAT) and Systematic Treatment of Persistent Positive Symptoms (STOPP). Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press). The issue of 'treatment resistance', also called 'prolonged recovery' and 'enduring positive symptoms', in FE psychosis is discussed. The need for early recognition and biological and psychological treatment is emphasized and clinical programs established to address these needs are described. Preliminary data are presented.
45. Wyatt RJ, Green MF, Tuma AH. Long-term morbidity associated with delayed treatment of first admission schizophrenic patients: a re-analysis of the Camarillo State Hospital data. Psychol Med 1997; 27:261-268. Failure to treat a psychotic FE with neuroleptics may result in long-term morbidity and poor outcome. This paper adds further weight to the first author's hypothesis about the 'toxicity to the brain' of untreated psychosis [52].
46. May PRA, Tuma AH, Dixon WJ. Schizophrenia: a follow-up study of results of five forms of treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:776-784.
47. Wieselgren I-M, Lindstrom E, Lindstrom LH. Symptoms at index admission as predictor for 1-5 year outcome in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 94:311-319.
48. Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Nugter MA, Van der Does AJW, Scholte WF, Lenoir MA. Patient attributes and expressed emotion as risk factors for psychotic relapse. Schizophr Bull 1997; 23:119-130.
49. Nugter MA, Dingemans PMAJ, Linszen DH, Van der Does AJW. Parental communication deviance: its stability and the effect of family treatment in recent-onset schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95:199-204.
50. Hambrecht M, Hafner H. Substance abuse and the onset of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:1155-1163. This is a retrospective study of a large cohort of FE schizophrenia patients that examines the prevalence of substance abuse and its temporal relationship with onset of schizophrenia in a methodologically sound manner.
51. Addington J, Addington D. The effect of substance abuse in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
52. Wyatt RJ. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1991; 17:325-351.
53. Loebel AD, Lieberman JA, Alvir JM, Mayerhoff DI, Geisler SH, Szymanski SR. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:1183-1188.
54. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Moe LC. First-episode schizophrenia: I. Early course parameters. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:241-256.
55. McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO. Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: rationale. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:201-222.
56. McGorry PD, Edwards J, Mihalopoulos C, Harrigan SM, Jackson HJ. EPPIC: an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:305-326. This is a description of a large scale service for early psychosis patients that puts many of the principles of early intervention described in this paper into practice.
57. Vaglum P. Earlier detection and intervention in schizophrenia: unsolved questions. Schizophr Bull 1996; 22:347-351.
58. Larsen TK, Johannessen JO, Opjordsmoen S. First episode schizophrenia with long duration of untreated psychosis. Pathways to care. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
59. Lincoln CV, Harrigan S, McGorry PD. Understanding the topography of the early psychosis pathways: an opportunity to reduce treatment delays? Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
60. Falloon IRH, Coverdale JH, Laidlaw TM, Merry S, Kydd RR, Morosini P, Group OC. Early intervention for schizophrenic disorders: implementing optimal treatment strategies in routine clinical services. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
61. Power P, Elkins K, Adlard S, Curry C, McGorry P, Harrigan S. An analysis of the initial treatment phase in first episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
62. Larsen TK, Opjordsmoen S. Early identification and treatment of schizophrenia: conceptual and ethical considerations. Psychiatry 1996; 59:371-380.
63. Yung AR, McGorry PD. Is pre-psychotic intervention realistic in schizophrenia and related disorders? Aus NZ J Psychiatry (in press).
64. Kopala LC, Fredrikson D, Good KP, Honer WG. Symptoms in neuroleptic-naive, first-episode schizophrenia: response to risperidone. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 39:296-298.
65. Remington G, Kapur S, Zipursky RB. Pharmacotherapy of first episode psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
66. Haddock G, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Lewis S, Tarrier N. Individual cognitive-behavioural interventions in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
67. •].
68. •] report on a controlled trial of cognitive therapy in acute psychosis and show improvement in positive symptoms, faster recovery and reduced length of hospitalization.
69. Jackson HJ, McGorry P, Edwards J, Hulbert C, Henry L, rancey S, et al. Cognitively-oriented psychotherapy for early psychosis (COPE): preliminary results. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
70. Hodel B, Brenner HD, Merlo MCG. Emotional management therapy (EMT) in early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
71. Macdonald EM, Pica S, McDonald S, Hayes RL, Baglioni AJ. Stress and coping in first-episode psychosis: the role of symptoms, self-efficacy, and social support in coping with stress. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
72. Albiston DJ, Francey SM, Harrigan SM. A group program for recovery from early psychosis. Br J Psychiatry (Suppl) (in press).
73. Leavey G, King M, Cole E, Hoar A, Johnson-Sabine E. First-onset psychotic illness: patients' and relatives' satisfaction with services. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170:53-57. Patients' and relatives' perceived lack of information and support could have a negative impact on compliance and future service use, and therefore possibly on clinical outcome.