Update: Clinically significant cytochrome P-450 drug interactions

Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 84-112

  Michalets, Elizabeth Landrum ^a,b  

^a Department of Pharmacy   (United States)

^b Mission St Joseph's Health System   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIEMETIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUSULFAN; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CISAPRIDE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOCHROME P450; DOXORUBICIN; ESTROGEN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; ISOENZYME; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PHENYTOIN; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; QUINIDINE; TACROLIMUS; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

BREAKTHROUGH BLEEDING; CARDIOTOXICITY; DRUG INTERACTION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; EDEMA; ENZYME INDUCTION; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; JAUNDICE; PSYCHOMOTOR DISORDER; REVIEW; SOMNOLENCE; UVEITIS; VERTIGO; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT;

CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP1A2; CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2D6; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; DRUG INTERACTIONS; ENZYME INDUCTION; HUMANS; MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; PHARMACOLOGY;

EID: 0031975185     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Brouwer KLR, Dukes GE, Powell JR. Influence of liver function on drug disposition. In: Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ, eds. Applied pharmacokinetics. Spokane, WA: Applied Therapeutics, 1993:6-1-59.
2. Slaughter RL, Edwards DJ. Recent advances: the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:619-24.
3. Brosen K. Recent developments in hepatic drug oxidation: implications for clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;18:220-39.
4. Guengerich FP. Catalytic selectivity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: relevance to drug metabolism and toxicity. Toxicol Lett 1994;70:133-8.
5. Nebert DW, Adesnich M, Coon MJ, et al. The P450 gene superfamily: recommended nomenclature. DNA 1987;6:1-11.
6. Coutts RT. Polymorphism in the metabolism of drugs, including antidepressant drugs: comments on phenotyping. J Psychiatry Neurosci 1994;19:30-44.
7. Kunze KL, Wienkers LC, Thummel KE, Trater WF. Warfarin-fluconazole. I. Inhibition of the human cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of warfarin by fluconazole: in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:414-21.
8. Black DJ, Kunze KL, Wienkers LC, et al. Warfarin-fluconazole. II. A metabolically based drug interaction: in vitro studies. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:422-8.
9. Ereshefsky L, Riesenman C, Francis Lam YW. Antidepressant drug interactions and the cytochrome P450 system: the role of cytochrome P450 2D6. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995;29(suppl 1):10-19.
10. Cooke CE, Sklar GE, Nappi JM. Possible pharmacokinetic interaction with quinidine: ciprofloxacin or metronidazole? Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:364-6.
11. Heimark LD, Wienkers L, Dunze K, et al. The mechanism of the interaction between amiodarone and warfarin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:398-407.
12. Soto J, Alsar MJ, Sacristan JA. Assessment of the time course of drugs with inhibitory effects of hepatic metabolic activity using successive salivary caffeine tests. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15:781-4.
13. Shinn AF. Clinical relevance of cimetidine drug interactions. Drug Saf 1992;7:245-67.
14. Pirttiaho HI, Sotaniemi EA, Pelkonen RO, et al. Hepatic blood flow and drug metabolism in patients on enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1982;22:441-5.
15. Harder S, Thurmann P. Clinically important drug interactions with anticoagulants, an update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;30:416-44.
16. Grange JM, Winstanley PA, Davies PDO. Clinically significant drug interactions with antituberculosis agents. Drug Saf 1994;11:242-51.
17. Cupp MJ, Tracy TS. Role of the cytochrome P450 3A subfamily in drug interactions. US Pharmacist 1997:HS 9-21.
18. Schein JR. Cigarette smoking and clinically significant drug interactions. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:1139-48.
19. Nemeroff CB, DeVane L, Pollock BG. Newer antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. Am J Psychiatry 1996;153:311-20.
20. Honig PK, Woosley RL, Zamani K, Conner DP, Cantilena LR. Changes in the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographc pharmacodynamics of terfenadine with concomitant administration of erythromycin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;52:213-18.
21. Mathews DR, McNutt B, Okerholam R, Flicker M, McBride G. Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use. JAMA 1991;266:2375-6.
22. Honig PK, Wortham DC, Zamani K, Conner DP, Mullin JC, Cantilena LR. Terfenadine-ketoconazole interaction: pharmacokinetic and electrocardiographic consequences. JAMA 1993;269:1513-18.
23. Monahan BP, Ferguson CL, Killeavy ES, Lloyd BK, Troy J, Cantilena LR. Torsades de pointes occurring in association with terfenadine use. JAMA 1990;264:2788-90.
24. Pratt CM, Ruberg S, Morganroth J, et al. Dose-response relation between terfenadine (Seldane) and the QT interval on the scalar electrocardiogram: distinguishing a drug effect from spontaneous variability. Am Heart J 1996;131:472-80.
25. Woosley RL. Cardiac actions of antihistamines. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996;36:233-52.
26. Francois I, De Nutte N. Nonulcer dyspepsia: effect of the gastrointestinal prokinetic drug cisapride. Curr Ther Res 1987;41:891-8.
27. Wysowski DK, Bacsanyi J. Cisapride and fatal arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:290-1.
28. Inman W, Kubota K. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. BMJ 1992;305:1019.
29. Bran S, Murray W, Hirsch IB, Plamer JP. Long QT syndrome during high-dose cisapride. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:765-8.
30. Olsson S, Edwards IR. Tachycardia during cisapride treatment. BMJ 1992;305:748-9.
31. Abramowicz M, ed. Fexofenadine. Med Lett 1996;38:95-6.
32. Kivisto KT, Neuvonen PJ, Klotz U. Inhibition of terfenadine metabolism: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences. Clin Pharmacokinet 1994;27:1-5.
33. Gillum JG, Isreal DS, Polk RE. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antimicrobial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;25:450-82.
34. Cantilena LR, Sorrels S, Wiley T, Wortham D. Fluconazole alters terfenadine pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics [abstr]. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995; 57:185.
35. Harris S, Hilligoss DM, Colangelo PM, Eller M, Okerholm R. Azithromycin and terfenadine: lack of drug interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:310-15.
36. Amsden GW. Macrolides versus azalides: a drug interaction update. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:906-17.
37. van-Rosenteil NA, Adam D. Macrolide antibacterials. Drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 1995;13:105-22.
38. Abramowicz M, ed. Mibefradil - a new calcium-channel blocker. Med Lett 1997;39:103-5.
39. DeVane L. Pharmacokinetics of the newer antidepressants: clinical relevance. Am J Med 1994;97(suppl 6A):13S-23.
40. Shen WW. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and interactions of psychotropic drugs: a five-year update. Int J Psychiatry Med 1995;25:277-90.
41. Swims MP. Potential terfenadine-fluoxetine interaction. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:1404-5.
42. Marchiando RJ, Cook MD. Probable terfenadine-fluoxetine-associated cardiac toxicity. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29: 937-8.
43. Finley PR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: pharmacologic profiles and potential therapeutic distinctions. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:1359-69.
44. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Serzone (nefazodone) package insert. Princeton, NJ; 1997.
45. Solvay Pharmaceuticals. Luvox (fluvoxamine) package insert. Marietta, GA; 1997.
46. Robinson DS, Roberts DL, Smith JM, et al. The safety profile of nefazodone. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(suppl 2):31-8.
47. Pfizer, Inc. Zoloft (sertraline) package insert. Wilkes-Barre, PA; 1997.
48. Morton WA, Sonne SC, Verga MA. Venlafaxine: a structurally unique and novel antidepressant. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:387-95.
49. Kupferschmidt HT, Riem H, Ziegler WH, Meier PJ, Krahenbuhl S. Interaction between grapefruit juice and midazolam in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:20-8.
50. Fuhr U, Dummert AL. The fate of naringin in humans: a key to grapefruit juice-drug interactions: Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:365-73.
51. Hollander AMJ, van Rooij J, Lentjes EGWM, et al. The effect of grapefruit juice on cyclosporine and prednisone metabolism in transplant patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;57:318-24.
52. Spence JD. Drug interactions with grapefruit: whose responsibility is it to warn the public? Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:395-400.
53. Edwards DJ, Bernier SM. Naringin and naringenin are not the primary CYP3A inhibitors in grapefruit juice. Life Sci 1996;59:1025-30.
54. Edwards DJ, Bellevue FH, Woster PM. Identification of 6,7-dihydroxybergamottin, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, in grapefruit juice. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:1287-90.
55. Abramowicz M, ed. Grapefruit juice interactions with drugs. Med Lett 1995;37:73-4.
56. Benton RE, Honig PK, Zamani K, Cantilena LR, Woosley RL. Grapefruit juice alters terfenadine pharmacokinetics, resulting in prolongation of repolarization on the electrocardiogram. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:383-8.
57. Rau SE, Bend JR, Arnold MO, Tran LT, Spence JD, Bailey DG. Grapefruit juice-terfenadine single-dose interaction: magnitude, mechanism, and relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:401-9.
58. Anonymous. Hismanal. FDA Med Bull 1996;269(2):4.
59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical update: impact of HIV protease inhibitors on the treatment of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients with rifampin. MMWR 1996;45(42):921-5.
60. Abbott Laboratories. Norvir (ritonavir) package insert. Abbott Park, IL; 1997.
61. Roche Laboratories. Invirase (saquinavir) package insert. Nutley, NJ; 1997.
62. Merck, Sharp & Dohme. Crixivan (indinavir) package insert. West Point, PA; 1997.
63. Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Viracept (nelfinavir) package insert. La Jolla, CA; 1997.
64. Humphrey PPA. Letter. BMJ 1992;305:1019.
65. Gugler R, Jensen JC. Omeprazole inhibits oxidative drug metabolism. Studies with diazepam and phenytoin in vivo and 7-ethoxycoumarin in vitro. Gastroenterology 1985;89: 1235-41.
66. Maton PN. Omeprazole. N Engl J Med 1991;324:965-75.
67. Blum RA. Lansoprazole and omeprazole in the treatment of acid peptic disorders. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1996; 53:1401-15.
68. Anderson T. Omeprazole drug interaction studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;21:195-212.
69. Darlington MR. Hypoprothrombinemia induced by warfarin sodium and cisapride. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1997;54:320-1.
70. Maurer PM, Bartkowski RR. Drug interactions of clinical significance with opioid analgesics. Drug Saf 1993;8:30-48.
71. Kroboth P, Folan M, Lush R, et al. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines. II. Pharmacodynamic assessment. Abstract presented at the meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, New Orleans, March 30-Apri 1, 1994.
72. Greene DS, Dockens RC, Salazar DE, Barbhaiya RH. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines. I. Pharmacokinetic assessment. Abstract presented at the meeting of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, New Orleans, March 30-April 1, 1994.
73. Barbhaiya RH, Shukla UA, Kroboth PD, Greene DS. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines. II. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with triazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:320-6.
74. Greene DS, Salazar DE, Dockens RC, Kroboth P, Barbhaiya RH. Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines. III. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with alprazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:399-408.
75. Lurila H, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Lack of interaction of erythromycin with temazepam. Ther Drug Monit 1994;16:548-51.
76. Ahonen J, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Lack of effect of antimycotic itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of temazepam. Ther Drug Monit 1996;18:124-7.
77. Kharasch ED, Thummel KE. Human alfentanil metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A3/4. An explanation for interindividual variability in alfentanil clearance. Anesth Analg 1993;76:1033-9.
78. Backman JT, Olkkola, KT, Neuvonen PJ. Rifampin drastically reduces plasma concentrations and effects of oral midazolam. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59:7-13.
79. Villikka K, Kivisto KT, Backman JT, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Triazolam is ineffective in patients taking rifampin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:8-14.
80. Bailey DG, Arnold MO, Strong A, Munoz C, Spence JD. Effect of grapefruit juice naringin on nisoldipine pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54:589-94.
81. Bailey DG, Spence JD, Numoz C, Arnold JMO. Interaction of citrus juice with felodipine and nifedipine. Lancet 1991;337:268-9.
82. Leidholm H, Nordine G. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction [letter]. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1991;25:1007-8.
83. Bailey DG, Bend JR, Arnold MO, et al. Erythromycin-felodipine interaction: magnitude, mechanism, and comparison with grapefruit juice. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60:25-33.
84. Neuvonen P, Raimo S. Itraconazole interacts with felodipine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:134-5.
85. Tailor S, Gupta A, Walker S, et al. Peripheral edema due to nifedipine-itraconazole interaction: a case report. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:350-2.
86. Jalava KM, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ. Itraconazole greatly increases plasma concentrations and effects of felodipine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;61:410-15.
87. Bradford RH, Shear CL, Chremos AN, et al. Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. I. Efficacy in modifying plasma lipoproteins and adverse event profile in 8245 patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:43-9.
88. Mauro VF. Clinical pharmacokinetics and practical applications of simvastatin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;24:195-202.
89. Illingworth DR, Tobert JA. A review of clinical trials comparing HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Ther 1994;16:366-85.
90. Neuvonen PJ, Jalava K. Itraconazole drastically increases plasma concentrations of lovastatin and lovastatin acid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60:54-61.
91. Lees RS, Lees AM. Rhabdomyolysis from the coadministration of lovastatin and the antifungal agent itraconazole. N Engl J Med 1995;333:664-5.
92. Ayanian JZ, Ruchs CS, Stone RM. Lovastatin and rhabdomyolysis [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:682-3.
93. Corpier CL, Jones PH, Suke WN, et al. Rhabdomyolysis and renal injury with lovastatin use. Report of two cases in cardiac transplant recipients. JAMA 1988;260:239-41.
94. Spach DH, Bauwens JE, Clark CD, et al. Rhabdomyolysis associated with lovastatin and erythromycin use. West J Med 1991;154:213-15.
95. Fromm MF, Busse D, Kroemer HK, Eichelbaum M. Differential induction of prehepatic and hepatic metabolism of verapamil by rifampin. Hepatology 1996;24:796-801.
96. Want RW, Liu L, Cheng H. Identification of human liver cytochrome p450 isoforms involved in the in vitro metabolism of cyclobenzaprine. Drug Metab Dispos 1996;24:786-91.
97. Kivisto KT, Kroemoer HK, Eichelbaum M. The role of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in the metabolism of anticancer agents: implications for drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;40:523-30.
98. Bartlett NL, Lum BL, Fisher GA, et al. Phase 1 trial of doxorubicin with cyclosporine as a modulator of multidrug resistance. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:835-42.
99. Rushing DA, Raber SR, Rodvold KA, Piscitelli SC, Plank GS, Tweksbury DA. The effects of cyclosporine on the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in patients with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1994;74:834-41.
100. Berg SL, Cowan KH, Balis FM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of taxol and doxorubicin administered alone and in combination by continuous 72-hour infusion. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:143-5.
101. Zhou-Pan XR, Serree E, Zhou XJ, et al. Involvement of human liver cytochrome P450 3A in vinblastine metabolism: drug interactions. Cancer Res 1993;53:5121-6.
102. Fedeli L, Colozza M, Boschette E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vincristine in cancer patients treated with nifedipine. Cancer 1989;64:1805-11.
103. Buggia I, Zecca M, Alessandrino EP, et al. Itraconazole can increase systemic exposure to busulfan in patients given bone marrow transplantation. Anticancer Res 1996;16:2083-8.
104. Jacolot J, Simon I, Dreano Y, Beaune P, Riche C, Berthou J. Identification of the cytochrome P450 IIIA family as the enzymes involved in the N-demethylation of tamoxifen in human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1991;41: 1911-19.
105. Gerberding JL. Prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:497-501.
106. Abramowicz M, ed. New drugs for HIV infection. Med Lett 1996;38:357.
107. Liao JS, Reiss WG. Drug-cytokine interactions: focus on cyclosporine. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:401-8.
108. Yee GC, McGuire TR. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with cyclosporine. I. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;19:319-32.
109. Yee GC, McGuire TR. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with cyclosporine. II. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;19:400-15.
110. First MR, Schroeder TJ, Michael A, Hariharan S, Weiskittel P, Alexander JW. Cyclosporine-ketoconazole interactions. Long-term follow-up and preliminary results of a randomized trial. Transplantation. 1993;55:1000-4.
111. Gomez DY, Wacher VJ, Tomlanovich SJ, Hebert MF, Benet LZ. The effects of ketoconazole on the intestinal metabolism and bioavailability of cyclosporine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:15-19.
112. Shennib H, Auger JL. Diltiazem improves cyclosporine dosage in cystic fibrosis lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 1994;10:292-6.
113. McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, McLellan H, Acott PD, Crocker JFS, Renton KW. Norfloxacin interferes with cyclosporine disposition in pediatric patients undergoing renal transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:322-7.
114. Venkatesan K. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with rifampicin. Clin Pharmacokinet 1992;22:47-65.
115. Bolt HM. Interactions between clinically used drugs and oral contraceptives. Environ Health Perspect 1994,102(suppl 9):35-8.
116. Brooks SM, Werk EE, Ackerman SJ, Sullivan I, Thrasher K. Adverse effects of phenobarbital on corticosteroid metabolism in patients with bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 1972;286: 1125.
117. Dickey RM, ed. Managing contraceptive pill patients, 8th ed. Durant, OK: EMIS, Inc., 1994.
118. Abramowicz M, ed. Terbinafine for onychomycosis. Med Lett 1996;38:72-4.
119. Oberg K, Bauman JL. QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes due to erythromycin lactobionate. Pharmacotherapy 1995;15:687-92.
120. Levy RH. Cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and antiepileptic drug interactions. Epilepsia 1995;36(suppl 5):S8-13.
121. Fischer V, Vogels B, Maurer G, Tynes RE. The antipsychotic clozapine is metabolized by the polymorphic human microsomal and recombinant cytochrome P450 2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;260:1355-60.
122. Brosen K. Are pharmacokinetic drug interactions with the SSRIs an issue? Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;11(suppl 1):23-7.
123. Otton SV, Wu D, Joffe RT, Cheung SW, Sellers EM. Inhibition by fluoxetine of cytochrome P450 2D6 activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53:401-9.
124. Vandel S, Bertschy G, Bonin B, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels after fluoxetine addition. Neuropsychobiology 1992;25:202-7.
125. Piscitelli SC, Flexner C, Minor JR, Polis MA, Masur H. Drug interactions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:685-93.
126. Lischke V, Behne M, Doelken P, et al. Droperidol causes a dose-dependent prolongation of the QT interval. Anesth Analg 1994;79:983-6.
127. Merck & Co., Inc. Prescribing information. Flexeril (cyclobenzaprine). West Point, PA; 1996.
128. Pollak PT, Sketris IS, MacKenzie SL, Hewlett TJ. Delirium probably induced by clarithromycin in a patient receiving fluoxetine. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:486-8.
129. Brosen K, Gram LF. Quinidine inhibits the 2-hydroxylation of imipramine and desipramine but not the demethylation of imipramine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:155-60.
130. Kreek MJ, Garfield JW, Gutjahr CL, Guisi LM. Rifampin-induced methadone withdrawal. N Engl J Med 1976;294: 1104-6.
131. Upton RA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between theophylline and other medication. I. Clin Pharmacokinet 1991;20:66-80.
132. Wagner W, Vause EW. Fluvoxamine: a review of global drug-drug interactions data. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995;29:26-32.
133. Pollak PT, Slayter KL. Reduced serum theophylline concentrations after discontinuation of azithromycin: evidence for an unusual interactions. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:827-9.
134. Grasela TH, Dreis MW. An evaluation of the quinolone-theophylline drug interaction using the Food and Drug Administration spontaneous reporting system. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:617-21.
135. Borcherding SM, Stevens R, Nichols RA, Corley CR, Self T. Quinolones: a practical review of clinical uses, dosing considerations, and drug interactions. J Fam Pract 1996;42:69-78.
136. Brouwers JR. Drug interactions with quinolone antibacterials. Drug Saf 1992;4:268-81.
137. Fuhr U, Maier A, Keller A, Steinijans VW, Sauter R, Staib AH. Lacking effect of grapefruit juice on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;33:311-14.
138. Bianco TM, Bussey HI, Farnett LE, et al. Potential warfarin-ciprofloxacin interaction in patients receiving long-term anticoagulation. Pharmacotherapy 1992;12:435-9.
139. Toon S, Hopkins KJ, Garstang FM, Arrons L, Sedman A, Rowland M. Enoxacin-warfarin interaction: pharmacokinetic and stereochemical aspects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1987;42: 33-41.
140. Mitchell AS, Holland JT. Fluconazole and phenytoin: a predictable interactions. Br Med J 1989;298:1315.
141. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation. Topamax (topiramate) package insert. Raritan, NJ; 1997.
142. Harder S, Thurmann P. Clinically important drug interactions with anticoagulants. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;30:416-44.
143. Landes BD, Petite JP, Flouvat B. Clinical pharmacokinetics of lansoprazole. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995;28:458-70.