Xenoantigens and xenoantibodies

Xenotransplantation

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 6-17

  Cooper, David K C ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibodies; Glycosylated epitopes; Pig vascular endothelial cells

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; ANTIGEN;

ANTIBODY RESPONSE; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ENGINEERING; GRAFT REJECTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; NONHUMAN; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SWINE; XENOTRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0031931624     PISSN: 0908665X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1998.tb00003.x     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. PERPER RJ, NAJARIAN JS. Experimental renal heterotransplantation. I. In widely divergent species. Transplantation 1966; 4:377.
2. GEWURZ H, CLARK DS, FINSTAD J, ET AL. Role of the complement system in graft rejection in experimental animals and man. Ann NY Acad Sci 1966; 129:673.
3. GEWURZ H, CLARK DS, COOPER MD, VARCO RL, GOOD RA. Effect of cobra venom-induced inhibition of complement activity on allograft and xenograft rejection reactions. Transplantation 1967; 5:1296.
4. LINN BS, JENSEN JA, PORTAL P, SNYDER GB. Renal xenograft prolongation by suppression of natural antibody. J Surg Res 1968; 8:211.
5. COOPER DKC, HUMAN PA, LEXER G, ET AL. Effects of cyclosporine and antibody adsorption on pig cardiac xenograft survival in the baboon. J Heart Transplant 1988; 7:238.
6. ALEXANDRE GPJ, GIANELLO P, LATINNE D, ET AL. Plasmapheresis and splenectomy in experimental renal xenotransplantation. In: Xenograft 25. Hardy MA, ed. New York: Elsevier, 1989, p. 259.
7. GALILI U, SHOHET SB, KOBRIN E, STULTZ CLM, MACHER BA. Man, apes and Old World monkeys differ from other mammals in the expression of αgalactosyl epitopes on nucleated cells. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:17755.
8. GALILI U, RACHMILEWITZ EA, PELEG A, FLECHNER I. A unique natural human IgG antibody with anti-α-galactosyl specificity J Exp Med 1984; 260:1519.
9. GOOD H, COOPER DKC, MALCOLM AJ, ET AL. Identification of carbohydrate structures which bind human anti-porcine antibodies: Implications for discordant xenografting in man. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:559.
10. COOPER DKC. Depletion of natural antibodies in non-human primates: A step towards successful xenografting in man. Clin Transplantation 1992; 6:178.
11. COOPER DKC, GOOD AH, KOREN E, ET AL. Identification of α-galactosyl and other carbohydrate epitopes that are bound by human anti-pig antibodies: Relevance to discordant xenografting in man. Transpl Immunol 1993; 1:198.
12. COOPER DKC, KOREN E, ORIOL R. Oligosaccharides and discordant xenotransplantation. Immunol Rev 1994; 141:31.
13. SANDRIN MS, VAUGHAN HA, DABKOWSKI PL, MCKENZIE IFC. Anti-pig IgM antibodies in human serum react predominantly with Gal(α1-3)Gal epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90:11391.
14. GALILI U. Interaction of the natural anti-Gal antibody with α-galactosyl epitopes: A major obstacle for xenotransplantation in humans. Immunol Today 1993; 14:480.
15. NEETHLING FA, KOREN E, YE Y, ET AL. Protection of pig kidney (PK 15) cells from the cytotoxic effect of anti-pig antibodies by α-galactosyl oligosaccharides. Transplantation 1994; 57:959.
16. NEETHLING FA, JOZIASSE D, COOPER DKC, ORIOL R. The reducing end of αGal oligosaccharides contributes to their efficiency in blocking natural antibodies of human and baboon sera. Transplant Int 1996; 9:98.
17. YE Y, NEETHLING FA, NIEKRASZ M, ET AL. Evidence that intravenously administered α-galactosyl carbohydrates reduce baboon serum cytotoxicity to pig kidney cells (PK15) and transplanted pig hearts. Transplantation 1994; 58:330.
18. TANIGUCHI S, NEETHLING FA, KORCHAGINA EY, ET AL. In vivo immunoadsorption of anti-pig antibodies in baboons using a specific Galα1-3Gal column. Transplantation 1996; 63:1379.
19. COOPER DKC, CAIRNS TDH, TAUBE DH. Extracorporeal immunoadsorption of anti-pig antibody in baboons using αGal oligosaccharide immunoaffinity columns. Xeno 1996; 4:27.
20. NEETHLING FA, SIMON PM, ZOPF D, COOPER DKC. Delay of antibody-mediated rejection of pig heart transplants in baboons by continuous intravenous infusion with α-galactosyl oligosaccharide. (Abstract) J Heart Lung Transplant 1997; 16:59.
21. SIMON PM, GOODE PL, ZOPF D, ET AL. Inhibition of hyperacute rejection of heterotopic porcine heart xenografts in baboons by intravenous infusion of alpha Gal-tri- and pentasaccharides. Presented as a poster to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract P233).
22. ROMANO EL, NEETHLING FA, NILSSON KGI, MAGNUSSON S, COOPER DKC. Intravenous Gal-alpha saccharides for the prevention of hyperacute rejection of pig heart to baboon transplantation. Presented as a poster to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract P302).
23. SIMON P, NEETHLING FA, TANIGUCHI S, ET AL. Intravenous infusion of αGal oligosaccharides in baboons delays hyperacute rejection of porcine heart xenografts. Transplantation In press.
24. ROMANO E, NEETHLING FA, NILSSON K, ET AL. Synthetic αGal saccharides delay hyperacute rejection of pig-to-baboon heart transplant. Submitted for publication.
25. COOPER DKC., YE Y, NIEKRASZ M, ET AL. Specific intravenous carbohydrate therapy - a new concept in inhibiting antibody-mediated rejection: Experience with ABO-incompatible cardiac allografting in the baboon. Transplantation 1993; 56:769.
26. ORIOL R, YE Y, KOREN E, COOPER DKC. Carbohydrate antigens of pig tissues reacting with human natural antibodies as potential targets for hyperacute vascular rejection in pig-to-man organ Xenotransplantation. Transplantation 1993; 56; 1433.
27. ORIOL R, BARTHOD F, BERGEMER A-M, ET AL. Monomorphic and polymorphic carbohydrate antigens on pig tissues: Implications for organ xenotransplantaton in the pig-to-man model. Transplant Int 1994; 7:405.
28. BOUHOURS D, POURCEL C, BOUHOURS JF. Simultaneous expression by porcine aorta endothelial cells of glycosphingolipids bearing the major epitope for human xenoreactive antibodies (Galα1-3Gal), blood group H determinant and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Glyconjugate J 1996; 13:947.
29. SAMUELSSON BE, RYDBERG L, BREIMER ME, ET AL. Natural antibodies and human xenotransplantation. Immunol Rev 1994; 141:151.
30. JALALI-ARAGHI K, MACHER BA. Characterization of porcine kidney neutral glycosphingolipids: Identification of a carbohydrate antigen recognized by human natural antibodies. Glyconjugate J 1994; 11:266.
31. ORIOL R, CANDELIER JJ, TANIGUCHI S, PETERS L, COOPER DKC. Major oligosaccharide epitopes found in tissues of 23 animal species: Potential donors for organ xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:794.
32. ORIOL R, CANDELIER JJ, HAMMER C, COOPER DKC. Expression of alpha Gal epitope on vascular endothelium of twenty-two wild mammalian species. Presented as a poster to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract P94).
33. TANIGUCHI S, NEETHLING FA, KOBAYASHI T, ET AL. The ratites (ostrich, emu) as potential heart donors for humans: Immunologic considerations. Xenotransplantation 1996; 3:252.
34. GALILI U, TIBELL A, SAMUELSSON B, RYDBERG L, GROTH CG. Increased anti-Gal activity in diabetic patients transplanted with fetal porcine islet cell clusters. Transplantation 1995; 59:1549.
35. GALILI U, LATEMPLE DC, WALGENBACH AW, STONE KR. Porcine and bovine cartilage transplants in cynomolgus monkey. II. Changes in anti-Gal response during chronic rejection. Transplantation 1997; 63:646.
36. KOZLOWSKI T, MONROY R, XU Y, ET AL. Anti-αGal antibody response to porcine bone marrow in unmodified baboons and baboons conditioned for tolerance induction. Submitted for publication.
37. GALILI U, MINANOV OP, MICHLER RE, STONE KR. High affinity anti-Gal immunoglobulin G in chronic rejection of xenografts. Xenotransplantation 1997; 4:127.
38. NEETHLING FA, COOPER DKC, XU H, MICHLER RE. Newborn baboon serum anti-αgalactosyl antibody levels and cytotoxicity to cultured pig kidney (PK 15) cells. Transplantation 1995; 60:520.
39. XU H, EDWARDS NM, CHEN JM, XU D, MICHLER RE. Age-related development of human anti-pig xenoantibody. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110:1023.
40. XU H, EDWARDS NM, CHEN JM, KWIATKOWSKI PA, ROSENBERG SE, MICHLER RE. Newborn baboon serum lacks natural anti-pig xenoantibody. Transplantation 1995; 59:1189.
41. MINANOV PO, ITESCU S, NEETHLING FA, ET AL. Anti-Gal IgG antibodies in sera of newborn humans and baboons and its significance in pig xenotransplantation. Transplantation 1997; 63:182.
42. KAPLON RJ, MICHLER RE, XU H, KWIATKOWSKI PA, EDWARDS N, PLATT JL. Absence of hyperacute rejection in newborn pig-to-baboon cardiac xenografts. Transplantation 1995; 59:1.
43. MINANOV OP, ITESCU S, NEETHLING FA, ET AL. Anti-Gal IgG antibodies in sera of newborn humans and baboons and its significance in pig xenotransplantation. Transplantation 1997; 63:182.
44. INVERARDI L, PARDI R. Early events in cell-mediated recognition of vascular xenografts: Cooperative interactions between selected lymphocytes subsets and natural antibodies. Immunol Rev 1994: 141:71.
45. BLAKELY ML, VAN DER WERF W, BERNDT MC, DALMASSO AP, BACH FH, HANCOCK WW. Activation of intragraft endothelial and mononuclear cells during discordant xenograft rejection. Transplantation 1994; 58:1059.
46. BACH FH, ROBSON SC, WINKLER H, ET AL. Barriers to xenotransplantation. Nature Med 1995; 1:869.
47. GALILI U. Anti-αgalactosyl (anti-Gal) damage beyond hyperacute rejection. In: Cooper DKC, Kemp E, Platt JL, White DJG, eds. Xenotransplantation, second edition. Heidelberg: Springer, 1997, p. 95.
48. INVERARDI L, CLISSI B, STOLZER AL, ET AL. Human natural killer lymphocytes directly recognize evolutionarily conserved oligosaccharide ligands expressed by xenogeneic tissues. Transplantation 1997; 63:1318.
49. INVERARDI L, CLISSI B, PARDI R. Xenorecognition by NK cells and natural antibodies: A common evolutionary pathway? Xeno 1997; 5:9.
50. ITESCU S, KWIATKOWSKI P, WANG SF, BLOOD T, ROSE S, MICHLER RE. Circulating human mononuclear cells exhibit augmented lysis of pig endothelium following activation with IL-2. Transplantation 1996: 62:1927.
51. ARTRIP JH, KWIATKOWSKI PA, MORGENTHAU AS, ET AL. Interactions between IL-2 activated human natural killer cells and porcine endothelium involves direct binding to galactose α1,3 galactose ligands. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O55).
52. VETR H, LIPP J. Tumor necrosis factor-induced expression of porcine glycoproteins GP56 and GP100 recognized by human xenoreactive natural antibodies. Transplantation 1996: 62:396.
53. XU Y, LORF T, SABLINSKI T, ET AL. Removal of anti-porcine natural antibodies from human and nonhuman primate plasma in vitro and in vivo by a Galα1-3GalΒ1-4ΒGlc-X immunoaffinity column. Transplantation In press.
54. RYDBERG L, CAIRNS TDH, GROTH C-G, ET AL. Specificities of human IgM and IgG anticarbohydrate xenoantibodies found in the sera of diabetic patients grafted with fetal pig islets. Xenotransplantation 1994; 1:69.
55. RYDBERG L, BJORCK S, HALLBERG E, ET AL. Extracorporeal ("ex vivo") connection of pig kidneys to humans. II. The anti-pig antibody response. Xenotransplantation 1996; 3:340.
56. HOLGERSSON J, CAIRNS TDH, KARLSSON EC, ET AL. Carbohydrate specificity of human IgM antibodies with pig lymphocytotoxic activity. Transplant Proc 1992; 24:605.
57. FREDMAN P, VEDELER CA, NYLAND H, AARLI JA, SVENNERHOLM L. Antibodies in sera from patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy react with ganglioside LM1 and sulfatide of peripheral nerve myelin. J Neurol 1991; 238:75.
58. BOUHOURS D, LIAIGRE J, NAULET J, MAUME D, BOUHOURS J-F. A novel glycosphingolipid expressed in pig kidney: Galα1-3 Lewis hexaglycosylceramide. Glyconjugate J 1997; 14:29.
59. BACKER AE, HOLGERSSON J, SAMUELSSON BE, KARLSSON H. Identification of extended, Galα1,3Gal-terminated glycosphingolipids in porcine tissues. Submitted for publication.
60. HALLBERG EC, HOLGERSSON J, JOVAL P-A, SAMUELSSON BE. Glycosphingolipid expression in pig aorta. Identification of possible target antigens for human natural antibodies. Submitted for publication.
61. BOUHOURS D, BOUHOURS J-F. Hanganutziu-Deicher xenoantigens. Xeno 1994; 2:33.
62. HANGANUTZIU M. Hemaglutinines heterogenetiques apres injection de serum de cheval. CR Soc Biol 1924; 91:1457.
63. DEICHER H. Uber die erzeugung heterospezifischer hamagglutinine durch Injektion artfremden serums. Z Hyg InfektKrankh 1926; 106:561.
64. PIROFSKY B, RAMIREZ-MATEOS JC, AUGUST A. Foreign serum heterophile antibodies in patients receiving anti-thymocyte antisera. Blood 1973; 42:385.
65. COOPER DKC, KOREN E, ORIOL R. Genetically engineered pigs. Lancet 1993; 342:682.
66. THALL AD, MALY P, LOWER JB. Oocyte Galα1,3Gal epitopes implicated in sperm adhesion to the zona pellucida glycoprotein ZP3 are not required for fertilization in the mouse. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21437.
67. TEARLE RG, TANGE MJ, ZANNETTINO ZL, ET AL. The α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mouse: implications for xenotransplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61:13.
68. TANGE MJ, TEARLE RG, AMINIAN A, ET AL. Demonstration of the functional importance of the Gal epitope in an ex vivo model of xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 1997; 4:20.
69. SHINKEL TA, CHEN C-G, SALVARIS E, ET AL. Changes in cell surface glycosylation in α1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out and α1,2-fucosyltransferase transgene mice. Transplantation 1997; 64:197.
70. VANHOVE B, CHARREAU B, CASSARD A, POURCEL C, SOULILLOU J-P. Intracellular expression of single chain Fv antibodies anti-α1,3 galactosyltransferase reduce human anti-porcine xenoreactivity. Submitted for publication.
71. SANDRIN MS, FODOR WL, MOUHTOURIS E, ET AL. Enzymatic remodeling of the carbohydrate surface of a xenogenic cell substantially reduces human antibody binding and complement-mediated cytolysis. Nature Med 1995; 1:1261.
72. KOIKE C, KANNAGI K, TAKUMA Y, ET AL. Introduction of α(1,2)fucosyltransferase and its effect on αGal epitopes in transgenic pigs. Xenotransplantation 1996; 3:81.
73. SHARMA A, OKABE JF, BIRCH P, PLATT JL, LOGAN JS. Expression of α1,2 fucosyltransferases in transgenic animals to reduce the number of Galα1,3Gal epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:7190.
74. COHNEY SJ, MOUHTOURIS E, CHISHOLM L, MCKENZIE IFC, SANDRIN MS. Cloning and characterization of pig secretor type fucosyltransferase: A second generation of fucosyltransferase able to reduce GalaIpha(1,3)Gal. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O39).
75. TANEMURA M, MIYAGAWA S, IHARA Y, ET AL. Suppression of a xenoantigen Galα(1,3)Gal by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) in transgenic mice. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:895.
76. TANEMURA M, MIYAGAWA S, IHARA Y, ET AL. Reduction of the major swine xenoantigen Galα(1,3)Gal by transfection of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) gene. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:891.
77. TANEMURA M, MIYAGAWA S, IHARA Y, ET AL. Coexpression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) and alpha2,3 sialyltransferase (α2,3ST) gene for the reduction of xenoantigen. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O69).
78. SHARMA A, OKABE J, BURCH P, ET AL. Down-regulation of the Gal epitope in transgenic mice and pigs by expression of alpha1,2 fucosyltransferase or alpha2,6 sialyl-transferase. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O29).
79. SANDRIN MS, MOUHTOURIS E, OSMAN N, ET AL. Elimination of the major porcine xenoantigen, Gal alpha 1,3Gal by expression of α1,2 fucosyltransferase. Glycoconjugate J 1995; 12:468.
80. COHNEY S, MCKENZIE IFC, PATTON K, ET AL. Down-regulation of Galα(1,3)Gal expression by α1,2 fucosyltransferase: Further characterization of α1,2 fucosyltransferase transgenic mice. Transplantation 1997; 64:495.
81. TANGE MJ, PEARSE MJ, d'APICE AJF. Galα1-3Gal xenoepitope: donor-targeted genetic strategies. In: Cooper, DKC et al., eds. Xenotransplantation, second edition. Heidelberg: Springer, 1997, p. 701.
82. CHEN C-G, SALVARIS EJ, ROMANELLA M, ET AL. Protective effects of reducing the Gal epitope level by expressing H-transferase in mice. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O88).
83. CHEN C-G, FISICARO A, SHINKEL TA, ET AL. Reduction in Galα1,3Gal epitope expression in transgenic mice expressing human H-transferase. Xenotransplantation 1996; 3:69.
84. OSMAN N, MCKENZIE IFC, MOUHTOURIS E, SANDRIN MS. Switching amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of α1,2 fucosyltransferase and α(1,3) galactosyltransferase alters the expression of H substance and Galα(-3)Gal. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:33105.
85. SANDRIN MS, COHNEY S, OSMAN N, MCKENZIE IFC. Over-coming the anti-Galα1-3Gal reaction to avoid hyperacute rejection: Molecular genetic approaches. In: Cooper DKC, et al., eds. Xenotransplantation, aecond edition. Heidelberg: Springer, 1997, p. 683.
86. TANAKA N, LEDUC EH. A study of the cellular distribution of Forssman antigen in various species. J Immunol 1958; 77:198.
87. HOLGERSSON J, JOVALL P-A, SAMUELSSON BE, BREIMER ME. Structural characterization of non-glycosphingolipids in kidney of single blood group O and A pigs. J Biochem 1990; 108:766.
88. PRIETO PA, LARSEN RD, CHO M., ET AL. Expression of human H-type α1,2 fucosyltransferase encoding for blood group H (O) antigen in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2089.
89. MCKENZIE IFC, KOULMANDA M, MANDEL T, XING PX, SANDRIN M. Comparative studies of the major xenoantigen Galα(1,3)Gal in pigs and mice. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:247.
90. SEPP A, SKACEL P, LINDSTEDT R, LECHLER RI. Regulation of α-,3Gal and other type 2 oligosaccharide structures in a porcine endothelial cell line expressing human α1-,2 fucosyltransferase. Presented to the Fourth International Congress on Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O71).
91. SEPP A, SKACEL P., LINDSTEDT R, LECHLER RI. Expression of alpha-1,3-galactose and other type 2 oligosaccharide structures in porcine endothelial cell line transfected with human alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase cDNA. J. Biol Chem 1997; 272:23104.
92. KOIKE C, KATAYAMA A, KADOMATSU K, ET AL. Reduction of αGal epitopes in transgenic pig by introduction of human α1-2 fucosyltransferase. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:894.
93. VANHOVE B, CHARREAU B, CASSARD A, SOULILLOU JP, POURCEL C. Alpha 1,3 galactosyltransferase inhibition in the pig: A new approach. Presented to the Fourth International Congress on Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract O40).
94. SABLINSKI T, LATINNE D, GIANELLO P, ET AL. Xenotransplantation of pig kidneys to nonhuman primates. I. Development of the model. Xenotransplantation 1995; 2:264.
95. LAMBRIGTS D, VAN CALSTER P, XU Y, ET AL. Pharmacologic immunosuppressive therapy and extracorporeal immuno-adsorption in the suppression of anti-αGal antibody in the baboon. Submitted for publication.
96. KAWAI T, COSIMI AB, COLVIN RB, ET AL. Mixed allogeneic chimerism and renal allograft tolerance in cynomolgus monkeys. Transplantation 1995; 59:256.
97. BARTHOLOMEW A, COSIMI AB, SACHS DH, ET AL. A study of tolerance in a concordant xenograft model. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:923.
98. THALL AD, CHENG J, BRADY D, AWWAD M, WHITE-SCHARF M. Induction of B cell hyporesponsiveness toward Galα1,3Gal epitopes. Presented to the International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract P228).
99. - BMC. Presented to the Fourth International Congress for Xenotransplantation, Nantes, France, 1997 (Abstract P107).
100. SACHS DH. MHC-homozygous miniature swine. In: Swindle MM, Moody DC, Phillips LD, eds. Swine as Models in Biomedical Research. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992, p. 3.
101. SACHS DH. A genetic engineering approach to transplantation tolerance. Transplant Sci 1993; 3:59.
102. YASUMOTO A, YAMADA K, SABLINSKI T, ET AL. Mechanism of tolerance following class ii gene transduction of autologous swine bone marrow. Transplant proc 1997; 29:1132.
103. IERINO FL, BANERJEE PT, GIOVINO M, ET AL. Transfer of swine MHC class II genes into autologous bone marrow cells of baboons for the induction of tolerance across xenogeneic barriers. Submitted for publication.
104. SPRINGER GF, DESAI PR. Detection of lung and breast carcinomas by quantitating serum anti-T IgM levels with a sensitive, solid phase immunoassay. Naturwissenschaften 1982; 69:364.
105. BRAY J, LEMIEUX RU, MCPHERSON TA. Use of a synthetic hapten in the demonstration of the Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen on neuraminidase-treated human red blood cells and lymphocytes. J Immunol 1981; 125:1966.
106. LEVENE C, LEVENE NA, BUSKILA D, MANNY N. Red cell polyagglutination. Transfusion Med Rev 1988; 2:176.
107. CAIRNS T, LEE J, GOLDBERG LC, ET AL. Thomsen-Friedenreich and P-K antigens in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:795.
108. THURNER M, RUSCONI S, BERGER EG. Persistent repression of a functional allele can be responsible for galactosyltransferase deficiency in Tn syndrome. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2103.
109. RYDBERG L, CEDERGREN B, BREIMER ME, LINDSTROM K, NYHOLM PG, SAMUELSSON BE. Serological and immunochemical characterization of anti-PP, Pk (anti-Tja) antibodies in blood group little p individuals: Blood group A type 4 recognition due to internal binding. Mol Immunol 1992; 29:1273.
110. HOLGERSSON J, CAIRNS TDH, BREIMER ME, TAUB D, WELSH K, SAMUELSSON BE. Carbohydrate antigen specificity of pig lymphocytotoxic IgM antibodies produced by 2 EBV transformed human B cells. Glyconjugate J 1991; 8:172.
111. HAKAMORI S, WANG S-N, YOUNG WW JR. Isoantigenic expression of Forssman glycolipid in human gastric and colonic mucosa: Its possible identify with "A-like antigen" in human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74:3023.
112. YOUNG WW JR HAKAMORI S, LEVINE P. Characterization of anti-Forssman (anti-Fs) antibodies in human sera: Their specificity and possible changes in patients with cancer. J Immunol 1979; 123:92.
113. ROELCKE D. Cold agglutination. Transfusion Med Rev 1989; 3:140.
114. LALEZARI P, JIANG AF, KUMAR M, LALEZARI I. Carbohydrate-specific antibodies in normal human sera. I. Characterization of specificity for D-a-glucose. Vox Sang 1984; 47:133
115. CAO Y, STOSIEK P, SPRINGER GF, KARSTEN U. Thomsen-Friedenreich-related carbohydrate antigens in normal adult human tissues: A systematic and comparative study. Histochem Cell Biol 1996; 106:197.