Antisense Therapeutics

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 121-158

  Crooke, Stanley T ^a  

^a ISIS PHARMACEUTICALS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTISENSE THERAPEUTICS;

ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOROTHIOATE; POLYADENYLATED RNA; RIBONUCLEASE H;

ADENYLATION; ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG UPTAKE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; INTRACEREBRAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAPERITONEAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; RAT; REVIEW; RNA CAPPING; RNA SPLICING; RNA STRUCTURE; RNA TRANSLATION; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031922723     PISSN: 02648725     EISSN: 20465556     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1998.10647954     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. Abe, J., Zhou, W., Taguchi, J., Takuwa, N., Miki, K., Okazaki, H., Kurokawa, K., Kumada, M. and Takuwa, Y. (1994). ‘Suppression of neointimal smooth muscle cell accumulation in vivo by antisense CDC2 and CDK2 oligonucleotides in rat carotid artery.’ Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 198, 16-24.
2. Adams, J.U., Chen, X.H., Deriel, J.K., Adler, M.W. and Liu-Chen, L.Y. (1994). 'In vivo treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucieotide to kappa-opioid receptors inhibited kappa-agonist-induced analgesia in rats.’ Regulatory Peptides 54, 1-2.
3. Agrawal, S., Goodchild, J., Civeira, M.P., Thornton, A.H., Sarin, P.S. and Zamecnik, P.C. (1988). ‘Oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus.’ Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the USA 85,7079-7083.
4. Agrawal, S., Temsamani, J. and Tang, J.Y.(1991). ‘Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and stability of oligodeoxynucieotide phosphorothioates in mice.’ Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 7595-7599.
5. Agrawal, S., Zhang, X., Lu, Z., Zhao, H., Tamburin, J.M., Yan, J., Cai, H., Diasio, R.B., Habus, I., Jiang, Z., Iyer, R.P., Yu, D. and Zhang, R. (1995). ‘Absorption, tissue distribution and in vivo stability in rats of a hybrid antisense ol igonucieotide following oral administration.’ Biochemical Pharmacology 50(4), 571-576.
6. Akabayashi, A., Wahlestedt, C., Alexander, J.T. and Leibowitz, S.F. (1994). ‘Specific inhibition of endogenous neuropeptide Y synthesis in arcuate nucleus by antisense oligonucleotides suppresses feeding behavior and insulin secretion.’ Molecular Brain Research 21, 55-61.
7. Akino, K., Ohtsoru, A., Yano, H., Ozeki, S., Namba, H., Nakashima, M., Ito, M., Matsumoto, T. and Yamashita, S. (1996). ‘Antisense inhibition of parathyroid hormone-related peptide gene expression reduces malignant pituitary tumor progression and metastases in the rat.’ Cancer Research 56(1), 77-86.
8. Amaratunga, A., Morin, P.J., Kosik, K.S. and Fine, R.E. (1993). ‘Inhibition of kinesin synthesis and rapid anterograde axonal transport in vivo by an antisense oligonucleotide.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 268(23), 17427-17430.
9. Ambuhl, P., Gyurko, R. and Phillips, M.I. (1995). ‘A decrease in angiotensin receptor binding in rat brain nuclei by antisense oligonucleotides to the angiotensin ATI receptor.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 171-182.
10. Azad, R.F., Driver, V.B., Tanaka, K., Crooke, R.M. and Anderson, K.P. (1993). ‘Antiviral activity of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to RNA of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early rogion.' Antimicrobial Agents and Chemo-therapy 37(9), 1945-1954.
11. Baker, B.F. (1993). ‘“Decapitation” of a 5’-Capped Oligoribonucieotide by o-Penanthroline:Cu(II).’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 115, 3378-3379.
12. Baker, B.F., Miraglia, L. and Hagedorn, C.H. (1992). ‘Modulation of eucaryotic initiation faetor-4E binding to 5'-capped oligoribonucleotides by modified anti-sense oligonucleotides.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 11495-11499.
13. Barton, C.M. and Lemoine, N.R. (1995). ‘Antisense oligonucleotides directed against p53 have antiproliferative effects unrelated to effects on p53 expression.’ British Journal of Cancer 71, 429-437.
14. Bayever, E., Iversen, P.L., Bishop, Mr., Sharp, I.G., Tewary, H.K., Arneson, M.A., Pirruccello, S.J., Ruddon, R.W., Kessinger, A. and Zon, G. (1993). ‘Systemic administration of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with a sequence complementary to p53 for acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: initial results of a phase 1 trial.’ Antisense Research Development 3(4), 383-390.
15. Bellon, L., Leydier, C. and Barascut, J.L. (1994). 4-Thio RNA: a novel class of sugar-modified B-RNA. In Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research, ed. Y.S. Sanghvi and P.D. Cook, pp. 68-79. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
16. Bennett, C.F., Chiang, M-Y., Chan, H. and Grimm, S. (1993). "Use of cationic lipids to enhance the biological activity of antisense oligonucleotides.’ Journal of Liposome Research 3, 85-102.
17. Bennett, C.F., Chiang, M-Y., Chan, H., Shoemaker, J.E.E. and Mirabelli, C.K. (1992). ‘Cationic lipids enhance cellular uptake and activity of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides.’ Molecular Pharmacology 41, 1023-1033.
18. Bennett, C.F. and Crooke, S.T. (1996). 'Oligonucleotide-based inhibitors of cytokine expression and function.’ In Therapeutic Modulation of Cytokines, ed. B. Henderson and M.W. Bodmer, pp. 171-193. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
19. Bennett, C.F., Kornbrust, D., Henry, S., Stecker, K., Howard, R., Cooper, S., Dutson, S., Hall, W. and Jacoby, H.I. (1997). ‘An ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotide prevents and reverses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 280(2), 988-1000.
20. Boutorine, A., Hllet, C. and Saison, T. (1991). Cell penetration studies of oligonucleotide derivatized with cholesterol and porphyrins. In Nucleic Acid Therapeutics.
21. Breslauer, K.J., Frank, R., Blocker, H. and Marky, L.A. (1986). ‘Predicting DNA duplex stability from base sequence.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 3746-3750.
22. Burch, R.M. and Mahan, L.C. (1991). ‘Oligonucleotides antisense to the interleukin 1 receptor mRNA block the effects of interleukin 1 in cultured murine and human fibroblasts and in mice.’ Journal of Clinical Investigations 88, 1190-1196.
23. Burgess, T.L., Fisher, E.F., Ross, S.L., Bready, J.V., Qian, Y.X., Bayewitch, L.A., Cohen, A.M., Herrera, C.J., Hu, S.S.F., Kramer, T.B., Lott, F.D., Martin, F.H., Pierce, G.F., Simonet, L. and Farrell, C.L. (1995). ‘The antiproliferative activity of c-myb and c-myc antisense oligonucleotides in smooth muscle cells is caused by a nonantisense mechanism.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 4051-4055.
24. Campbell, J.M., Bacon, T.A. and Wickstrom, E. (1990). ‘Oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioate stability in subcellular extracts, culture media, sera and cerebrospinal fluid.’ Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 20, 259-267.
25. Castro-Alamancos, M.A. and Torres-Aleman, I. (1994). ‘Learning of the conditioned eye-blink response is impaired by an antisense insulin-like growth factor I oligonucleotide.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91, 10203-10207.
26. Cazenave, C., Stein, C.A., Loreau, N., Thuong, N.T., Neckers, L.M., Subasinghe, C.H., Lsne, C., Cohen, J.S. and Toulm, J.J. (1989). ‘Comparative inhibition of rabbit globin mRNA translation by modified antisense oligodeoxynucieotides. Nucleic Acids Research, 17, 4255-4273.
27. Cha, X.Y., Xu, H., Ni, Q., Partilla, J.S., Rice, K.C., Matecka, D., Calderon, S.N., Porreca, F., Lai, J. and Rothman, R.B. (1995). ‘Opioid peptide receptor studies. 4. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to the delta opioid receptor delineates opioid receptor subtypes.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 247-253.
28. Cheng, Y., Gao, W. and Han, F. (1991). ‘Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides as potential antiviral compounds against human immunodeficiency virus and herpes viruses.’ Nucleosides Nucleotides 10, 155-166.
29. Chiang, M.Y., Chan, H., Zounes, M.A., Freier, S.M., Lima, W.F. and Bennett, C.F. (1991). ‘Antisense oligonucleotides inhibit intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression by two distinct mechanisms.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 266, 18162-18171.
30. Chiasson, B.J., Hooper, M.L., Murphy, P.R. and Robertson, H.A. (1992). ‘Antisense oligonucleotide eliminates in vivo expression of c-fos in mammalian brain.’ European Journal of Pharmacology 227, 451-453.
31. Chrisey, L.A., Walz, S.E., Pazirandeh, M. and Campbell, J.R. (1993). ‘Internalization of ol igodeoxy ribonucleotides by Vibrio parahemolyticus. ’ Antisense Research and Development 3, 367-381.
32. Cohen, J.S. (1993). ‘Phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides.’ In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebieu, pp. 205-222. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
33. Cornish, K.G., Iversen, P., Smith, L., Arneson, M. and Bayever, E. (1993). ‘Cardiovascular effects of a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide to p53 in the conscious rhesus monkey.’ Pharmacology Communications 3, 239-247.
34. Cossum, P.A., Sasmor, H., Dellinger, D., Truong, L., Cummins, L., Owens, S.R., Markham, P.M., Shea, J.P. and Crooke, S. (1993). ‘Disposition of the l4C-Iabeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 2105 after intravenous administration to rats.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 267, 1181-1190.
35. Cossum, P.A., Truong, L., Owens, S.R., Markham, P.M., Shea, J.P. and Crooke, S.T. (1994). ‘Pharmacokinetics of a l4C-Labeled phosphorothioate oligonucleotide, ISIS 2105, after intradermal administration to rats.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 269, 89-94.
36. Cowsert, L.M., Fox, M.C., Zon, G. and Mirabelli, C.K. (1993). ‘In vitro evaluation of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides targeted to the E2 mRNA of papillomavirus: potential treatment of genital warts.’ Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 37, 171-177.
37. Crooke, R.M. (1991). 'In vitro toxicology and pharmacokinetics of antisense oligonucleotides. ’ Anti-Cancer Drug Design 6, 609-646.
38. Crooke, R.M. (1993). Cellular uptake, distribution and metabolism of phosphorothioate, phosphodiester, and methylphosphonate oligonucleotides. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebieu, pp. 427-449. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
39. Crooke, R.M. (1993). In vitro and in vivo toxicology of first generation analogs. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebieu, pp. 471-492. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
40. Crooke, R.M., Graham, M.J., Cooke, M.E. and Crooke, S.T. (1995). In vitro pharmacokinetics of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 275(1), 462-473.
41. Crooke, S.T. (1992). ‘Therapeutic applications of oligonucleotides.’ Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 32,329-376.
42. Crooke, S.T. (1993). ‘Progress toward oligonucleotide therapeutics: pharmacodynamic prop-erties.’ The FASEB Journal 7,533-539.
43. Crooke, S.T. (1995). Oligonucleotide Therapeutics. In Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vol. 1, ed. M.E. Wolff, pp. 863-900. New York: Wiley and Sons, Inc.
44. Crooke, S.T. (1995). Therapeutic Applications of Oligonucleotides. Austin, R.G. Landes Company.
45. Crooke, S.T., Graham, M.J., Zuckerman, J.E., Brooks, D., Conklin, B.S., Cummins, L.L., Greig, M.J., Guinosso, C.J., Kornbrust, D., Manoharan, M., Sasmor, H.M., Schleich, T., Tivel, K.L. and Griffey, R.H. (1996). ‘Pharmacokinetic properties of several novel oligonucleotide analogs in mice.' Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 277(2), 923-937.
46. Crooke, S.T., Grillone, L.R., Tendolkar, A., Garrett, A., Fratkin, M.J., Leeds, J. and Barr, W.H. (1994). ‘A pharmacokinetic evaluation of 14C-labeled afovirsen sodium in patients with genital warts.’ Clinical and Pharmaceutical Therapeutics 56, 641-646.
47. Crooke, S.T. and Lebleu, B. (1993). Antisense Research and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
48. Crooke, S.T., Lemonidis, K.M., Nielson, L., Griffey, R. and Monia, B.P. (1995), 'Kinetic characteristics of E. coli RNase HI: cleavage of various antisense oligonucleotides-RNA duplexes.’ Biochemical Journal 312(2), 599-608.
49. Crouch, Rj. and Dirksen, M.L. (1985). Ribonucleases H. In Nucleases, ed. S.M. Linn and R.J. Roberts, p. 211. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
50. De Ctercq, E., Eckstein, F. and Merigan, T.C. (1969). ‘Interferon induction increased through chemical modification of synthetic polyribonucleotide.' Science 165,1137-1140.
51. De Mesmaeker, A., Haener, R., Martin, P. and Moser, H.E. (1995). ‘Antisense Oligonucleotides.’ Accounts of Chemical Research 28(9), 366-74.
52. Dean, N.M. and Mckay, R. (1994). ‘Inhibition of protein kinase C-aipha expression in mice after systemic administration of phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91, 11762-11766.
53. Dean, N.M., Mckay, R., Miraglia, L., Howard, R., Cooper, S., Giddjngs, J., Nicklin, P., Meister, L., Zeil, R., Geiger, T., Muller, M. and Fabbro, D. (1996). ‘Inhibition of growth of human tumor cell lines in nude mice by an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of PKC-alpha expression.’ Cancer Research 56(15), 3499-3507.
54. Desjardins, J., Mata, J., Brown, T., Graham, D., Zon, G. and Iversen, P. (1995). ‘Cholesteryl-conjugated phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides modulate CYP2B1 expression in vivo.’ Journal of Drug Targeting 2,477-485.
55. Dominski, Z. and Kole, R. (1993). ‘Restoration of correct splicing in thalassemic pre-mRNA by antisense oligonucleotides. ’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 8673-8677.
56. Donis-Keller, H. (1979). ‘Site specific enzymatic cleavage of RNA.’ Nucleic Acids Research 7(1), 179-192.
57. Ecker, D.J. (1993). Strategies for invasion of RNA secondary structure. In Anti sense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and R. Lebleu, pp. 387-400. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
58. Ecker, D.J, Vickers, T.A., Bruice, T.W., Freier, S.M., Jenison, R.D., Manoharan, M. and Zounes, M. (1992). ‘Pseudo-half-knot formation with RNA.’Screlia? 257,958-961.
59. Eder, P.S. and Walder, J.A. (1991). Ribonuclease H from K562 human erythroleukemia cells.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 266,6472-6479.
60. Flanagan, L.M., Mccarthy, M.M., Brooks, P.J., Pfaff, D.W. and Mcewen, B.S. (1993). ‘Arginine vasopressin levels after daily infusions of antisense oligonucleotides into the supraoptic nucleus.’ Annals of NY Academy of Sciences 689, 520-521.
61. Freier, S.M. (1993). Hybridization considerations affecting antisense drugs. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebleu, pp. 67-82. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
62. Furdon, P.J., Dominski, Z. and Kole, R. (1989). ‘RNase H cleavage of RNA hybridized to oligonucleotides containing methylphosphonate, phosphorothioate and phosphodiester bonds,’ Nucleic Acids Research 17, 9193-9204.
63. Gagnor, C., Rayner, B., Leonetti, J.P., Imbach, J.L. and Lebleu, B. (1989). ‘Alpha-DNA.IX: Parallel annealing of alpha-anomeric oligodeoxyribonucleotides to natural mRNA is required for interference in RNase H mediated hydrolysis and reverse transcription.’ Nucleic Acids Research 17(13), 5107-14.
64. Galbraith, W.M., Hobson, W.C., Giclas, P.C., Schechter, P. J. and Agrawal, S. (1994). Complement activation and hemodynamic changes following intravenous administration of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in the monkey.’ Antisense Research Development 4(3), 201-206.
65. Gao, W.Y., Han, F.S., Storm, C., Egan, W. and Cheng, Y.C. (1992). ‘Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides are inhibitors of human DNA polymerases and RNase H: Implications for antisense technology.’ Molecular Pharmacology 41, 223-229.
66. Giles, R.V., Speller, D.G. and Tidd, D.M. (1995). ‘Detection of ribonuclease H-generated mRNA fragments in human leukemia cells following reversible membrane permeabilization presenceofantisenseoligodeoxynucleotides.’ Antisense Research Development
67. Giles, R. V. and Tidd, D.M. (1992). ‘Increased specificity for antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting of RNA cleavage by RNase H using chimeric methylphosphonodiester/phosph odiester structures,’ Nucleic Acids Research 20, 763-770.
68. Gillardon, F., Beck, H., Uhlmann, E., Herdegen, T., Sandkohler, J., Peyman, A. and Zimmermann, M. (1994). ‘Inhibitionofc-fos protein expression inrat spinal cordby antisense oligodeoxynucieotide superfusion.' European Journal of Neurosciences 6,880-884.
69. Glover, J.M., Leeds, J.M., Mant, T.G.K., Kisner, D.L., Zuckerman, J., Levin, A.A. and Shanahan, W.R. (1996). ‘Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic profile of an ICAM-1 antisense oligodeoxynucieotide (ISIS 2302). 'Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy (in press).
70. Graham, M.J., Freier, S.M., Crooke, R.M., Ecker, D.J., Maslova, R.N. and Lesnik, E.A. (1993). ‘Tritium labeling of antisense oligonucleotides by exchange with tritiated water.’ Nucleic Acids Research 21, 3737-3743.
71. Gutierrez, A.J., Terhorst, T.J., Matteucci, M.D. and Froehler, B.C. (1994). ‘5-heteroaryl-2-deoxyuridine analogs. Synthesis and incorporation into high-affinity oligonucleotides.’ Journal of the American Chemical Society 116, 5540-5544.
72. Gyurko, R., Wielbo, D. and Phillips, M.I. (1993). ‘Antisense inhibition of ATI receptor mRNA and angiotensinogen mRNA in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces hypertension of neurogenic origin.’ Regulatory Peptides 49, 167-174.
73. Hall, J., Husken, D., Pieles, U., Moser, H.E. and Haner, R. (1994). ‘Efficient sequence-specific cleavage of RNA using novel europium complexes conjugated to oligonucleotides. ’ Chemical Biology 1(3), 185-90.
74. Hanvey, J.C., Peffer, N.C., Bisi, J.E., Thomson, S. A., Cadilla, R., Josey, J. A., Ricca, D.J., Hassman, C.F., Bonham, M.A., Au, K.G., Carter, S.G., Bruckenstein, D.A., Boyd, A.L., Noble, S. A. and B Abiss, L.E. (1992). ‘Antisense and antigene properties of peptide nucleic acids.’ Science 258, 1481-1485.
75. Hartmann, G., Krug, A., Waller-Fontaine, K. and Endres, S. (1996). ‘Oligodeoxynucleotides enhance lipopolysaccharide-stimulated synthesis of tumornecro-sis factor: dependence on phosphorothioate modification and reversal by Heparin.’ Molecular Medicine 2(4), 429-438.
76. Hawley, P. and Gibson, I. (1996). ‘Interaction of oligodeoxynucleotides with mammilian cells.’ Antisense and Nucleic Drug Development 6, 185-195.
77. Heilig, M., Engel, J. A. and Soderpalm, B. (1993). ‘C-fos antisense in the nucleus accumbens blocks the locomotor stimulant action of cocaine.’ European Journal of Pharmacology 236, 339-340.
78. Helene, C and Toulme, J.J. (1989). Control of gene expression by oligonucleotides covalently linked to intercalating agents and nucleic acid-cleaving reagents. In Oligonucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, ed. J.S. Cohen, pp. 137-172. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
79. Henry, S., Giclas, P.C., Leeds, J., Pangburn, M., Auletta, C., Levin, A. A. and Kombrust, D.J, (1997). ‘Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide: potential mechanism of action.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 281, 810-816.
80. Henry, S., Novotny, W., Leeds, J., Auletta, C. and Kombrust, D.J. (Submitted). ‘Inhibition of clotting parameters by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide.’ Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Developments.
81. Henry, S.P., Grillone, L.R., Orr, J.L., Brunner, R.H. and Kombrust, Dj. (1997). ‘Comparison of the toxicity profiles of ISIS 1082 and ISIS 2105, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, following subacute intradermal administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.’ Toxicology 116(1-3), 77-88.
82. Henry, S.P., Taylor, J., Midgley, L., Levin, A.A. and Kombrust, D.J, (In Press). ‘Evaluation Of The Toxicity Profile Of Isis 2302, a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in a 4-week study in CD-I mice.’ Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Developments.
83. Henry, S.P., Zuckerman, J.E., Rojko, I., Hall, W.C., Harman, R.J., Kitchen, D. and Crooke, S.T. (1997). ‘Toxicologic properties of several novel oligonucleotide analogs in mice.’ Anti-Cancer Drug Design 12(1), 1-14.
84. Hertl, M., Neckers, L.M. and Katz, S.I. (1995). ‘Inhibition of interferon-gamma-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on human keratinocytes by phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotides is the consequence of antisense-specific and antisense-non-specific effects.’ Journal of Investigative Dermatology 104,813-818.
85. Higgins, K.A., Perez, J.R., Coleman, T.A., Dorshkind, K., Mccomas, W.A., Sarmiento, U.M., Rosen, C.A. and Narayanan, R. (1993). ‘Antisense inhibition of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB blocks tumorigenicity and causes tumor regression.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 9901-9905.
86. Hijiya, N., Zhang, J., Ratajczak, M.Z., Kant, J.A., Deriel, K., Herlyn, M., Zon, G. and Gewirtz, A.M. (1994). ‘Biologic and therapeutic significance of MYB expression in human melanoma.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91,4499-4503.
87. Hodges, D. and Crooke, S.T. (1995). ‘Inhibition of splicing of wild-type and mutated luciferase-adenovirus pre-mRNA by antisense oligonucleotides.’ Molecular Pharmacology 4S, 905-918.
88. Hoke, G.D., Draper, K., Freier, S.M., Gonzalez, C., Driver, V.B., Zounes, M.C. and Ecker, D.J. (1991). ‘Effects of phosphorothioate capping on antisense oligonucleotide stability, hybridization and antiviral efficacy versus herpes simplex virus infection.’ Nucleic Acids Research 19, 5743-5748.
89. Hooper, Ml., Chiasson, B.J., Robertson, H.A. (1994). ‘Infusion into the brain of an antisense oligonucleotide to the immediate-early gene c-fos suppresses production of Fos and produces a behavioral effect.’ Neuroscience 63, 917-924.
90. Hutcherson, S.L., Palestine, A.G., Cantrill, H.L., Lieberman, R.M., Holland, G.N. and Anderson, K.P. (1995). ‘Antisense oligonucleotide safety and efficacy for CMV retinitis in AIDS patients.’ 35th ICAAC, 204.
91. Inoue, H., Imura, A. and Ohtsuka, E. (1985). ‘Synthesis and hybridization of dodecade-oxyribonucieotides containing a fluorescent pyridopyrimidine deoxynucleoside ’ Nucleic Acids Research 13(19), 7119-7128.
92. Iversen, P. (1991). In vivo studies with phosphorothioate oligonucleotides: pharmacokinetics prologue.’ Anticancer Drug Design 6(6), 531-8.
93. Joos, R.W. and Hall, W.H. (1969). ‘Determination of binding constants ofserum albumin for penicillin.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 166, 113.
94. Katz, S.M., Browne, B., Pham, T., Wang, M.E., Bennett, C.F., Stepkowski, S.M. and Kahan, B.D. (1995). ‘Efficacy of ICAM-I antisense oligonucleotide in pancreatic islet transplanation.’ Transplant Proceedings 27(6), 3214.
95. Kawasaki, A.M., Casper, M.D., Freier, S.M., Lesnik, E.A., Zounes, M.C., Cummins, L.L., Gonzalez, C. and Cook, P.D. (1993). ‘Uniformly modified 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro phosphorothioate oligonucleotides as nuclease-resistant antisense compounds with high affinity and specificity for RNA targets.’ Journal of Medical Chemistry 36, 831-841.
96. Kindy, M.S. (1994). ‘NMDA receptor inhibition using antisense oligonucleotides prevents delayed neuronal death in gerbil hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Research Communications 14, 175-183.
97. Kitajima, L., Shinohara, T., Bilakovics, J., Brown, D.A., Xiao, X. and Nerenberg, M. (1992). Ablation of transplanted HTLV-1 tax-transformed tumors in mice by antisense inhibition of NF-KB.’ Science 258, 1792-1795.
98. Konradi, C., Cole, R.L., Heckers, S. and Hyman, S.E. (1994), ‘Amphetamine regulates gene expression in rat striatum via transcription factor CREB.' Journal of Neuvosciettce 14, 5623-5634.
99. Kulka, M., Smith, C.C., Aurelian, L., Fishelevich, R., Meade, K., Miller, P. and Ts’o, P.O.P. (1989). ‘Site specificity of the inhibitory effects of oligonucleoside mehylphosphonates complementary to the acceptor splicc junction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early mRNA 4.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 86,6868-6872.
100. Kumasaka, T., Quinlan, W.M., Doyle, N.A., Condon, T.P., Sligh, J., Takei, F., Beaud, Bennett, C.F. and Doerschuk, C.M. (1996). ‘The role of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) inendotoxin-induced pneumonia evaluated using ICAM-I antisense oligonucleotides, anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies, and ICAM-1 mutant mice.’ Journal of Clinical Investigations 97(10). 2362-2369.
101. Lai, J., Bilsky, E.J., Rothman, R.B. and Porreca, F. (1994). ‘Treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucieotide to theopioidS receptor selectively inhibitsS2-agonistantinociception.’ Neuroreport 5, 1049-1052.
102. Lamond, A.I. and Sproat, B.S. (1993). ‘Antisense oligonucleotides made of 2-O-alkylRNA: their properties and applications in RNA biochemistry.’ FEBS Letters 325, 123-127.
103. Lemaitre, M., Bayard, B. and Lebleu, B. (1987). ‘Specific antiviral activity of a poly(L-lysine)-conjugated oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequence complementary to vesicular stomatitis virus N protein mRNA initiation site.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 84, 648-652.
104. Liebsch, G., Landgraf, R., Gerstberger, R., Probst, J.C., Wotjak, C.T., Engelmann, M., Holsboer, F. and Montkowski, A. (1995). ‘Chronic infusion of a CRH1 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucieotide into the central nucleus of the amygdala anxiety-related behavior in socially defeated rats.’ Regulatoiy Peptides 59(2), 229-239.
105. Lima, W.F., Monia, B.P., Ecker, D.J. and Freier, S.M. (1992). ‘Implication of RNA structure on antisense oligonucleotide hybridization kinetics.’ Biochemistry 31,12055-12061.
106. Lin, K.Y., Jones, Rj. and Matteucci, M. (1995). ‘Tricyclic-2'-deoxycytidine analogs: Synthesis and incorporation into oligodeoxynucleotides which have endhanced binding to complementary RNA.’ Journal of the American Chemical Society 117, 3873-3874.
107. Lin, P.K.T. and Brown, D.M. (1989). ‘Synthesis and duplex stability of oligonucleotides containing cytosine-thymine analogues.’ Nucleic Acids Research 17, 10373-10383.
108. Lore, S.L., Stein, C.A., Zhang, X.H., Mori, K., Nakanishi, M., Subasinghe, C., Cohen, J.S. and Neckers, L.M. (1989). ‘Characterization of oligonucleotide transport into living cells.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86, 3474-3478.
109. Mccarthy, M.M., Masters, D.B., Rimvall, K., Schwartz-Giblin, S. and Pfaff, D.W. (1994). ‘Intracerebral administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs modulate reproductive behavior in the female rat.’ Brain Research 636, 209-220.
110. Mccarthy, M.M., Nielsen, D.A. and Goldman, D. (1995). ‘Antisense oligonucleotide inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase activity in mouse brain.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 163-170.
111. Mcmanaway, M.E., Neckers, L.M., Loke, S.L., Al-Nasser, A.A., Redner, R.L., Shiramizu, B.T., Goldschmidts, W.L., Huber, B.E., Bhatia, K. and Magrath, I.T. (1990). ‘Tumour-specific inhibition of lymphoma growth by an antisense oligodeoxynucieotide.’ Lancet 335, 808-811.
112. Maher, L.J., Wold, B., Dervan, P.B. (1989). ‘Inhibition of DNA binding proteins by oligonucleotide-directed triple helix formation.’ Science 245,725-730.
113. Maier, J.A.M., Voulalas, P., Roeder, D. and Maciag, T. (1990). ‘Extension of the life-span ofhumanendothelialcells by an interleukin-1 ocantisenseoligomer. ’ Science, 249,1570-1574.
114. Majumdar, C., Stein, C.A., Cohen, J.S., Broder, S. and Wilson, S.H. (1989). ‘Stepwise mechanism of HIV Reverse transcriptase: primer function of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucieotide.’ Biochemistry 28, 1340-1346.
115. Mani, S.K., Blaustein, J.D., Allen, I.M.C., Law, S.W., O’Malley, B.W. and Clark, J.H. (1994). ‘Inhibition of rat sexual behavior by antisense oligonucleotides to the progesterone receptor.’ Endocrinology 135,1409-1414.
116. Manoharan, M. (1993). Designer antisense oligonucleotides: conjugation chemistry and functionality placement. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S .T. Crooke and B. Lebieu, pp. 303-349. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
117. Martin, F.H., Castro, M.M., Aboul-Ela, F. and Tinoco, I.J. (1985). ‘Base pairing involving deoxyinosine: implications for probe.’ Nucleic Acids Research 13,8927-8938.
118. Martin, P. (1995). ‘Ein neuer zugang zu 2'-0-alkylribonucleosiden und eigenschaften deren oligonucleotide.’ Helvetica Chimica Acta 78,486-489.
119. Miller, P.S. (1989). Non-ionic antisenseoligonucleotides. In Oligodeoxynucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, ed. J.S. Cohen, p. 79. CRC Press.
120. Mirabelli, C.K., Benneit, C.F., Anderson, K. and Crooke, S.T. (1991). ‘In vitro and in vivo pharmacologic activities of antisense oligonucleotides.’ Anti-Cancer Drug Design 6, 647-661.
121. Miyao, T., Takakura, Y., Akiyama, T., Yoneda, F., Sezaki, H. and Hashida, M. (1995). ‘Stability and pharmacokinetic characteristics of oligonucleotides modified at terminal linkages in mice.’ Antisense Research Developments 5(2), 115-21.
122. Mizoguchi, H., Narita, M., Nagase, H. and Tseng, L.F. (1995). ‘Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to adelta-opioid receptor blocks the antinociception induced by cold water swimming.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 255-259.
123. Monia, B., Johnston, J.F., Sasmor, H. and Cummins, L.L. (1996). ‘Nuclease resistance and antisense activity of modified oligonucleotides targeted to Ha-ras.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 24(14), 14533-14540.
124. Monia, B.P., Johnston, J.F., Ecker, D.J., Zounes, M., Lima, W.F. and Freier, S.M. (1992). Selective inhibition of mutant Ha-ras mRNA expression by antisense oligonucleotides.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, 19954-19962.
125. Monia, B.P., Johnston, J.F., Geiger, T., Muller, M. and Fabbro, D. (1995). ‘Antitumor activity of a phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against C-rafkinase.’AWhre Medicine 2(6), 668-675.
126. Monia, B.P., Lesnik, E.A., Gonzalez, C., Lima, W.F., Mcgee, D., Guinosso, C.J., Kawasaki, A.M., Cook, P.D, and Freier, S.M. (1993). ‘Evaluation of 2 modified oligonucleotides containing deoxy gaps as antisense inhibitors of gene expression.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 14514-14522.
127. Morishita, R., Gibbons, G.H., Ellison, K.E., Nakajima, M., Zhang, L., Kaneda, Y., Ogihara, T. and Dzau, V.J. (1993). ‘Single intraluminal delivery of antisense cdc2 kinase and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides results in chronic inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 90, 8474-8478.
128. Morishita, R., Gibbons, G.H., Kaneda, Y., Ogihara, T. and Dzau, V.J. (1994). ‘Pharmacokinetics of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (cyclin B1 and CDC 2 kinase) in the vessel wall in vivo: enhanced therapeutic utility for restenosis by HVJ-liposome delivery’ Gene 149, 13-19.
129. Morris, M., Li, P., Barrett, C. and Callahan, M.F. (1995). ‘Oxytocin antisense reduces salt intake in the baroreceptor-denervated rat.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 261-266.
130. Morvan, F., Rayner, B. and Imbach, J.L. (1991). ‘Alpha-oligonucleotides: a unique class of modified chimeric nucleic acids.’ Anticancer Drug Design 6(6), 521-9.
131. Nagel, K.M., Holstad, S.G. and Isenberg, K.E. (1993). ‘Oligonucleotide pharmacotherapy: an antigene strategy.’ Pharmacotherapy 13(3), 177-188.
132. Neckers, L.M. (1993). Cellular internalization of oligodeoxynucleotides. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebleu, pp. 451-460. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
133. Nesterova, M. and Cho-Chung, Y.S. (1995). ‘A single-injection protein kinase A-directed antisense treatment to inhibit tumor growth.’ Nature Medicine 1, 528-533.
134. Neumann, I., Porter, D.W.F., Landgraf, R. and Pittman, Q.J. (1994). ‘Rapid effect on suckling of an oxytocin antisense oligonucleotide administered into rat supraoptic nucleus.’ American Journal of Physiology 267, R852-R858.
135. Nikiforov, T.T. and Connolly, B.A. (1991). ‘The synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing 4-thiothymidine residues.’ Tetrahedron Letters 32(31), 3851-4.
136. Nyce, J.W. and Metzger, W.J. (1997). ‘DNA antisense therapy for asthma in an animal model.’ Nature 385(6618), 721-725.
137. Offensperger, W.B., Offensperger, S., Walter, E., Teubner, K., Igloi, G., Blum, H.E. and Gerok, W. (1993). ‘in vivo inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication and gene expression by phosphorothioate modified antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.’ EMBO Journal 12, 1257-1262.
138. Ogo, H., Hirai, Y., Mike, S., Nishio, H., Akiyama, M. and Nakata, Y. (1994). ‘Modulation of substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor in human astrocytoma cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.’ General Pharmacology 25, 1131-1135.
139. Osen-Sand, A., Catsicas, M., Staple, J.K., Jones, K.A., Ayala, G., Knowles, J., Grenningloh, G. and Catsicas, S. (1993). ‘Inhibition of axonal growth by SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotides in vitro Mid in vivo.' Nature 364, 445-448.
140. Osen-Sand, A., Catsicast, M., Staple, J.K., Jones, K.A., Ayala, G., Knowles, J., Grhnningloh, G. and Catsicas, S. (1993). ‘Inhibition of axonla growth by SNAP-25 antisense oligonucleotides in vitro and in vivo.' Nature 364, 445-448.
141. Parmentier, G., Schmitt, G., Dolle, F. and Luu, B. (1994). 'A convergent synthesis of 2‘-O-methyl uridine.’ Tetrahedron 50(18), 5361-8.
142. Perlaky, L., Sauo, Y., Busch, R.K., Bennett, C.F., Mirabelli, C.K., Crooke, S.T. and Busch, H.(1993). ‘Growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines by antisense oligonucleotides designed to inhibit pl20 expression.’ Anti-Cancer Drug Design 8, 3-14.
143. Phillips, M.I., Wielbo, D. and Gyurko, R. (1994). ‘Antisense inhibition of hypertension: a new strategy for renin-angiotensin candidate genes.’ Kidney International 46,1554-1556.
144. Pitsch, S., Krishnamurthy, R., Bolli, M., Wendeborn, S., Holzner, A., Minton, M., Lesueur, C., Schloenvogt, I., Jaun, B. and Eschenmoser, A. (1995). ‘Pyranosyl-RNA (p-RNA’): base-pairing selectivity and potential to replicate.’ Helvetica Chimica Acta 78(7), 1621-35.
145. Pollio, G., Xue, P., Zanisi, M., Nicolîn, A. and Maggi, A. (1993). ‘Antisense oligonucleotide blocks progesterone-induced lordosis behavior in ovariectomized rats.’ Molecular Brain Research 19, 135-139.
146. Qin, Z.H., Zhou, L.W., Zhang, S.P., Wang, Y. and Weiss, B. (1995). ‘D2 dopamine receptor antisense oligodeoxynucieotide inhibits the synthesis of a functional pool of D2 dopamine receptors.’ Molecular Pharmacology 48(4), 730-737.
147. Qüartin, R.S., Brakel, Ci. and Wetmur, J.G. (1989). ‘Number and distribution of methylphosphonate linkages in oligodeoxynucleotides affect exo-and endonuclease sensitivity and ability to form RNase H substrates.’ Nucleic Acids Research 17,7253-7262.
148. Quattrone, A., Papucci, L., Schiavone, N., Mini, E. and Capaccioli, S. (1994). ‘Intracellular enhancement of intact antisense oligonucleotide steady-state levels by cationic lipids.’ Anti-Cancer Drug Design 9, 549-553.
149. Rappaport, J., Hanss, B., Kopp, J.B., Copeland, T.D., Bruggeman, L.A., Coffman, T.M. and Klotman, P.E. (1995). ‘Transport of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in kidney: Implications for molecular therapy.’ Kidney International 47, 1462-1469.
150. Ratajczak, M.Z., Kant, J.A., Luger, S.M., Huiya, N., Zhang, J., Zon, G. and Gewirtz, A.M. (1992). 'In vivo treatment of human leukemia in a scid mouse model with c-myb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 89,11823-11827.
151. Rosolen, A., Whitesell, L., Ikegaki, N., Kennett, R.H. and Neckers, L.M. (1990). ‘Antisense inhibition of single copy N-myc expression results in decreased cell growth without reduction of c-myc protein in a neuroepithelioma cell line.’ Cancer Research 50(19), 6316-22.
152. Sakai, R.R., Ma, L.Y., He, P.F. and Fluharty, S.J. (1995). ‘Intracerebroventricuiar administration of angiotensin type 1 (ATI) receptor antisense oligonucleotides attenuate thirst in the rat.’ Regulatory Peptides 59(2), 183-192.
153. Sands, H., Gorey-Feret, L.J., Coctjzza, A.J., Hobbs, F.W., Chidester, D. and Trainor, G.L. (1994). ‘Biodistribution and metabolism of internally3H-labeled oligonucleotides. I. Comparison of a phosphodiester and a phosphorothioate.’ Molecular Pharmacology 45, 932-943.
154. Sands, H., Gorey-Feret, L.J., Ho, S.P., Bao, Y., Cocuzza, A.J., Chidester, D. and Hobbs, F.W. (1995). ‘Biodistribution and metabolism of internally 3H-labeled oligonucleotides. II. 3',5-blocked oligonucleotides.’ Molecular Pharmacology 47, 636-646.
155. Sanghvi, Y.S. (1993). Heterocyclic base modifications in nucleic acids and their applications in antisense oligonucleotides. InAntisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebieu, pp. 273-288. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
156. Sanghvi, Y.S. and Cook, P.D. (Eds.) (1994). Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research, ACS Symposium Series No. 580, pp. 232. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
157. Sanghvi, Y.S., Hoke, G.D., Freier, S.M., Zounes, M.C., Gonzalez, C., Cummins, L., Sasmor, H. and Cook, P.D. (1993). ‘Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: Synthesis, biophysical and biological evaluation of oligodeoxynucleotides containing modified pyrimidines.’ Nucleic Acids Research 21, 3197-3203.
158. Santalucia, J., Jr., Kierzek, R, and Turner, D.H. (1991). ‘Functional group substitutions as probes of hydrogen bonding between GA mismatches in RNA internal loops.’ Journal of the American Chemical Society 113, 4313-4322.
159. Saxena, S.K. and Ackerman, E.J. (1990). ‘Microinjected oligonucleotides complementary to the a-sarcin loop of 28 S RNA abolish protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes.’ Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 3263-3269.
160. Sburlati, A.R., Manrow, RJ. and Berger, S.L. (1991). ‘Prothymosin alpha antisense oligomers inhibit myeloma cell division.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 253-257.
161. Schwab, G., Chav Any, C., Duroux, I., Goubin, G., Lebeau, J., Helene, C. and Saison-Behmoaras, T. (1994). ‘Antisense oligonucleotides adsorbed to polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles specifically inhibit mutated Ha-ras-mediated cell proliferation and tumori-genicity in nude mice.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91(22), 10460-10464.
162. Seela, F., Kaiser, K, and Bindig, U. (1989). ‘2'-Deoxy-.beta.-D-ribofuranosides of N6-methylated 7-deazaadenine and 8-aza-7-deazaadenine: solid-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides and properties of self-complementary duplexes.’ Helvetica Chimica Acta 72(5), 868-81.
163. Seela, F., Ramzaeva, N. and Chen, Y. (1995). ‘Oligonucleotide duplex stability controlled by the 7-substituents of 7-deazaguanine bases.’ Bioorganic Medical Chemical Letters 5(24), 3049-52.
164. Simons, M., Edelman, E.R., Dekeyser, J.L., Langer, R., Rosenberg, R.D. (1992). ‘Antisense c-myb oligonucleotides inhibit arterial smooth muscle cell accumulation in vivo.' Nature 359, 67-70.
165. Simons, M, Edelman, E.R. and Rosenberg, R.D. (1994). ‘Antisense proliferating cell nuclear antigen oligonucleotides inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid artery injury model.’ Journal of Clinical Investigations 93,2351-2356.
166. Skorski, T., Nieborowska-Skorska, M., Nicolaides, N.C., Szczyuk, C., Iversen, P., Iozzo, R.V., Zon, G. and Calabretta, B. (1994). ‘Suppression of Philadelphia leukemia cell growth in mice by BCR-ABL antisense oligodeoxynucleotide.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91,4504-4508.
167. Skutella, T., Probst, J.C., Jirfkowski, G.F., Holsboer, F. and Spanagel, R. (1994).‘Ventral tegmental area (VTA) injections of tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide suppress operant behavior in rats.’ Neuroscience Letters 167,55-58.
168. Smith, C.C., Aureuan, L., Reddy, M.P., Miller, P.S. and Ts'o, P.O.P. (1986). ‘Antiviral effect of an oligo(nucleoside methylphosphonate) complementary to the splice junction of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate early pre-mRNAs 4 and 5.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 2787-2791.
169. Sproat, B.S., Iribarren, A.M., Garcia, R.G. and Beijer, B. (1991). ‘New synthetic routes to synthons suitable for 2‘-0-allyloIigoribonucleotide assembly.’ Nucleic Acids Research 19(4), 733-738.
170. Sproat, B.S., Lamond, A.I. (1993). 2’-0-alkyloligoribonucleotides. In Antisense Research and Applications, ed. S.T. Crooke and B. Lebleu, pp. 351-362. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
171. Sproat, B.S., Lamond, A.I., Beijer, B., Neuner, P. and Ryder, U. (1989). ‘Highly efficient chemical synthesis of 2'-0-methyloligoribonucIeotides and tetrabiotinylated derivatives, novel probes that are resistant to degradation by RNA or DNA specific nucleases.’ Afadefc Acids Research 17, 3373-3386.
172. Srinivasan, S.K., Tewary, H.K. and Iversen, P.L. (1995). ‘Characterization of binding sites, extent of binding, and drug interactions of oligonucleotides with albumin. Research Developments 5(2), 131-9.
173. Stein, C.A. and Cheng, Y.C. (1993). ‘Antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents-Is the bullet really magical?’ Science 261, 1004-1012.
174. Stein, C.A., Neckers, M., Nair, B.C., Mumbauer, S., Hoke, G. and Pal, R. (1991). ‘Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxycytidine Interferes with Binding of HIV-1 gpl20to CD4.’ Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 4, 686-693.
175. Stepkowski, S.M., Tu, Y., Condon, T.P. and Bennett, C.F. (1994). ‘Blocking of heart allograft rejection by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antisense oligonucleotides alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive modal ities. Journal oflmmunology 153, 5336-5346.
176. Sllipkowskl, S.M., Tu, Y., Condon, T.P. and Bennett, C.F. (1995). ‘Induction of transplantation tolerance by treatment with ICAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies.' Transplant Proceedings 27, 113.
177. S Uzuki, S., Pllowsky, P., Mtnson, J., Arnolda, L., Llewellyn-Smith, I. J. and Chalmers, J. (1994). ‘c-fos antisense in rostral ventral medulla reduces arterial blood pressure.’ American Journal of Physiology 266(4 Pt 2), R1418-R1422.
178. Takakura, Y., Mahato, R.I., Yoshida, M., Kanamaru, T. and Hashida, M. (1996). ‘Uptake characteristics of oligonucleotides in the isolated rat liver perfusion system.’ Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Developments 6, 177-183.
179. Tao, L.F., Marx, K.A., Wongwit, W., Jiang, Z., Agrawal, S. and Coleman, R.M. (1995). ‘Uptake, intracellular distribution, and stability of oligodeoxynucieotide phosphorothioate by Schistosoma mansoni.’ Antisense Research Developments 5(2), 123-9.
180. Temsamani, J., Tang, J., Padmapriya, A., Kubert, M. and Agrawal, S. (1993). ‘Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, andstabilityofcappedoligodeoxynucleotidephosphorothioates in mice.’ Antisense Research and Development 3, 277-284.
181. Thuong, N.T., Asseline, U. and Monteney-Garestier, T. (1989). Oligodeoxynucleotides covalently linked to intercalating and reactive substances: synthesis, characterization and physicochemical studies. In Oligodeoxynucleotides: Antisense Inhibitors of Gene Expression, p. 25. CRC Press.
182. Tischmeyer, W., Grimm, R., Schicknick, H., Brysch, W. and Schlingensiepen, K.H. (1994). ‘Sequence-specific impairment of learning by c-jun antisense oligonucleotides.’ Neuroreport 5, 1501-1504.
183. Vasanthakumar, G. and Ahmed, N.K. (1989). ‘Modulation of drag resistance in a daunorubicin resistant subline with oligonucleostde methylphosphonates [published erratum appears in Cancer Communications, 1990,2(8):295].’ Cancer Communications 1(4), 225-32.
184. Vickers, T., Baker, B.F., Cook, P.D., Zounes, M., Buckheit, R.W., Jr., Germany, J., Ecker D.J. (1991). ‘Inhibition of HIV-LTR gene expression by oligonucleotides targeted to the TAR element.’ Nucleic Acids Research 19, 3359-3368.
185. Vlassov, V.V. (1989). Inhibition of tick-borne viral encephalitis expression using covalently linked oligonucleotide analogs. Oligodeoxynucleotides as antisense inhibitor of gene expression. Therapeutic implications (unpublished conference proceedings).
186. Wagner, R.W., Matteucci, M.D., Lewis, J.G., Gutierrez, A. J., Moulds, C. and Froehler, B.C. (1993). ‘Antisense gene inhibition by oligonucleotides containing C-5 propyne pyrimidines.’ Science 260, 1510-1513.
187. Wahlestedt, C., Pich, E.M., Koob, G.F., Yee, F. and Heilig, M. (1993). ‘Modulation of anxiety and neuropeptide Y-Yl receptors by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides.’ Science 259,528-531.
188. Walker, K., Elela, S.A. and Nazar, R.N. (1990). ‘Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Anti-5.8 S rRNA Oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Journal of Biological Chemistry 265, 2428-2430.
189. Wang, S., Lee, R.J., Cauchon, G., Gorenstein, D.G. and Low, P.S. (1995). ‘Delivery of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides against the human epidermal growth factor receptor into cultured KB cells with liposomes conjugated to folate via polyethylene glycol.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 92, 3318-3322.
190. Weiss, B., Zhou, L.W., Zhang, S.P. and Qin, Z.H. (1993). ‘Antisense oligodeoxynucieotide inhibits D2 dopamine receptor-mediated behavior and D2 messenger RNA. ’ Neuroscience 55,607-612.
191. Westermann, P., Gross, B. and Hoinkis, G. (1989). ‘Inhibition of expression of SV40 virus large T-antigen by antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides.’ Biomedica et Biochimica Acta 48(1), 85-93.
192. Whitesell, L., Rosolen, A., Neckers, L.M. (1991). In vivo modulation of N-myc expression by continous perfusion with an antisense oligonucleotide.’ Antisense Research and Development 1, 343-350.
193. Wickstrom, E. (1986). ‘Oligodeoxynucleotide stability in subcellular extracts and culture media.' Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 13, 97-102.
194. Woodburn, V.L., Hunter, J.C., Durieux, C., Poat, J. A. and Hughes, J. (1994). ‘The effect of C-FOS antisense in the formalin-paw test.’ Regulatory Peptides 54(1 Pt. 2), 327-328.
195. Wyatt, J.R., Vickers, T.A., Roberson, J.L., Buckheit, R.W., Jr., Klimkait, T., Debaets, E., Davis, P.W., Rayner, B., Imbach, J.L. and Ecker, D.J. (1994). ‘Combinatorially selected guanosine-quartet structure is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus envelope-mediated cell fusion.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 1356-1360.
196. Yazaki, T., Ahmad, S., Chahlavi, A., Zylber-Katz, E., Dean, N.M., Rabkin, S.D., Martuza, R.L. and Glazer, R.I. (1996). ‘Treatment of glioblastoma U-87 by systemic administration of an antisense protein kinase C-ct phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide.’ Molecular Pharmacology 50(2), 236-242.
197. Zamecnik, P.C., Goodchild, J., Taguchi, Y. and Sarin, P.S. (1986). ‘Inhibition of replication and expression of human T-cell ly mphotropic virus type III in cultured cells by exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to viral RNA.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 83, 4143-4146.
198. Zamecnik, P.C. and Stephenson, M.L. (1978). ‘Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific ofigodeoxy nbucieotide.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 75, 289-294.
199. Zerial, A., Thuong, N.T. and Helene, C. (1987). ‘Selective inhibition of the cytopathic effect of type A influenza viruses by oligodeoxynucleotides covalently linked to an intercalating agent.’ Nucleic Acids Research (23), 9909-19.
200. Zhang, M. and Creese, I. (1993). ‘Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide reduces brain dopamine D2 receptors: Behavioral correlates.’ Neuroscience Letters 161, 223-226.
201. Zhang, R., Lu, Z., Zhang, X., Zhao, H., Diasio, R.B., Liu, T., Jiang, Z. and Agrawal, S. (1995). 'In vivo stability and disposition of a self-stabilized oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate in rats.’ Clinical Chemistry 41(6, Pt. 1), 836-843.
202. Zhang, R., Yan, J., Shahinian, H., Amin, G., Lu, Z., Liu, T., Saag, M.S., Jiang, Z., Temsamani, J., Martin, R.R., Schechter, P.J., Agrawal, S. and Diasio, R.B. (1995). ‘Pharmacokinetics of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus antisense oligodeoxynucleotide phosphorothioate (GEM 91) in HIV-infected subjects.’ Clinical Pharmacology Therapy 58(1), 44-53.
203. Zhang, S.P., Zhou, L.W. and Weiss, B, (1994). ‘Oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the DI dopamine receptor mRNA inhibits D, dopamine receptor-mediated behaviors in normal mice and in mice lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic 271, 1462-1470.
204. Zheng, H., Sahai, B.M., Kilgannon, P., Fotedar, A. and Green, D.R. (1989). ‘Specific inhibition of ceit-surface T-cell receptor expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and its effect on the production of an antigen-specific regulatory T-cell factor.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86, 3758-3762.
205. Zhou, L.W., Zhang, S.P., Qln, Z.H. and Weiss, B. (1994). ‘In vivo administration of an oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA inhibits D2 dopamine receptor-mediated behavior and the expression of D2 dopamine receptors in mouse striatum.’ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 268, 1015-1023.