Genetic and epigenetic influences in prostatic carcinogenesis (review)

International Journal of Oncology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 35-47

  Hayward, Simon W ^a,b   Grossfeld, Gary D ^a   Tlsty, Thea D ^a   Cunha, Gerald R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Prostatic carcinogenesis; Stromal cells

Indexed keywords

CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DISEASE ACTIVITY; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC DAMAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN TISSUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CARCINOMA; REVIEW; STROMA CELL;

EID: 0031805489     PISSN: 10196439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.13.1.35     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S and Wingo PA: Cancer statistics, 1998. CA Cancer J Clin 48: 6-7, 1998.
2. Chodak GW, Thisted RA, Gerber GS, Johansson J-E, Adolfsson J, Jones GW, Chisholm GD, Moskovitz B, Livne PM and Warner J: Results of conservative manasment of clinically localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 330: 242-248, 1994.
3. Johansson J-E, Adami H-O, Andersson S-O, Bergström R, Holmberg L and Krusemo UB: High 10-year survival rate in patients with early, untreated prostatic cancer. JAMA 267: 2191-2196, 1992.
4. Walsh PC, Partin AW and Epstein JI: Cancer control and quality of life following anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy: results at 10 years. J Urol 152: 1831-1836, 1994.
5. Catalona WJ and Smith DS: 5-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Urol 152: 1837-1842, 1994.
6. Zagars GK and Pollack A: Radiation therapy for T1 and T2 prostate cancer: prostate-specific antigen and disease outcome. Urology 45: 476-483, 1995.
7. Zietman AL, Coen JJ, Shipley WU, Willett CG and Efird JT: Radical radiation therapy in the management of prostatic adenocarcinoma: the initial prostate specific antigen value as a predictor of treatment outcome. J Urol 151: 640-650, 1994.
8. Hanks GE, Lee WR and Schultheiss TE: Clinical and biochemical evidence of control of prostate cancer at 5 years after external beam radiation. J Urol 154: 456-459, 1995.
9. Cunha GR, Hayward SW, Dahiya R and Foster BA: Smooth muscle-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostatic development. Acta Anat 155: 63-72, 1996.
10. Hayward SW, Rosen MA and Cunha GR: Stromal-epithelial interactions in normal and neoplastic prostate. Br J Urology 79 (Suppl. 2): 18-26, 1997.
11. Hayward SW, Cunha GR and Dahiya R: Normal development and carcinogenesis of the prostate: A unifying hypothesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 784: 50-62, 1996.
12. Knudson AG: Antioncogenes and human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10914-10921, 1993.
13. Kinzler KW and Vogelstein B: Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87: 159-170, 1996.
14. Carter BS, Steinberg GD, Beaty TH, Childs B and Walsh PC: Familial risk factors for prostate cancer. In: Prostate Cancer: Cell and Molecular Mechanisms in Diagnosis and Treatment. Issacs JT (ed.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp5-13, 1991.
15. Carter BS, Carter HB and Isaacs JT: Epidemiologic evidence regarding predisposing factors to prostatic cancer. Prostate 16: 187-197, 1990.
16. Carter BS, Beaty TH, Steinberg GD, Childs B and Walsh PC: Mendelian inheritance of familial prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3367-3371, 1992.
17. Smith JR, Freije D, Carpten JD, Gronberg H, Xu J, Isaacs SD, Brownstein MJ, Bova GS, Guo H, Bujnovszky P, Nusskern DR, Damber JE, Bergh A, Emanuelsson M, Kallioniemi OP, Walker-Daniels J, Bailey-Wilson JE, Beaty TH, Meyers DA, Walsh PC, Collins FS, Trent JM and Isaacs WB: Major susceptibility locus for prostate cancer on chromosome 1 suggested by a genome-wide search [see comments]. Science 274: 1371-1374, 1996.
18. Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Morton RA, Bussemakers MJ, Brooks JD and Ewing CM: Molecular biology of prostate cancer progression. Cancer Surv 23: 19-32, 1995.
19. Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, Okami K, Cairns P, Sidransky D, Isaacs WB and Bova GS: Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res 58: 204-209, 1998.
20. Peehl DM: Oncogenes in prostate cancer. Cancer 71: 1159-1164, 1993.
21. Wang YZ and Wong YC: Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer: a review. Urol Oncol 3: 41-46, 1997.
22. Thompson TC, Timme TL, Kadmon D, Park SH, Egawa S and Yoshida K: Genetic predisposition and mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in ras + myc-induced carcinogenesis in reconstituted mouse prostate. Mol Carcinog 7: 165-179, 1993.
23. Thompson TC, Truong LD, Timme TL, Kadmon D, McCune BK, Flanders KC, Scardino PT and Park SH: Transgenic models for the study of prostate cancer. Cancer 71: 1165-1171, 1993.
24. Thompson TC, Southgate J, Kitchener G and Land.H: Multistage carcinogenesis induced by ras and myc oncogenes in a reconstituted organ. Cell 56: 917-930, 1989.
25. Bello D, Webber MM, Kleinman HK, Wartinger DD and Rhim JS: Androgen responsive adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines immortalized by human papillomavirus 18. Carcinogenesis 18: 1215-1223, 1997.
26. Webber MM, Bello D, Kleinman HK and Hoffman MP: Acinar differentiation by non-malignant immortalized human prostatic epithelial cells and its loss by malignant cells. Carcinogenesis 18: 1225-1231, 1997.
27. Isaacs WB: Molecular genetics of prostate cancer. Cancer Surv 25: 357-379, 1995.
28. Kubota Y, Fujinami K, Uemura H, Dobashi Y, Miyamoto H, Iwasaki Y, Kitamura H and Shuin T: Retinoblastoma gene mutations in primary human prostate cancer. Prostate 27: 314-320, 1995.
29. Birchmeier W and Behrens J: Cadherin expression in carcinomas: role in the formation of cell junctions and the prevention of invasiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 1198: 11-26, 1994.
30. Jiang WG: E-cadherin and its associated protein catenins, cancer invasion and metastasis. Br J Surg 83: 437-446, 1996.
31. Shiozaki H, Oka H, Inoue M, Tamura S and Monden M: E-cadherin mediated adhesion system in cancer cells. Cancer 77: 1605-1613, 1996.
32. Birchmeier W, Hulsken J and Behrens J: E-cadherin as an invasion suppressor. Ciba Found Symp 189: 124-136, 1995.
33. Hay ED and Zuk A: Transformations between epithelium and mesenchyme: normal, pathological and experimentally induced. Am J Kidney Dis 26: 678-690, 1995.
34. Takeichi M: The cadherins: cell-cell adhesion molecules controlling animal morphogenesis. Development 102: 639-655, 1988.
35. Larue L, Ohsugi M, Hirchenhain J and Kemler R: E-cadherin null mutant embryos fail to form a trophectoderm epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 8263-8267, 1994.
36. Behrens J, Frixen U, Schipper J, Weidner M and Birchmeier W: Cell adhesion in invasion and metastasis. Semin Cell Biol 3: 169-178, 1992.
37. Vleminckx K, Vakaet L, Mareel M, Fiers W and van Roy F: Genetic manipulation of E-cadherin expression by epithelial tumor cells reveals an invasion suppressor role. Cell 66: 107-119, 1991.
38. Perl A-K, Wilgenbus P, Dahl U, Semb H and Christofori G: A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Nature 392: 190-193, 1998.
39. Giroldi LA, Bringuier PP and Schalken JA: Defective E-cadherin function in urological cancers: clinical implications and molecular mechanisms. Invasion Metastasis 14: 71-81, 1994.
40. Umbas R, Isaacs WB, Bringuier PP, Schaafsma HE, Karthaus HF, Oosterhof GO, Debruyne FM and Schalken JA: Decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 54: 3929-3933, 1994.
41. Birchmeier W, Behrens J, Weidner KM, Frixen UH and Schipper J: Dominant and recessive genes involved in tumor cell invasion. Curr Opin Cell Biol 3: 832-840, 1991.
42. Giroldi LA and Schalken JA: Decreased expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin in prostate cancer: biological significance and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 12: 29-37, 1993.
43. Umbas R, Schalken JA, Aalders TAV, Carter BS, Karthaus HF, Schaafsma HE, Debruyne FM and Isaacs WB: Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in high-grade prostate cancer. Cancer Res 52: 5104-5109, 1992.
44. Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Mees SG, Kemler R and Schalken JA: Molecular cloning and characterization of the human E-cadherin cDNA. Mol Biol Rep 17: 123-128, 1993.
45. Joos S, Bergerheim US, Pan Y, Matsuyama H, Bentz M, Du Manoir S and Lichter P: Mapping of chromosomal gains and losses in prostate cancer by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14: 267-276, 1995.
46. Behrens J: The role of cell adhesion molecules in cancer invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 24: 175-184, 1993.
47. Behrens J: Cell contacts, differentiation and invasiveness of epithelial cells. Invasion Metastasis 14: 61-70, 1994.
48. Risinger JI, Berchuck A, Kohler MF and Boyd J: Mutations of the E-cadherin gene in human gynecologic cancers. Nat Genet 7: 98-102, 1994.
49. Becker KF, Atkinson MJ, Reich U, Huang HH, Nekarda H, Siewert JR and Hofler H: Exon skipping in the E-cadherin gene transcript in metastatic human gastric carcinomas. Hum Mol Genet 2: 803-804, 1993.
50. Isaacs WB, Bova GS, Morton RA, Bussemakers MJ, Brooks JD and Ewing CM: Molecular biology of prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 21: 514-521, 1994.
51. Hulsken J, Behrens J and Birchmeier W: Tumor-suppressor gene products in cell contacts: the cadherin-APC-armadillo connection. Curr Opin Cell Biol 6: 711-716, 1994.
52. Morton RA, Ewing CM, Nagafuchi A, Tsukita S and Isaacs WB: Reduction of E-cadherin levels and deletion of the alpha-catenin gene in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 53: 3585-3590, 1993.
53. Mareel M, Behrens J, Birchmeier W, De Bruyne GK, Vleminckx K, Hoogewus A, Fiers WC and van Roy F: Down-regulation of E-cadherin expression in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells inside tumors of nude mice. Int J Cancer 47: 922-928, 1991.
54. Vandenbossche GM, De Bruyne GK, Bruyneel EA, Clemminck G, Vleminckx K, van Roy FM and Mareel MM: Micro-encapsulation of MDCK-ras-e cells prevents loss of E-cadherin invasion-suppressor function in vivo. Int J Cancer 57: 73-80, 1994.
55. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Vukanovic J, Ichikawa T, Isaacs JT and Barrctt JC: KAII, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science 268: 884-886, 1995.
56. Dong JT, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, Ichikawa T, Barrett JC and Isaacs JT: Prostate cancer - biology of metastasis and its clinical implications. World J Urol 14: 182-189, 1996.
57. Dong JT, Suzuki H, Pin SS, Bova GS, Schalken JA, Isaacs WB, Barrett JC and Isaacs JT: Down-regulation of the KAI1 metastasis suppressor gene during the progression of human prostatic cancer infrequently involves gene mutation or allelic loss. Cancer Res 56: 4387-4390, 1996.
58. Gold JS, Bao L, Ghoussoub RA, Zetter BR and Rimm DL: Localization and quantitation of expression of the cell motility-related protein thymosin beta15 in human breast milk tissue. Mod Pathol 10: 1106-1112, 1997.
59. Bao L, Loda M, Janmey PA, Stewart R, Anand-Apte B and Zetter BR: Thymosin beta 15: a novel regulator of tumor cell motility upregulatcd in metastatic prostate cancer. Nat Med 12: 1322-1328, 1996.
60. Ichikawa T, Nihei N, Kuramochi H, Kawana Y, Killary AM, Rinker Schaeffer CW, Barrett JC, Isaacs JT, Kugoh H, Oshimura M and Shimazaki J: Metastasis suppressor genes for prostate cancer. Prostate Suppl 6: 31-35, 1996.,
61. Cunha GR, Donjacour AA, Cooke PS, Mee S, Bigsby RM, Higgins SJ and Sugimura Y: The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate. Endocrine Rev 8: 338-363, 1987.
62. Nemeth JA and Lee C: Prostatic ductal system in rats: Regional variation in stromal organization. Prostate 28: 124-128, 1996.
63. Donjacour AA, Cunha GR: The effect of androgen deprivation on branching morphogenesis in the mouse prostate. Dev Biol 128: 1-14, 1988.
64. Cunha GR, Battle E, Young P, Brody J, Donjacour A, Hayashi N and Kinbara H: Role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the differentiation and spatial organization of visceral smooth muscle. Epithelial Cell Biol 1: 76-83, 1992.
65. Haffen K, Kedinger M, Simon-Assmann PM and Lacroix B: Mesenchyme-dependent differentiation of intestinal brush-border enzymes in the gizzard endoderm of the chick embryo. In: Embryonic Development. Part I. Cellular Aspects. Weber M and Burger M (eds.) A.R. Liss., New York, pp261-270, 1982.
66. Baskin LS, Hayward SW, Young P and Cunha G: Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in bladder development. J Urol 156: 1820-1827, 1996.
67. Cunha GR, Young P and Brody JR: Role of uterine epithelium in the development of myometrial smooth muscle cells. Biol Reprod 40: 861-871, 1989.
68. Hayward SW, Baskin LS, Haughney PC, Foster BA, Cunha AR, Dahiya R, Prins GS and Cunha GR: Stromal development in the ventral prostate, anterior prostate and seminal vesicle of the rat. Acta Anat 155: 94-103, 1996.
69. Bruchovsky N, Lesser B, van Doom EV and Craven S: Hormonal effects on cell proliferation in rat prostate. Vitam Horm 33: 61-102, 1975.
70. Bosnian FT, De Bruine A, Flohil C, van der Wurff A, ten Kate J and Dinjens WW: Epithelial-stromal interactions in colon cancer. Int J Dev Biol 37: 203-211, 1993.
71. Ronnov-Jessen L, Peterson O and Bissell M: Cellular changes involved in conversion of normal to malignant breast: Importance of the stromal reaction. Physiol Rev 76: 69-125, 1996.
72. Schor SL, Schor AM, Grey AM and Rushton G: Foetal and cancer patient fibroblasts produce an autocrine migration-stimulating factor not made by normal adult cells. J Cell Sci 90: 391-399, 1988.
73. Schor SL, Grey AM, Picardo M, Schor AM, Howell A, Ellis I and Rushton G: Heterogeneity amongst fibroblasts in the production of migration stimulating factor (MSF): Implications for cancer pathogenesis. In: Cell Motility Factors. Goldberg ID (ed.) Berkhäuser Verlag, Basel, pp127-146, 1991.
74. Schor SL, Schor AM and Rushton G: Fibroblasts from cancer patients display a mixture of both foetal and adult-like phenotypic characteristics. J Cell Sci 90: 401-407, 1988.
75. Basset P, Bellocq JP, Wolf C, Stoll I, Hutin P, Limacher JM, Podhajcer OL, Chenard MP, Rio MC and Chambon P: A novel metalloproteinase gene specifically expressed in stromal cells of breast carcinomas. Nature 348: 699-704, 1990.
76. Poulsom R, Pignatelli M, Stetler-Stevenson W, Liotta LA, Wright PA, Jeffery RE, Longcroft JM, Rogers L and Stamp GWH: Stromal expression of 72kDa type IV collagenase (MMP-2) and TIMP-2 mRNAs in colorectal neoplasia. Am J Pathol 141: 389-396, 1992.
77. Poulsom R, Hanby AM, Pignatelli M, Jeffery RE, Longcroft JM, Rogers L and Stamp GWH: Expression of gelatinase A and TIMP-2 mRNAs in desmoplastic fibroblasts in both mammary carcinomas and basal cell carcinomas of the skin. J Clin Pathol 46: 429-436, 1993.
78. Atherton AJ, Monaghan P, Warburton MJ, Robertson D, Kenny AJ and Gusterson BA: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV expression identifies a functional sub-population of breast fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 50: 15-19, 1992.
79. Scanlan MJ, Raj BK, Calvo B, Garin-Chesa P, Sanz-Moncasi MP, Healey JH, Old LJ and Rettig WJ: Molecular cloning of fibroblast activation protein alpha, a member of the serine protease family selectively expressed in stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 5657-5661, 1994.
80. Chiquet-Ehrismann R, Mackie EJ, Pearson CA and Sakakura T: Tenascin: An extracellular matrix protein involved in tissue interactions during fetal development and oncogenesis. Cell 47: 131-139, 1986.
81. Adam L, Crepin M, Lelong JC, Spanakis E and Israel L: Selective interactions between mammary epithelial cells and fibroblasts in co-culture. Int J Cancer 59: 262-268, 1994.
82. Ponten F, Ren Z, Nister M, Westermark B and Ponten J: Epithelial-stromal interactions in basal cell cancer: the PDGF system. J Invest Dermatol 102: 304-309, 1994.
83. Singer C, Rasmussen A, Smith HS, Lippman ME, Lynch HT and Cullen KJ: Malignant breast epithelium selects for insulin-like growth factor II expression in breast stroma: evidence for paracrine function. Cancer Res 55: 2448-2454, 1995.
84. Manni A, Badger B, Wei L, Zaenglein A, Grove R, Khin S, Heitjan D, Shimasaki S and Ling N: Hormonal regulation of insulin-like growth factor II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein expression by breast cancer cells in vivo: evidence for stromal epithelial interactions. Cancer Res 54: 2934-2942, 1994.
85. Ellis MJ, Singer C, Hornby A, Rasmussen A and Cullen KJ: Insulin-like growth factor mediated stromal-epithelial interactions in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 31: 249-261, 1994.
86. Van G, Fukabori Y, McBride G, Nikolaropolous S and McKeehan W: Exon switching and activation of stromal and embryonic FGF/FGF receptor genes in prostate epithelial cells accompanies stromal independence and malignancy. Mol Cell Biol 13: 4513-4522, 1993.
87. Brem H, Gresser I, Grosfeld J and Folkman J: The combination of antiangiogenic agents to inhibit primary tumor growth and metastasis. J Pediatr Surg 28: 1253-1257, 1993.
88. Weidner N, Carroll PR, Flax J, Blumenfeld W and Folkman J: Tumor angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in invasive prostate carcinoma. Am J Pathol 143: 401-409, 1993.
89. Silberman MA, Partin AW, Veltri RW and Epstein JI: Tumor angiogenesis correlates wtih progression after radical prostatectomy but not with pathologic stage in Gleason sum 5 to 7 adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 79: 772-779, 1997.
90. Hall MC, Troncoso P, Pollack A, Zhau HYE, Zagars GK, Chung LWK and von Eschenbach AC: Significance of tumor angiogenesis in clinically localized prostate carcinoma treated with external bean radiotherapy. Urology 44: 869-875, 1994.
91. Bigler SA, Deering RE and Brawer MK: Comparison of microscopic vascularity in benign and malignant prostate tissue. Hum Pathol 24: 220-226, 1993.
92. Montironi R, Galluzzi CM, Diamanti L, Taborro R, Scarpelli M and Pisani E: Prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the blood capillary architecture on thin tissue sections. Path Res Pract 189: 542-548, 1993.
93. Siegal JA, Yu E and Brawer MK: Topography of neovascularity in human prostate carcinoma. Cancer 75: 2545-2551, 1995.
94. Wakui S, Furusato M, Itoh T, Sasaki H, Akiyama A, Kinoshita I, Asano K, Tokuda T, Aizawa S and Ushigome S: Tumor angiogenesis in prostatic carcinoma with and without bone marrow metastatis: a morphometric study. J Pathol 168: 257-262, 1992.
95. Brawer MK, Deering RE, Brown M, Preston SD and Bigler SA: Predictors of pathologic stage in prostatic cacinoma. Cancer 73: 678-687, 1994.
96. Fregene TA, Khanuja PS, Noto AC, Gehani SK, van Egmont EM, Luz DA and Picnta KJ: Tumor-associated angiogenesis in prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 13: 2377-2382, 1993.
97. Janvier R, Sourla A, Koutsilieris M and Doillon CJ: Stromal fibroblasts are required for PC-3 human prostate cancer cells to produce capillary-like formation of endothelial cells in a three-dimensional co-culture system. Anticancer Res 17: 1551-1558, 1997.
98. Joseph IBJK, Vukanovic J and Isaacs JT: Antiangiogenic treatment with Linomide as chemoprevention for prostate, seminal vesicle and breast carcinogenesis in rodents. Cancer Res 56: 3404-3408, 1996.
99. Joseph IBJK and Isaacs JT: Potentiation of the antiangiogenic ability of Linomide by androgen ablation involves down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human androgen-responsive prostatic cancers. Cancer Res 57: 1054-1057, 1997.
100. Hayward SW, Grossfeld GD, Haughney PC, Carroll PR and Cunha GR: Differential effects of benign and tumor stromal cells on human prostate epithelium. Proc Am Ural Assn 157 (Suppl 4): 268, 1997.
101. Hayward SW, Dahiya R, Cunha GR, Bartek J, Despande N and Narayan P: Establishment and characterization of an immortalized but non-tumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line: BPH-I. In Vitro 31 A: 14-24, 1995.
102. Wong YC, Cunha GR and Hayashi N: Effects of mesenchyme of embryonic urogenital sinus and neonatal seminal vesicle on the cytodifferentiation of the Dunning tumor: Ultrastructural study. Acta Anat 143: 139-150, 1992.
103. Hayashi N, Cunha GR and Wong YC: Influence of male genital tract mesenchymes on differentiation of Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 50: 4747-4754, 1990.
104. Hayashi N and Cunha GR: Mesenchyme-induced changes in neoplastic characteristics of the Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 51: 4924-4930, 1991.
105. Hayashi N, Tsuji M, Sugimura Y, Kawamura J and Cunha GR: Change in the morphological and functional cytodifferentiation induced by seminal vesicle mesenchyme in cell suspensions of rat Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 68: 788-794, 1996.
106. Tam NNC, Phil M, Wang YZ and Wong YC: The influence of mesenchyme of neonatal seminal vesicle and embryonic urogential sinus on the morphologic and functional cytodifferentiation of Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma: Roles of growth factors and proto-oncogenes. Urol Oncol 3: 85-93, 1997.
107. Thompson TC: Growth factors and oncogenes in prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 11: 345-354, 1990.
108. Camps JL, Chang S-M, Hsu TC, Freeman MR, Hong S-J, Zhau HE, von Eschenbach AC and Chung LWK: Fibroblast-mediated acceleration of human epithelial tumor growth in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 75-79, 1990.
109. Chung LW: Fibroblasts are critical determinants in prostatic cancer growth and dissemination. Cancer Metastasis Rev 10: 263-274, 1991.
110. Chung LWK, Gleave ME, Hsieh J-T, Hong S-J and Zhau HE: Reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial interaction affecting prostate tumour growth and hormonal responsiveness. In: Prostate Cancer: Cell and Molecular Mechanisms in Diagnosis and Treatment. Isaacs JT (ed.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp91-122, 1991.
111. Gleave M, Hsieh JT, Gao CA, von Eschenbach AC and Chung LW: Acceleration of human prostate cancer growth in vivo by factors produced by prostate and bone fibroblasts. Cancer Res 51: 3753-3761, 1991.
112. Cleave ME, Hsieh JT, von Eschenbach AC and Chung LW: Prostate and bone fibroblasts induce human prostate cancer growth in vivo: implications for bidirectional tumor-stromal cell interaction in prostate carcinoma growth and metastasis. J Urol 147: 1151-1159, 1992.
113. Wu HC, Hsieh JT, Gleave ME, Brown NM, Pathak S and Chung LW: Derivation of androgen-independent human LNCaP prostatic cancer cell sublines: role of bone stromal cells. Int J Cancer 57: 406-412, 1994.
114. Chung LWK, Chang S, Bell C, Zhau HE, Ro JY and von Eschenbach AC: Co-inoculation of tumorigenetic rat prostate mesenchymal cells with non-tumorigenic epithelial cells results in the development of carcinosarcoma in syngeneic and athymic animals. Int J Cancer 43: 1179-1187, 1989.
115. Cunha GR: Role of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in normal and abnormal development of male urogenital glands. In: Ultrastructure of Male Urogenital Glands: Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Urethral and Bulbourethral Glands. Riva A, Testa-Riva F and Motta PM (eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp15-34, 1994.
116. Cunha GR, Alarid ET, Turner T, Donjacour AA, Boutin EL and Foster BA: Normal and abnormal development of the male urogenital tract: Role of androgens, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and growth factors. J Androl 13: 465-475, 1992.
117. Haughney PC, Hayward SW, Dahiya R and Cunha GR: Species-specific detection of growth factor gene expression in developing prostatic tissue. Biol Reprod (In press).
118. Hayward SW, Haughney PC, Rosen MA, Gruelich KM, Weier H-U, Dahiya R and Cunha GR: Interactions between adult human prostatic epithelium and rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme in a tissue recombination model. Differentiation (In press).
119. Sugimura Y, Foster BA, Hom YK, Rubin JS, Finch PW, Aaronson SA, Hayashi N, Kawamura J and Cunha GR: Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) can replace testosterone in the ductal branching morphogenesis of the rat ventral prostate. Int J Dev Biol 40: 941-951, 1996.
120. Alarid ET, Rubin JS, Young P, Chedid M, Ron D, Aaronson SA and Cunha GR: Keratinocyte growth factor functions in epithelial induction during seminal vesicle development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 1074-1078, 1994.
121. Yan G, Fukabori Y, Nikolaropoulos S, Wang F and McKeehan WL: Heparin-binding keratinocyte growth factor is a candidate stromal to epithelial cell andromedin. Mol Endocrinol 6: 2123-2128, 1992.
122. Thomson AA, Foster BA and Cunha GR: Analysis of growth factor and receptor mRNAs during development of the rat seminal vesicle and prostate. Development 124: 2431-2439, 1997.
123. Peehl DM, Cohen P and Rosenfeld RG: The insulin-like growth factor system in the prostate. World J Urol 13: 306-311, 1995.
124. Dong G, Rajah R, Vu T, Huffman AR, Rosenfeld RG, Roberts CT, Peehl DM and Cohen P: Decreased expression of Wilms' tumor gene WT-1 and elevated expression of insulin growth factor-II (IGF-II) and type 1 IGF receptor genes in prostatic stromal cells from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 2198-2203, 1997.
125. Tennant MK, Thrasher JB, Twomey PA, Drivdahl RH, Birnbaum RS and Plymate SR: Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor is decreased and IGF-II mRNA is increased in human prostate carcinoma compared to benign prostate epithelium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81: 3774-3782, 1996.
126. Rowley DR and Tindall DJ: Responses of NBT-II bladder carcinoma cells to conditioned medium from normal fetal urogenital sinus. Cancer Res 47: 2955-2960, 1987.
127. Rowley DR: Characterization of a fetal urogenital sinus mesenchymal cell line U4F: secretion of a negative growth regulatory activity. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 28A: 29-38, 1992.
128. Rowley DR, Dang TD, Larsen M, Gerdes MJ, McBride L and Lu B: Purification of a novel protein (ps20) from urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells with growth inhibitory properties in vitro. J. Biol Chem 270: 22058-22065, 1995.
129. Larsen M, Ressler SJ, Lu B, Gerdes MJ, McBride L, Dang TD and Rowley DR: Molecular cloning and expression of ps20 growth inhibitor. A novel WAP-type 'four-disulfide core' domain protein expressed in smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 273: 4574-4584, 1998.
130. Anzano MA, Byers SW, Smith JM, Peer CW, Mullen LT, Brown CC, Roberts AB and Sporn MB: Prevention of breast cancer in the rat with 9-cis-retinoic acid as a single agent and in combination with tamoxifen. Cancer Res 54: 4614-4617, 1994.
131. Bracke ME, Charlier C, Bruyneel EA, Labit C, Mareel MM and Castronovo V: Tamoxifen restores the,E-cadherin function in human breast cancer MCF-7/6 cells and suppresses their invasive phenotype. Cancer Res 54: 4607-4609, 1994.
132. Morton RA, Ewing CM, Watkins JJ and Isaacs WB: The E-cadherin cell-cell adhesion pathway in urologie malignancies. World J Urol 13: 364-368, 1995.
133. Cunha GR, Hayashi N and Wong YC: Regulation of differentiation and growth of normal adult and neoplastic epithelial by inductive mesenchyme. In: Prostate Cancer: Cell and Molecular Mechanisms in Diagnosis and Treatment. Issacs JT (ed.) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, pp73-90, 1991.