Cerebrovascular disease in African Americans

Stroke

Volumn 29, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 2656-2664

  Gorelick, Philip B ^a,b  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Center for Stroke Research   (United States)

Author keywords

Blacks; Cerebrovascular diseases; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; HEMOGLOBIN S; TICLOPIDINE;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CAUCASIAN; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; NEGRO; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK FACTOR; STROKE;

EID: 0031756860     PISSN: 00392499     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2656     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (135)

1. Williams DR. Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:322-333.
2. Jackson FL. Race and ethnicity as biological constructs. Ethn Dis. 1992;2:120-125.
3. Witzig H. The medicalization of race: scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:675-679.
4. Huth EJ. Identifying ethnicity in medical papers. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:619-620.
5. Cooper RS. A case study of the use of race and ethnicity in public health surveillance. Public Health Rep. 1994;109:46-52.
6. Moss N. What are the underlying sources of racial differences in health? Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:320-321.
7. Link BG, Phelan JC. Understanding sociodemographic differences in health: the role of fundamental social causes. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:471-473. Editorial.
8. Polednak AP. Introduction: concepts of racial/ethnic group in epidemiology. In: Polednak AP, ed. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Disease. New York, NY: Oxford Press; 1989:3-16.
9. Kochanek KD, Mauerer JD, Rosenberg HM. Why did black life expectancy decline from 1984 through 1989 in the United States? Am J Public Health. 1994;84:938-944.
10. Loomis D, Richardson D. Race and risk of fatal injury at work. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:40-44.
11. Din-Dzietharn R, Hertz-Picciotto I. Infant mortality differences between whites and African Americans: the effect of maternal education. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:651-656.
12. Mortality patterns: United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993; 1991;42:899.
13. WHO'S contributions to world health. In: World Health Report 1997: Conquering Suffering Enriching Humanity - Report of the Director-General. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1997: 108-119.
14. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1996-1997, and Injury Chartbook. Hyattsville, Md: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1997.
15. Morgenstern LB, Spears WD, Goff DC, Grotta JC, Nichaman MZ. African Americans and women have the highest stroke mortality in Texas. Stroke. 1997;28:15-18.
16. Pickle LW, Mungiole M, Gillum RF. Geographic variation in stroke mortality in blacks and whites in the United States. Stroke. 1997;28: 1639-1647.
17. Howard G, Evans GW, Pearce K, Howard VJ, Bell RA, Mayer EJ, Burke GL. Is the stroke belt disappearing? An analysis of racial, temporal, and age effects. Stroke. 1995;26:1153-1158.
18. Howard G. Why do we have a Stroke Belt in the Southeastern United States? Unlikely and uninvestigated potential causes. In: Program of the Jackson Heart Study Symposium on Cardiovascular Disease; November 17-18, 1997; Jackson, Miss.
19. Cooper R, Sempos C, Hsieh S-C, Kovar MG. Slowdown in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States, 1978-1986. Stroke. 1990;21: 1274-1279.
20. Gillum RF, Sempos CT. The end of the long-term decline of stroke mortality in the United States? Stroke. 1997;28:1527-1529.
21. Morgenstern LB, Spears WD. A triethnic comparison of intracerebral hemorrhage mortality in Texas. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:919-923.
22. Gillum RF. Epidemiology of stroke in blacks. In: Gillum RF, Gorelick PB, Cooper E, eds. Stroke in Blacks. Basel, Switzerland: Karger AG. In press.
23. Sacco RL, Hauser WA, Mohr JP, Foulkes MA. One-year outcome after cerebral infarction in whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Stroke. 1991;22: 305-311.
24. Epstein A, Kittner S, Hebel JR, Sherwin R, Wozniak M, Wityk R, Stern B, Sloan M, Macko R, Johnson C, Earley C, Buchholz D, Price T. Black-white differences in stroke risk: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study. In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; February 5-7, 1998; Orlando, Fla.
25. Gross CR, Kase CS, Mohr JP, Cunningham SC, Baker WE. Stroke in South Alabama: incidence and diagnostic features - a population-based study. Stroke. 1984;15:249-255.
26. Friday G, Lai SM, Alter MA, Sobel E, LaRue L, Gil-Peralta A, McCoy RL, Levitt LP, Isack T. Stroke in the Lehigh Valley: racial/ethnic differences. Neurology. 1989;39:1165-1168.
27. Sacco RL, Hauser WA, Mohr JP. Hospitalized stroke in blacks and Hispanics in Northern Manhattan. Stroke. 1991;22:1491-1496.
28. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, Miller R. Khoury J, Pancioli A, Gebel J, Mills D, Minneci L, Shukla R. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998;29:415-421.
29. Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Gan R, Chen Y, Kargman DE, Shea S, Paik MC, Hauser WA, for the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study Collaborators. Stroke incidence among whites, black and Hispanic residents of ; an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:259-268.
30. Giles WH, Kittner SJ, Hebel JR, Losconczy KG, Sherwin RW. Determinants of black-white differences in the risk of cerebral infarction: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:1319-1324.
31. Schoenberg BS, Anderson DW, Haerer AF. Racial differentials in the prevalence of stroke. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:565-568.
32. Kittner SJ, McCarter RJ, Sherwin RW, Sloan MA, Stern BJ, Johnson CJ, Buchholtz D, Seipp MJ, Price TR. Black-white differences in stroke risk among young adults. Stroke. 1993;24(suppl I):I-13-I-15.
33. Broderick JP, Brott T, Tomsick T, Huster G, Miller R. The risk of subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage in blacks as compared with whites. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:733-736.
34. Klatsky AL, Armstrong MA, Friedman GD. Racial differences in cerebrovascular disease hospitalizations. Stroke. 1991;22:299-304.
35. Gorelick PB. Distribution of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular lesions. Effects of age, race, and sex. Stroke. 1993;24(suppl I):I-16-I-19.
36. Gorelick PB, Caplan LR, Hier DB, Patel D, Langerberg P, Pessin M, Biller J, Kornack D. Racial differences in the distribution of posterior circulation occlusive disease. Stroke. 1985;16:785-790.
37. Caplan LR, Gorelick PB, Hier DB. Race, sex, and occlusive cerebrovascular disease: a review. Stroke. 1986;17:648-655.
38. Heyman A, Fields WS, Keating RD. Joint study of extracranial arterial occlusion. JAMA. 1972;222:285-289.
39. Heyden S, Heyman A, Goree JA. Nonembolic occlusion of the middle cerebral and carotid arteries: a comparison of predisposing factors. Stroke. 1970;1:363-369.
40. Solberg LA, McGarry PA. Cerebral atherosclerosis in Negroes and Caucasians. Atherosclerosis. 1972;16:141-154.
41. Gil-Peralta AG, Alter MA, Lai SM, Friday G, Otero A, Katz M, Comerota AJ. Duplex Doppler and spectral flow analysis of racial differences in cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. Stroke. 1990;21: 740-744.
42. Ryu JE, Murros K, Espeland MA, Rubens J, McKinney WM, Tooke JF, Crouse JR. Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in black and white patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 1989;20:1133-1137.
43. Inzitari D, Hachinski VC, Taylor W, Barnett HJM. Racial differences in the anterior circulation in cerebrovascular disease: how much can be explained by risk factors? Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1080-1084.
44. Sacco RL, Kargman DE, Gu Q, Zamanillo MC. Race-ethnicity and determinants of intracranial atherosclerotic cerebral infarction: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1995;26:14-20.
45. Sacco RL, Roberts JK, Boden-Albala B, Gu Q, Lin I-F, Kargman DE, Berglund L, Hauser WA, Shea S, Pack MC. Race-ethnicity and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis in a multiethnic population: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke. 1997:28:929-935.
46. Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA, Burke GL, for the ARJC Investigators. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness distribution in the general population as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. Stroke. 1993;24:1297-1304.
47. Manolio TA, Burke GL, Psaty BM, Newman AB, Haan M, Powe N, Tracy RP, O'Leary DH. Black-white differences in subclinical disease among older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995;48:1141-1152.
48. D'Agostino RB Jr, Burke G, O'Leary D, Rewers M, Selby J, Savage PJ, Saal MF, Bergman RN, Howard G, Wagenknecht L, Haffner SM. Ethnic differences in carotid wall thickness: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1744-1749.
49. Lip GYH, Zarifis J, Farooqi IS, Page A, Sagar G, Beevers G. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in acute stroke: the West Birmingham Stroke Project. Stroke. 1997;28:31-35.
50. Gaines K, Burke G, for the SECORDS Investigators. Ethnic differences in stroke: black-white differences in the United States population. Neuroepidemiology. 1995;14:209-239.
51. Gorelick PB, Harris Y. Stroke: an excess burden on African Americans. Chicago Med. 1993;96:28-30.
52. Gorelick PB. Stroke prevention: windows of opportunity and failed expectations? A discussion of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and a prevention proposal. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:163-173.
53. Cooper R, Rotimi C, Ataman S, McGee D, Osotimehin B, Kadiri S, Muna W, Kingues S, Fraser H, Forrester T, Bennett F, Wilks R. The prevalence of hypertension in seven populations of West African origin. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:160-168.
54. Gillum RF. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in black Americans. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1597-1598.
55. Gillum RF. Secular trends in stroke mortality in African Americans: the role of urbanization, diabetes and obesity. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16: 180-184.
56. Gillum RF. Stroke in blacks. Stroke. 1988:19:1-19.
57. Abel GA, Sacco RL, Lin I-F, Boden-Albala B, Kargman DE, Paik MC. Race-ethnic variability in etiologic fraction for stroke risk factors: the Northern Manhattan Stroke study. In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; February 5-7, 1998; Orlando, Fla.
58. Jacobs BS, Sacco RL, Roberts K, Chen X, Paik MC, Stabler SP. Race-ethnicity and other environmental determinants of serum homocysteine in Northern Manhattan. In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd International Joint Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; February 5-7, 1998; Orlando, Fla.
59. DiTullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca R, Savoia MT, Nahar T, Boden-Albala B, Mendoza L, Thompson T, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd International Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; February 5-7, 1998; Orlando, Fla.
60. Boden-Albala B, Sacco RL, Lin FI, Abel GA, Kargman DE, Elkind M, Paik MC. Serum potassium and ischemic stroke risk: findings from the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. In: Program and abstracts of the 23rd International Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; February 5-7, 1998; Orlando, FIa.
61. Kittner SJ, White LR, Losconczy KG, Wolf PA, Hebel JR. Black-white differences in stroke incidence in a national sample: the contribution of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 1990;264:1267-1270.
62. Kaplan GA, Keil JE. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. Circulation. 1993;88:1973-1998.
63. Keil JE, Sutherland SE, Knapp RG, Tyroler HA. Does equal socioeconomic status in black and white men equal risk of mortality? Am J Public Health. 1992;82:1133-1136.
64. Keil JE, Sutherland SE, Knapp RG, Lackland DT, Gazes PC, Tyler HA. Mortality rates and risk factors for coronary disease in black as compared with white men and women. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:73-78.
65. Guralnik JM, Leveille SG. Race, ethnicity, and health outcomes: unraveling the mediating role of socioeconomic status. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:728-730. Annotation.
66. Wilkinson RG. Income, inequality, and social cohesion. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1504-1506. Comment.
67. McDonough P, Duncan GJ, Williams D, House J. Income dynamics and adult mortality in the United States, 1972 through 1989. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1476-1483.
68. Geronimus AT, Bound J, Waidmann TA, Hillmeier MM, Burns PB. Excess mortality among blacks and whites in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1552-1558.
69. Fang J, Madhavan S, Alderman MH. The association between birthplace and mortality from cardiovascular causes among black and white residents of New York City. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1545-1551.
70. Schneider D, Greenberg MR, Lu LL. Region of birth and mortality from circulatory disease among black Americans. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87:800-804.
71. Howard G, Russell GB, Anderson R, Evans GW, Morgan T, Howard VJ, Burke GL. Role of social class in excess black stroke mortality. Stroke. 1995;26:1759-1763.
72. Kingston RS, Smith JP. Socioeconomic status and racial and ethnic differences in functional status associated with chronic diseases. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:805-810.
73. Lantz PM, House JS, Lepkowski JM, Williams DR, Mero RP, Chen J. Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: results from a nationally representative prospective study of US adults. JAMA. 1998; 279:1703-1708.
74. Williams RB. Lower Socioeconomic status and increased mortality: early childhood roots and the potential for successful interventions. JAMA. 1998;279:1745-1746.
75. Cooper R. The role of genetic and environmental factors in cardiovascular disease in African-Americans. In: Program of the Jackson Heart Study Symposium on Cardiovascular Disease; November 17-18, 1997; Jackson, Miss.
76. Voors A, Foster T, Fredricks R, Webber L, Berenson G. Studies of blood pressure in children ages 5-14 years, in a total biracial population: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation. 1976;54:319-327.
77. Connett J, Stamler T. Responses of blacks and whites to the special intervention of the MRFIT. Am Heart J. 1984;108:839-848.
78. Grim CE, Luft FC, Miller JZ, Meneely GR, Battarbee HD, Hanes CG, Dahl LK. Racial differences in blood pressure in Evans County, Georgia: relationships to sodium and potassium intake and plasma renin activity. J Chronic Dis. 1980;33:87-94.
79. Pratt JH, Jones JJ, Miller JZ, Wagner MA, Fireberg NS. Racial dif-ferences in aldosterone excretion and plasma aldosterone concentrations in children. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:1152-1157.
80. Lang CC, Stein CM, Brown RM, Deegan R, Nelson R, He HB, Wood M, Wood AJJ. Attenuation of isoproterenol-mediated vasodilation in blacks. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:155-160.
81. Lyle RM, Melby CL, Hyner GC, Edmonson JW, Miller JZ, Weinberger MH. Blood pressure and metabolic effects of calcium supplementation in normotensive white and black men. JAMA. 1987;257:1772-1776.
82. Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Colleran JA, Pittaras A, Notargiacomo A, Reda D, Papademetriou V. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1462-1467.
83. Cooper R, Rotimi C. Hypertension in populations of West African origin: is there a genetic predisposition? J Hypertens. 1994;12:215-227.
84. Morrison JA, Payne G, Barton BA, Khoury PR, Crawford P. Mother-daughter correlations of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white households: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1761-1767.
85. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Asherio AL, Stampfer MJ. Birth weight and adult hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity in US men. Circulation. 1996;94:3246-3150.
86. Bunker CH, Ukoli FA, Matthews KA, Kriska AM, Huston SL, Kuller LH. Weight threshold and blood pressure in a lean black population. Hypertension. 1995;26:616-623.
87. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. Five-year findings of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, II: mortality by race-sex and age. JAMA. 1979;242:2572-2577.
88. Blendon RJ, Aiken LH, Freeman HE, Corey CR. Access to medical care for black and white Americans: a matter of continuing concern. JAMA. 1989;261:278-281.
89. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Black-white disparities in health care. JAMA. 1990:263:2344-2346.
90. Ammons L. Demographic profile of health-care coverage in America in 1993. J Natl Med Assoc. 1997;89:737-744.
91. Reynolds PP. The Federal Government's use of Title VI and Medicare to racially integrate hospitals in the United States, 1963 through 1967. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1850-1858.
92. Geiger HJ. Racism resurgent: building a bridge to the 19th century. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1765-1766. Annotation.
93. Wenneker MB, Epstein AM. Racial inequalities in the use of procedures for patients with ischemic heart disease in Massachusetts. JAMA. 1989; 261:253-257.
94. Whittle J, Conigliaro J, Good CB, Lofgren RP. Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures in the department of Veterans Affairs medical system. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:621-627.
95. Oddone EZ, Horner RD, Monger ME, Matchar DB. Racial variations in the rates of carotid angiography and endarterectomy in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153: 2781-2786.
96. Escarse JL, Epstein KR, Colby DC, Schwartz JS. Racial differences in the elderly's use of medical procedures and diagnostic tests. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:948-954.
97. Mort EA, Weissman JS. Epstein AM. Physician discretion and racial variation in the use of surgical procedures. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154: 761-767.
98. Crawford SL, McGraw SA, Smith KW, McKinlay JB, Peirson JE. Do blacks and whites differ in their use of health care for symptoms of coronary heart disease? Am J Public Health. 1994;84:957-964.
99. Horner RD, Oddone EZ, Matchar DB. Theories explaining racial differences in the utilization of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for cerebrovascular disease. Milbank Q. 1995;73:443-462.
100. Gomick ME, Eggers PW, Reilly TW, Mentnech RM, Rtterman LK, Kucken LE, Viadeck BC. Effects of race and income on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:791-799.
101. Peterson ED, Shaw LK, Delong ER, Pryor DB, Califf RM, Mark DB. Racial variation in the use of coronary-revascularization procedures: are the differences real? Do they matter? N Engl J Med. 1997;336:480-486.
102. Carlisle DM, Leake BD, Shaparo MF. Racial and ethnic disparities in the use of cardiovascular procedures: associations with type of health insurance. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:263-267.
103. Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Baez L, Loehrer P, Pandya KJ. Pair and treatment of pain in minority patients with cancer: the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Minority Outpatient Pair Study. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:813-816.
104. McNagy SE, Jacobson TA. Use of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy by African American women: the importance of physician discussion. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:1337-1342.
105. Svensson CK. Representation of American blacks in clinical trials of new drugs. JAMA. 1989;261:263-265.
106. Bonner GJ, Miles TP. Participation of African Americans in clinical research. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:281-284.
107. Harris Y, Gorelick PB, Samuels P, Bempong I. Why African Americans may not be participating in clinical trials. J Natl Med Assoc. 1996;88:630-634.
108. Kahn KL, Pearson ML, Harrison ER, Desmond KA, Rogers WH, Rubenstein LV, Brook RH, Keeler EB. Healthcare for black and poor hospitalized Medicare patients. JAMA. 1994;271:1169-1174.
109. Gamble VN. Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:1773-1778.
110. Chaturvedi S, Femino L. A pilot study regarding knowledge of stroke risk factors in an urban community. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1997;6: 426-429.
111. Weisberg LA, for the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study Group. The efficacy and safety of ticlopidine and aspirin in non-whites: analysis of a patient subgroup from the Ticlopidine Aspirin Stroke Study. Neurology. 1993;43:27-31.
112. Gent M, Easton JD, Hachinski VC, Panak E, Sicurella J, Blakely JA, Ellis DJ, Harbison JW, Roberts RS, Turpie AGG, for the CATS group. The Canadian American Ticlopidine Study (CATS) in thromboembolic stroke. Lancet. 1989;1:1215-1220.
113. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med. 1991;325: 445-453.
114. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1570.
115. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. JAMA. 1995;273:1421-1428.
116. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329-1339.
117. Gorelick PB, Leurgans SL, Richardson D, Harris Y, Billingsley M. African American Antiplatelet Stroke Prevention Study (AAASPS): clinical trial design. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. In press.
118. Adams RJ, McKie VC, Hsu L, Files B, Vichinsky E, Pegelow C. Abboud M, Gillagher D, Kutlar A, Nichols FT, Bonds DR, Brambilla D. Prevention of a first stroke by transfusions in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal results of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:5-11.
119. Ford-Lynch G, Barboi A, Leurgans S, Raman R, Gorelick PB, for the AAASPS Investigators. A comparison of baseline cardiovascular disease risk factors in African Americans and non-African Americans in stroke prevention trials. Neurology. 1998;50(suppl):A37. Abstract.
120. Nyenhuis D, Gorelick PB. Vascular dementia: a contemporary review of epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc. In press.
121. Gorelick PB. Status of risk factors for dementia associated with stroke. Stroke. 1997;28:459-463.
122. Gorelick PB, Griffith P. Late sequelae of cerebrovascular disease in African Americans: vascular dementia. In: Gillum RF, Gorelick PB, Cooper E, eds. Stroke in Blacks: A Guide to Management and Prevention. Basel, Switzerland: Karger AG. In press.
123. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Mayeux R, Paik M, Stern Y, Sano M, Remien RH, Williams JBW, Mohr JP, Hauser A, Figueroa M. Dementia after stroke: baseline frequency, risks, and clinical features in a hospi-talized cohort. Neurology. 1992;42:1185-1193.
124. Gorelick PB, Brody J, Cohen DC, Freels S, Levy P, Dollear W, Forman H, Harris Y. Risk factors for dementia associated with multiple cerebral infarcts: a case-control analysis in predominantly African-American hospital-based patients. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:714-720.
125. Gorelick PB, Chatterjee A, Patel D, Flowerdew G, Dollear W, Taber J, Harris Y. Cranial computed tomographic observations in multi-infarct dementia: a controlled study. Stroke. 1992;23:804-811.
126. Charletta D, Gorelick PB, Dollear TJ, Freels S, Harris Y. CT and MRI findings among African-Americans with Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and stroke without dementia. Neurology. 1995;45: 1456-1461.
127. Liao D, Cooper L, Cai J, Toole J, Bryan N, Burke G, Shaker E, Nieto J, Mosely T, Heiss G. The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions, their relationship with age, ethnicity, gender, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the ARIC Study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16: 149-162.
128. Becker C, Howard G, McLeroy KR, Yatsu FM, Toole JF, Coull B, Feibel J, Walker MD. Community Hospital-Based Stroke Programs: North Carolina, Oregon, and New York, II: description of study population. Stroke. 1986;17:285-293.
129. Kuhlemeier KV, Stiens SH. Racial disparities in severity of cerebrovascular events. Stroke. 1994;25:2126-2131.
130. Horner RD, Matchar DB, Divine GW, Feussner JR. Racial variations in ischemic stroke-related physical and functional impairments. Stroke. 1991;22:1497-1501.
131. Sacco RL, Shi T, Zamanillo MC, Kargman DE. Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology. 1994;44: 626-634.
132. Cooper ES. Cardiovascular diseases and stroke in African Americans and other racial minorities in the United States: a statement for health professionals - summary and conclusions. Stroke. 1991;22:568-569.
133. Mayer SA, Sacco RL, Hurlet-Jensen A, Shi T, Mohr JP. Free protein S deficiency in acute ischemic stroke: a case-control study. Stroke. 1993; 24:224-227.
134. Hill MN. Behavior and biology: the basic sciences for AHA action-AHA President's Address. Stroke. 1998;29:739-742.
135. Sempos CT. Overview: Jackson Heart Study. In: Program of the Jackson Heart Study Symposium on Cardiovascular Disease, November 17-18, 1997; Jackson, Miss.