The Federal Government's Use of Title VI and Medicare to Racially Integrate Hospitals in the United States, 1963 Through 1967

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 87, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 1850-1858

  Reynolds, P Preston ^a,b,c  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CIVIL RIGHTS; CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964; GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; HISTORY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICARE; RACE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TWENTIETH CENTURY; UNITED STATES;

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT 1964; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; LEGAL APPROACH; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

CIVIL RIGHTS; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; FEDERAL GOVERNMENT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; MEDICARE; PREJUDICE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031278661     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1850     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: The Case of Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126 (1997): 898-906.
2. P. B. Comely, "Trends in Racial Integration in Hospitals in the United States," Journal of the National Medical Association 49 (1957):8-10.
3. Ibid.; P. B. Comely, "Segregation and Discrimination in Medical Care in the United States," American Journal of Public Health 46(1956): 1074-1081.
4. Ibid.; P. B. Comely, "Segregation and Discrimination in Medical Care in the United States," American Journal of Public Health 46(1956): 1074-1081.
5. W.M. Cobb, "NAACP's Resolutions on Health," Journal of the National Medical Association 45 (1953):438-439.
6. P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights."
7. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity in Hospitals and Health Facilities: Civil Rights Policies Under the Hill-Burton Program, CCR Special Publication no. 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1965).
8. A. L. Riday and W. J. Lear, Health Care and the Negro Population (New York: National Urban League, 1965).
9. "N.M.A. Delegation Meets with Vice President on Hospital Bias," Journal of the National Medical Association 55 (1963): 258-260; John F. Kennedy to Dr. Montague Cobb, "Greetings to Imhotep from the Honorable John F. Kennedy, President of the United States," Journal of the National Medical Association 54 (1962): 500-501.
10. "N.M.A. Delegation Meets with Vice President on Hospital Bias," Journal of the National Medical Association 55 (1963): 258-260; John F. Kennedy to Dr. Montague Cobb, "Greetings to Imhotep from the Honorable John F. Kennedy, President of the United States," Journal of the National Medical Association 54 (1962): 500-501.
11. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, Federally Supported Discrimination (New York: Future Press, 1961), 7.
12. Ibid.
13. Statement of Anthony J. Celebrezze, accompanied by James M. Quigley, Francis Keppel, and Dean Corton, House of Representatives Hearings on Miscellaneous Proposals Regarding the Civil Rights of Persons Within the Jurisdiction of the United States before Subcommittee No. 5 of the Committee of the Judiciary, 88th Congr., 1st sess., 1963, 1507-1571.
14. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Civil Rights '63: 1963 Report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964).
15. "Comment - Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Implementation and Impact," George Washington Law Review 36 (1968):824-1022.
16. Ibid.
17. "Remarks by Luther J. Terry," Journal of the National Medical Association 57 (1965): 164-165; United States Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity.
18. "Remarks by Luther J. Terry," Journal of the National Medical Association 57 (1965): 164-165; United States Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity.
19. L. J. Terry, "How Civil Rights Regulations Affect Hospitals," Hospitals 39 (1965): 139-146.
20. "Hospitals and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act." Hospitals 39 (1965): 34-37.
21. United States Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Opportunity, 3, 8.
22. Interview with James M. Quigley, 3 March 1989, Washington, D.C.
23. Interview with Michael Meltsner, 19 April 1989, Boston, Mass.; interview with James M. Quigley; "Summary of Discriminatory Practices at Hospitals Listed in March 3, 1965 Letter" and "Summary of Discriminatory Practices at Hospitals Listed in March 25, 1965 Letter," Hubert A. Eaton manuscripts, Wilmington, N.C.; "HEW Gets NAACP Complaints," Modem Hospital, July 1965, 105-122.
24. Interview with Michael Meltsner, 19 April 1989, Boston, Mass.; interview with James M. Quigley; "Summary of Discriminatory Practices at Hospitals Listed in March 3, 1965 Letter" and "Summary of Discriminatory Practices at Hospitals Listed in March 25, 1965 Letter," Hubert A. Eaton manuscripts, Wilmington, N.C.; "HEW Gets NAACP Complaints," Modem Hospital, July 1965, 105-122.
25. Interview with Sherry Arnstein, 31 January 1989, Washington, D.C.; "Compliance Reports of Northern and Southern Hospitals," Sherry Amstein papers.
26. Ibid.
27. Anthony Celebrezze to Horace W. Busby, Jr, "Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Civil Rights Act of 1964 Progress Report," 1 July 1965, HU2 executive papers, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
28. Interview with Sherry Arnstein.
29. J. M. Quigley, "Hospitals and Civil Rights Act of 1964," Journal of the National Medical Association (1965): 455-459.
30. Ibid.
31. Interview with John Gardner, 22 March 1989, Washington, D.C.; interview with F. Peter Libassi, 4 December 1988, Hartford, Conn.; interview with James M. Quigley.
32. Interview with F. Peter Libassi.
33. F. Peter Libassi to Lee C. White and Douglass Cater, "Memorandum," 28 January 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
34. Interview with F. Peter Libassi; interview with Sherry Amstein.
35. J. Spivak, "Medicare and Civil Rights: How Far Will HEW Go in Barring Hospital Discrimination?" Wall Street Journal, 2 February 1966, 1; A. L. Riday and W. J. Lear, Health Care and the Negro Population (New York: National Urban League, 1965); E. Langer, "Title VI: Universities, Others Affected by Federal Moves to End Discrimination by Aid Recipients," Science, 29 January 1965, 488-489; "1964 Rights Act Stirs Widespread Federal Activity," Congressional Quarterly, 9 April 1965, 617-623.
36. J. Spivak, "Medicare and Civil Rights: How Far Will HEW Go in Barring Hospital Discrimination?" Wall Street Journal, 2 February 1966, 1; A. L. Riday and W. J. Lear, Health Care and the Negro Population (New York: National Urban League, 1965); E. Langer, "Title VI: Universities, Others Affected by Federal Moves to End Discrimination by Aid Recipients," Science, 29 January 1965, 488-489; "1964 Rights Act Stirs Widespread Federal Activity," Congressional Quarterly, 9 April 1965, 617-623.
37. J. Spivak, "Medicare and Civil Rights: How Far Will HEW Go in Barring Hospital Discrimination?" Wall Street Journal, 2 February 1966, 1; A. L. Riday and W. J. Lear, Health Care and the Negro Population (New York: National Urban League, 1965); E. Langer, "Title VI: Universities, Others Affected by Federal Moves to End Discrimination by Aid Recipients," Science, 29 January 1965, 488-489; "1964 Rights Act Stirs Widespread Federal Activity," Congressional Quarterly, 9 April 1965, 617-623.
38. J. Spivak, "Medicare and Civil Rights: How Far Will HEW Go in Barring Hospital Discrimination?" Wall Street Journal, 2 February 1966, 1; A. L. Riday and W. J. Lear, Health Care and the Negro Population (New York: National Urban League, 1965); E. Langer, "Title VI: Universities, Others Affected by Federal Moves to End Discrimination by Aid Recipients," Science, 29 January 1965, 488-489; "1964 Rights Act Stirs Widespread Federal Activity," Congressional Quarterly, 9 April 1965, 617-623.
39. Interview with Philip Lee, 22 November 1988, Washington, D.C.; interview with Robert M. Ball, 21 February 1989, Washington, D.C.; interview with F. Peter Libassi; interview with John Gardner.
40. "Problems Remain as Government Launches 'Medicare,'" Congressional Quarterly, 1 July 1966, 1397; "HEW Launches Inspection Program in Stepped-Up Civil Rights Effort," Congressional Quarterly, 1 May 1966, 17; "Medicare Speeds Hospital Desegregation," Medical World News, 1 July 1966, 27.
41. "Problems Remain as Government Launches 'Medicare,'" Congressional Quarterly, 1 July 1966, 1397; "HEW Launches Inspection Program in Stepped-Up Civil Rights Effort," Congressional Quarterly, 1 May 1966, 17; "Medicare Speeds Hospital Desegregation," Medical World News, 1 July 1966, 27.
42. "Problems Remain as Government Launches 'Medicare,'" Congressional Quarterly, 1 July 1966, 1397; "HEW Launches Inspection Program in Stepped-Up Civil Rights Effort," Congressional Quarterly, 1 May 1966, 17; "Medicare Speeds Hospital Desegregation," Medical World News, 1 July 1966, 27.
43. American Hospital Association, This Week for Hospitals, 11 March 1966, Duke Endowment Archives, American Hospital Association file, January 1966-June 1966, Charlotte, N.C.; Surgeon General to Hospital Administrator, "Guidelines for Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" and "Form 441," 2 March and 4 April 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
44. American Hospital Association, This Week for Hospitals, 11 March 1966, Duke Endowment Archives, American Hospital Association file, January 1966-June 1966, Charlotte, N.C.; Surgeon General to Hospital Administrator, "Guidelines for Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" and "Form 441," 2 March and 4 April 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
45. Irving J. Lewis to Douglass Cater, "Memorandum: Hospital Civil Rights Compliance and Medicare." 12 April 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
46. Interview with Charles Watts, 7 January 1989, Durham, N.C.
47. Interview with Lee Hyde, 8 February 1989, Asheville, N.C.; Clarence V. McKee, Jr, to Lyndon B. Johnson, "Personal Correspondence," 12 September 1966, ISI general file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
48. F. Peter Libassi to Joseph Califano, Douglass Cater, and Nicholas Katzenbach, "Memorandum: Title VI Compliance - Schools and Hospitals," 1 June 1966; Libassi to Cater, "Memorandum: Hospital Compliance - Title VI," with attachment "Highlights of Public Information Activities in Connection with Hospital Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act," 18 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
49. F. Peter Libassi to Joseph Califano, Douglass Cater, and Nicholas Katzenbach, "Memorandum: Title VI Compliance - Schools and Hospitals," 1 June 1966; Libassi to Cater, "Memorandum: Hospital Compliance - Title VI," with attachment "Highlights of Public Information Activities in Connection with Hospital Compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act," 18 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
50. Douglass Cater to the President, "Report on Hospital Civil Rights Compliance in the South," 18 June 1966, ISI executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library; John Gardner, "Memorandum for the Vice President," 14 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
51. Douglass Cater to the President, "Report on Hospital Civil Rights Compliance in the South," 18 June 1966, ISI executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library; John Gardner, "Memorandum for the Vice President," 14 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
52. F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, "Hospital Compliance - Title VI," 18 June 1966, ISI executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
53. Ibid., 2.
54. Ibid., 4; F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, "Hospital Compliance Program - Congressional Contacts," 28 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
55. Ibid., 4; F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, "Hospital Compliance Program - Congressional Contacts," 28 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
56. Libassi to Cater. "Hospital Compliance -Title VI," 3.
57. John Gardner to Vice President Humphrey, "Memorandum," 14 June 1966, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
58. Philip R. Lee to Douglass Cater, "Memorandum: Presidential Meeting on Implementation of the Medicare Program," 1 June 1966, ISI executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
59. Libassi to Cater, "Memorandum: Hospital Compliance - Title VI," with attachment.
60. Ibid.
61. Philip R. Lee to Douglass Cater, "Memorandum: Contingency Use of Federal Hospitals by Medicare Patients," 27 June 1966; Douglass Cater to the President, "Memorandum: Off-the-Record Meeting on Medicare - 11:30 AM, Tuesday, June 28," Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
62. Philip R. Lee to Douglass Cater, "Memorandum: Contingency Use of Federal Hospitals by Medicare Patients," 27 June 1966; Douglass Cater to the President, "Memorandum: Off-the-Record Meeting on Medicare - 11:30 AM, Tuesday, June 28," Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
63. Douglass Cater to the President, "Short Statement for Television Tomorrow, June 29, 1966," Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
64. John Gardner to Lyndon Baines Johnson, "Memorandum for the President, July 6, 1966," ISI executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
65. F. Peter Libassi to Joseph A. Califano, Douglass Cater, and Nicholas Katzenbach, "Title VI: Initiation of Deferral Action against Nineteen Hospitals Refusing to Comply," 20 September 1966, HU2 executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
66. R.M. Nash, "Compliance of Hospitals and Health Agencies with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act," American Journal of Public Health 58 (1968): 246-251.
67. W. J. Cohen, "Brighter Horizons for Medical Care," Journal of the National Medical Association 58 (1966): 405-409.
68. F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, "Memorandum: the Atlanta Hospitals," with attachment, "Report on Civil Rights Compliance Atlanta, Georgia Hospitals, August, 1966," prepared by Office of Equal Health Opportunity, Cater manuscripts, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
69. Derrick A. Bell to D. Robert Owen, "Notice of Hearing to One Hospital Refusing to Comply with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, February 21, 1967," HU2 executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
70. F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, Joseph A. Califano, and John Doar, "Title VI Compliance: Final Decisions Against Six (6) Hospitals," with attachment, "Secretary's Report to Congress on Termination," 20 April 1967, HE5 executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
71. F. Peter Libassi to Douglass Cater, Joseph A. Califano, and John Doar, "Title VI Compliance, Final Termination," with attachment, "Secretary's Approval and Notice to Congress, Schools and Hospitals," 25 May 1967, HU2 executive file, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library.
72. P. P. Reynolds, "Hospitals and Civil Rights, 1945-1963: Simkins v. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital," Annals of Internal Medicine 126 (1997): 898-906.
73. W. Cohen, "From Medicare to National Health Insurance," in Toward New Human Rights, ed., D. C. Warner (Austia, Tex.: University of Texas, 1977), 150.