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Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 776-783

Polo like kinases: Positive regulators of cell division from start to finish

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; CYTOKINE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; UBIQUITIN;

EID: 0031743063     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(98)80121-X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (315)

References (66)
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    • of special interest. The fibroblast-growth-factor-inducible kinase (Fnk) protein is shown to be present in quiescent cells, and to fluctuate moderately as cells progress through the cell cycle, reaching a peak in M phase. Interestingly, Fnk is phosphorylated both during M phase, concomitant with its increased activity, and subsequent to stimulation of cells with mitogenic growth factors. The authors speculate that Fnk may function during mitosis as well as upon entry of cells into the cell cycle. See also annotation to [8].
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    • Human Prk is a conserved protein serine/threonine kinase involved in regulating M phase functions
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    • 2. On the basis of in vitro phosphorylation data and antisense experiments performed with Xenopus oocytes, the authors propose that Prk may activate Cdc25C, but the use of heterologous probes makes the latter experiments difficult to interpret. See also annotations to [7,9].
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    • Plk is a functional homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5, and elevated Plk activity induces multiple septation structures
    • of special interest. A cdc5 ts mutant is complemented by murine polo-like kinase (Plk1), emphasizing the functional similarity between these kinases. In addition, replacement of Thr 210 by an acidic residue (aspartic acid) is shown to enhance Plk1 activity, suggesting that Thr 210 may be a site for activating phosphorylation events. Finally, overexpression of hyperactive Plk1 in budding yeast results in the deposition of multiple septation structures, consistent with the idea that Plks may play a role in cytokinesis. See also annotation to [8].
    • Lee KS, Erikson RL. Plk is a functional homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5, and elevated Plk activity induces multiple septation structures. of special interest Mol Cell Biol. 17:1997;3408-3417 A cdc5 ts mutant is complemented by murine polo-like kinase (Plk1), emphasizing the functional similarity between these kinases. In addition, replacement of Thr 210 by an acidic residue (aspartic acid) is shown to enhance Plk1 activity, suggesting that Thr 210 may be a site for activating phosphorylation events. Finally, overexpression of hyperactive Plk1 in budding yeast results in the deposition of multiple septation structures, consistent with the idea that Plks may play a role in cytokinesis. See also annotation to [8].
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    • On the regulation and function of human polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1): Effects of overexpression on cell cycle progression
    • of special interest. This study reports that maximal activity of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) during M phase correlates with Plk1 phosphorylation, that the carboxyl terminus of Plk1 negatively regulates Plk1 activity, and that overexpression of Plk1 in mammalian cells causes a multinucleation phenotype consistent with a role of Plk1 in cytokinesis.
    • Mundt KE, Golsteyn RM, Lane HA, Nigg EA. On the regulation and function of human polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1): effects of overexpression on cell cycle progression. of special interest Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 239:1997;377-385 This study reports that maximal activity of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) during M phase correlates with Plk1 phosphorylation, that the carboxyl terminus of Plk1 negatively regulates Plk1 activity, and that overexpression of Plk1 in mammalian cells causes a multinucleation phenotype consistent with a role of Plk1 in cytokinesis.
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    • GFP tagging reveals human Polo-like kinase 1 at the kinetochore/centromere region of mitotic chromosomes
    • Both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged human Plk1 and endogenous Plk1 are shown to colocalize with centromere protein B (CENP-B) at the kinetochore/centromere region of human chromosomes. See also annotation to [17]. of special interest
    • Arnaud L, Pines J, Nigg EA. GFP tagging reveals human Polo-like kinase 1 at the kinetochore/centromere region of mitotic chromosomes. of special interest Chromosoma. 1998; Both green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged human Plk1 and endogenous Plk1 are shown to colocalize with centromere protein B (CENP-B) at the kinetochore/centromere region of human chromosomes. See also annotation to [17].
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    • Pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis
    • of outstanding interest. This study characterizes Drosophila Pavarotti, a kinesin-related motor similar to mammalian MKLP-1. Pavarotti and Polo co-localize extensively, correct Polo localization depends on Pavarotti function, and biochemical data suggest a close relationship between these two proteins. The authors speculate that Polo might be transported by Pavarotti, and discuss the possible role of these proteins in cytokinesis.
    • Adams RR, Tavares AAM, Salzberg A, Bellen HJ, Glover DM. Pavarotti encodes a kinesin-like protein required to organize the central spindle and contractile ring for cytokinesis. of outstanding interest Genes Dev. 12:1998;1483-1494 This study characterizes Drosophila Pavarotti, a kinesin-related motor similar to mammalian MKLP-1. Pavarotti and Polo co-localize extensively, correct Polo localization depends on Pavarotti function, and biochemical data suggest a close relationship between these two proteins. The authors speculate that Polo might be transported by Pavarotti, and discuss the possible role of these proteins in cytokinesis.
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    • The Drosophila POLO kinase localises to multiple compartments of the mitotic apparatus and is required for the phosphorylation of MPM2 reactive epitopes
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    • The polo-related kinase cdc5 activates and is destroyed by the mitotic cyclin destruction machinery in S. cerevisiae
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    • of outstanding interest Charles JF, Jaspersen SL, Tinker-Kulberg RL, Hwang L, Szidon A, Morgan DO. The polo-related kinase cdc5 activates and is destroyed by the mitotic cyclin destruction machinery in S. cerevisiae. of special interest Curr Biol. 8:1998;497-507 Cdc5p is identified as both an activator and a substrate of the mitotic destruction machinery in budding yeast. See also annotation to [23].
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    • of special interest Shirayama M, Zachariae W, Ciosk R, Nasmyth K. The Polo-like kinase Cdc5p and the WD-repeat protein Cdc20p/fizzy are regulators and substrates of the anaphase promoting complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. of outstanding interest EMBO J. 17:1998;1336-1349 This paper analyses the roles of Cdc5p and Cdc20p (the yeast homologue of Drosophila fizzy) in relation to the anaphase promoting complex/centrosome (APC/C) in budding yeast. Cdc5p is identified as both a regulator of APC/C and a target of APC/C. Interestingly, Cdc5p is required for proteolytic degradation of mitotic cyclins, and hence exit from mitosis, but not for degradation of Pds1p and anaphase onset. Whether the same holds true in metazoan organisms remains to be determined. See also annotations to [22,41,42].
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    • Sequence-specific and phosphorylation-dependent proline isomerization: A potential mitotic regulatory mechanism
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    • of special interest. The authors propose that Pin1 may modulate mitotic progression through binding Cdc25 and Plx1. Whereas only the mitotically phosphorylated, active form of Cdc25 was bound by Pin1, it is noteworthy that Plx1 binding did not seem to require phosphorylation. See also annotation to [29].
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    • of special interest. Polo-like kinase (Plk1) protein levels in tumors are studied by immunocyto-chemistry. Elevated proliferative activity of the cells is found to be correlated with the upregulation of Plk1 expression, whereas in vitro differentiation of leukemic cell types is accompanied by downregulation of Plk1. The authors propose Plk1 as a marker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients and as a potential target for cancer chemotherapy.
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    • of outstanding interest. By immunodepletion of Xenopus egg extracts, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is shown to be dispensible for normal M phase entry and exit in vitro. In contrast, the nocodazole-sensitive spindle checkpoint is not operational in such extracts, but can be restored by addition of recombinant MAP kinase. This confirms and extends an earlier study [62], indicating that MAP kinase is required for the spindle checkpoint. See also annotation to [64].
    • Takenaka K, Gotoh Y, Nishida E. MAP kinase is required for the spindle assembly checkpoint but is dispensable for the normal M phase entry and exit in Xenopus egg cell cycle extracts. of outstanding interest J Cell Biol. 136:1997;1091-1097 By immunodepletion of Xenopus egg extracts, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is shown to be dispensible for normal M phase entry and exit in vitro. In contrast, the nocodazole-sensitive spindle checkpoint is not operational in such extracts, but can be restored by addition of recombinant MAP kinase. This confirms and extends an earlier study [62], indicating that MAP kinase is required for the spindle checkpoint. See also annotation to [64].
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    • CDC5 and CKII control adaptation to the yeast DNA damage checkpoint
    • of outstanding interest. The budding yeast polo-like kinase (Plk) homologue, Cdc5, is shown to be required for adaptation to a DNA damage checkpoint. In wild-type cells, a double-stranded DNA break will trigger a checkpoint causing cell cycle arrest; if the damage cannot be repaired, wild-type yeast cells will eventually override this arrest (i.e. adapt to it). This adaptation is shown to require Cdc5 function. Considering that the DNA damage checkpoint arrests cells prior to anaphase onset, this suggests that Cdc5 has a (nonessential) role at a time prior to its essential role during late mitosis.
    • Toczyski DP, Galgoczy DJ, Hartwell LH. CDC5 and CKII control adaptation to the yeast DNA damage checkpoint. of outstanding interest Cell. 90:1997;1097-1106 The budding yeast polo-like kinase (Plk) homologue, Cdc5, is shown to be required for adaptation to a DNA damage checkpoint. In wild-type cells, a double-stranded DNA break will trigger a checkpoint causing cell cycle arrest; if the damage cannot be repaired, wild-type yeast cells will eventually override this arrest (i.e. adapt to it). This adaptation is shown to require Cdc5 function. Considering that the DNA damage checkpoint arrests cells prior to anaphase onset, this suggests that Cdc5 has a (nonessential) role at a time prior to its essential role during late mitosis.
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    • Characterisation of a polo-like protein kinase gene homologue from an evolutionary divergent eukaryote, Trypanosoma brucei
    • of special interest. This study reports the molecular characterization of a polo-like kinase (Plk) from Trypanosoma brucei. The identification of a Plk in this evolutionary divergent eukaryote underscores the extensive conservation of this kinase, consistent with a key role for Plks in cell cycle control.
    • Graham TM, Tait A, Hide G. Characterisation of a polo-like protein kinase gene homologue from an evolutionary divergent eukaryote, Trypanosoma brucei. of special interest Gene. 207:1998;71-77 This study reports the molecular characterization of a polo-like kinase (Plk) from Trypanosoma brucei. The identification of a Plk in this evolutionary divergent eukaryote underscores the extensive conservation of this kinase, consistent with a key role for Plks in cell cycle control.
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    • Graham, T.M.1    Tait, A.2    Hide, G.3


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