메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 47, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 849-862

Glycopeptide-resistant enterococci: A decade of experience

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AVOPARCIN; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; GLYCOPEPTIDE; PEPTIDOGLYCAN; STREPTOGRAMIN; TEICOPLANIN; VANCOMYCIN; VIRGINIAMYCIN;

EID: 0031730313     PISSN: 00222615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1099/00222615-47-10-849     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (108)

References (126)
  • 3
    • 0023808730 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium
    • Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 157-161.
    • (1988) N Engl J Med , vol.319 , pp. 157-161
    • Leclercq, R.1    Derlot, E.2    Duval, J.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 5
    • 7844249043 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of an Enterococcus raffinosus isolate with a VanB phenotype and vanA genotype
    • Clark NC, Hill BC, Tenover FC. Characterization of an Enterococcus raffinosus isolate with a VanB phenotype and vanA genotype. Program and Abstracts of the 94th ASM General Meeting 1994; A-111.
    • (1994) 94th ASM General Meeting
    • Clark, N.C.1    Hill, B.C.2    Tenover, F.C.3
  • 6
    • 0030946325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneous expression of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci associated with transfer of vanB
    • Hayden MK, Picken RN, Sahm DF. Heterogeneous expression of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci associated with transfer of vanB. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 872-874.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 872-874
    • Hayden, M.K.1    Picken, R.N.2    Sahm, D.F.3
  • 7
    • 0027534597 scopus 로고
    • In vivo development of teicoplanin resistance in a VanB Enterococcus faecium isolate
    • Hayden MK, Trenholme GM, Schultz JE, Sahm DF. In vivo development of teicoplanin resistance in a VanB Enterococcus faecium isolate. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1224-1227.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.167 , pp. 1224-1227
    • Hayden, M.K.1    Trenholme, G.M.2    Schultz, J.E.3    Sahm, D.F.4
  • 8
    • 0027274003 scopus 로고
    • Constitutively vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to synergistic β-lactam combinations
    • Green M, Binczewski B, Pasculle AW et al. Constitutively vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium resistant to synergistic β-lactam combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1238-1242.
    • (1993) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.37 , pp. 1238-1242
    • Green, M.1    Binczewski, B.2    Pasculle, A.W.3
  • 9
    • 0029034396 scopus 로고
    • Inducible and constitutive expression of vanC-1-encoded resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus gallinarum
    • Sahm DF, Free L, Handwerger S. Inducible and constitutive expression of vanC-1-encoded resistance to vancomycin in Enterococcus gallinarum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1480-1484.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1480-1484
    • Sahm, D.F.1    Free, L.2    Handwerger, S.3
  • 10
    • 0027391961 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147
    • Arthur M, Molinas C, Depardieu F, Courvalin P. Characterization of Tn1546, a Tn3-related transposon conferring glycopeptide resistance by synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 117-127.
    • (1993) J Bacteriol , vol.175 , pp. 117-127
    • Arthur, M.1    Molinas, C.2    Depardieu, F.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 11
    • 0029889580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of Tn1547, a composite transposon flanked by IS16 and IS256-like elements, that confers vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4281
    • Quintiliani R, Courvalin P. Characterization of Tn1547, a composite transposon flanked by IS16 and IS256-like elements, that confers vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4281. Gene 1996. 172: 1-8.
    • (1996) Gene , vol.172 , pp. 1-8
    • Quintiliani, R.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 12
    • 0031422515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans
    • Morrison D, Woodford N, Cookson B. Enterococci as emerging pathogens of humans. J Appl Microbiol 1997; 83 (Suppl): 89S-99S.
    • (1997) J Appl Microbiol , vol.83 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Morrison, D.1    Woodford, N.2    Cookson, B.3
  • 13
    • 0025373743 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and heterospecific expression of the resistance determinant vanA encoding high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus faecium BM4147
    • Brisson-Noel A, Dutka-Malen S, Molinas C, Leclercq R, Courvalin P. Cloning and heterospecific expression of the resistance determinant vanA encoding high-level resistance to glycopeptides in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 924-927.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 924-927
    • Brisson-Noel, A.1    Dutka-Malen, S.2    Molinas, C.3    Leclercq, R.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 14
    • 0026871815 scopus 로고
    • Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus
    • Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RGA. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 93: 195-198.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.93 , pp. 195-198
    • Noble, W.C.1    Virani, Z.2    Cree, R.G.A.3
  • 15
    • 0030759344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant Bacillus circulans carrying the vanA gene responsible for vancomycin resistance in enterococci
    • Fontana R, Ligozzi M, Pedrotti C, Padovani EM, Cornaglia G. Vancomycin-resistant Bacillus circulans carrying the vanA gene responsible for vancomycin resistance in enterococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 473-474.
    • (1997) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 473-474
    • Fontana, R.1    Ligozzi, M.2    Pedrotti, C.3    Padovani, E.M.4    Cornaglia, G.5
  • 16
    • 0028825954 scopus 로고
    • VanA genes in vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Oeskovia turbata and Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) haemolyticum
    • Power EGM, Abdulla YH, Talsania HG, Spice W, Aathithan S, French GL. vanA genes in vancomycin-resistant clinical isolates of Oeskovia turbata and Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) haemolyticum. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 595-606.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 595-606
    • Power, E.G.M.1    Abdulla, Y.H.2    Talsania, H.G.3    Spice, W.4    Aathithan, S.5    French, G.L.6
  • 20
    • 0027405032 scopus 로고
    • The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci
    • Quintiliani R, Evers S, Courvalin P. The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1220-1223.
    • (1993) J Infect Dis , vol.167 , pp. 1220-1223
    • Quintiliani, R.1    Evers, S.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 21
    • 0031038389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of vancomycin resistance in the genus Streptococcus: Characterization of a vanB transferable determinant in Streptococcus bovis
    • Poyart C, Pierre C, Quesne G, Pron B, Berche P, Trieu-Cuot P. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in the genus Streptococcus: characterization of a vanB transferable determinant in Streptococcus bovis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 24-29.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 24-29
    • Poyart, C.1    Pierre, C.2    Quesne, G.3    Pron, B.4    Berche, P.5    Trieu-Cuot, P.6
  • 23
    • 0027496752 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci: Results of a survey conducted by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Microbiology
    • Snell JJS, Brown DFJ, Perry SF, George R. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci: results of a survey conducted by the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Microbiology. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 32: 401-411.
    • (1993) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.32 , pp. 401-411
    • Snell, J.J.S.1    Brown, D.F.J.2    Perry, S.F.3    George, R.4
  • 24
  • 25
    • 0030051307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing the Vitek gram-positive susceptibility system's detection of vanB-encoded vancomycin resistance among enterococci
    • Jett B, Free L, Sahm DF. Factors influencing the Vitek gram-positive susceptibility system's detection of vanB-encoded vancomycin resistance among enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 701-706.
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 701-706
    • Jett, B.1    Free, L.2    Sahm, D.F.3
  • 26
    • 0030808486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are clinical laboratories in California accurately reporting vancomycin-resistant enterococci?
    • Rosenberg J, Tenover FC, Wong J, Jarvis W, Vugia DJ. Are clinical laboratories in California accurately reporting vancomycin-resistant enterococci? J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35 2526-2530.
    • (1997) J Clin Microbiol , vol.35 , pp. 2526-2530
    • Rosenberg, J.1    Tenover, F.C.2    Wong, J.3    Jarvis, W.4    Vugia, D.J.5
  • 29
    • 0028910817 scopus 로고
    • Linkage of vancomycin and high-level gentamicm resistance genes on the same plasmid in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis
    • Woodford N, Jones BL, Baccus Z, Ludlam HA, Brown DFJ. Linkage of vancomycin and high-level gentamicm resistance genes on the same plasmid in a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 179-184.
    • (1995) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 179-184
    • Woodford, N.1    Jones, B.L.2    Baccus, Z.3    Ludlam, H.A.4    Brown, D.F.J.5
  • 30
    • 0029361859 scopus 로고
    • Plasmid-mediated vanB glycopeptide resistance in enterococci
    • Woodford N, Morrison D, Johnson AP et al. Plasmid-mediated vanB glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. Microb Drug Resist 1995; 1: 235-240.
    • (1995) Microb Drug Resist , vol.1 , pp. 235-240
    • Woodford, N.1    Morrison, D.2    Johnson, A.P.3
  • 31
    • 0027406064 scopus 로고
    • Application of DNA probes for rRNA and vanA genes to investigation of a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Woodford N, Morrison D, Johnson AP, Briant V, George RC, Cookson B. Application of DNA probes for rRNA and vanA genes to investigation of a nosocomial cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 653-658.
    • (1993) J Clin Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 653-658
    • Woodford, N.1    Morrison, D.2    Johnson, A.P.3    Briant, V.4    George, R.C.5    Cookson, B.6
  • 32
    • 0028950023 scopus 로고
    • Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR
    • Dutka-Malen S, Evers S, Courvalin P. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 24-27.
    • (1995) J Clin Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 24-27
    • Dutka-Malen, S.1    Evers, S.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 33
    • 0028932539 scopus 로고
    • Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR (Erratum).
    • Dutka-Malen S, Evers S, Courvalin P. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR (Erratum). J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1434.
    • (1995) J Clin Microbiol , vol.33 , pp. 1434
    • Dutka-Malen, S.1    Evers, S.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 34
    • 0030770558 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of PCR with phenotypic methods for the speciation of enterococci
    • Horaud T, Bouvet A, Leclercq R, de Montelos H Sicard M (eds) Streptococci and the host. New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation.
    • Woodford N, Egelton CM, Morrison D. Comparison of PCR with phenotypic methods for the speciation of enterococci. In: Horaud T, Bouvet A, Leclercq R, de Montelos H Sicard M (eds) Streptococci and the host. (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 418.) New York, Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1497: 405-408.
    • (1497) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology , vol.418 , pp. 405-408
    • Woodford, N.1    Egelton, C.M.2    Morrison, D.3
  • 35
    • 0026468195 scopus 로고
    • Biosynthesis of modified peptidoglycan precursors by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium
    • Allen NE, Hobbs JN, Richardson JM, Riggin RM. Biosynthesis of modified peptidoglycan precursors by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 98: 109-115.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.98 , pp. 109-115
    • Allen, N.E.1    Hobbs, J.N.2    Richardson, J.M.3    Riggin, R.M.4
  • 36
    • 0026506576 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for in vivo incorporation of D-lactate into peptidoglycan precursors of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Arthur M, Molinas C, Bugg TDH, Wright GD, Walsh CT, Courvalin P. Evidence for in vivo incorporation of D-lactate into peptidoglycan precursors of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 867-869.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 867-869
    • Arthur, M.1    Molinas, C.2    Bugg, T.D.H.3    Wright, G.D.4    Walsh, C.T.5    Courvalin, P.6
  • 37
    • 0026658231 scopus 로고
    • The cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis terminates in lactate
    • Handwerger S, Pucci MJ, Volk KJ, Liu J, Lee MS. The cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis terminates in lactate. J Bacteriol 1992; 174: 5982-5984.
    • (1992) J Bacteriol , vol.174 , pp. 5982-5984
    • Handwerger, S.1    Pucci, M.J.2    Volk, K.J.3    Liu, J.4    Lee, M.S.5
  • 38
    • 0030032807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptidoglycan structure of Enterococcus faecium expressing vancomycin resistance of the VanB type
    • Billot-Klein D, Shlaes D, Bryant D, Bell D, van Heijenoort J, Gutmann L. Peptidoglycan structure of Enterococcus faecium expressing vancomycin resistance of the VanB type. Biochem J 1996; 313: 711-715.
    • (1996) Biochem J , vol.313 , pp. 711-715
    • Billot-Klein, D.1    Shlaes, D.2    Bryant, D.3    Bell, D.4    Van Heijenoort, J.5    Gutmann, L.6
  • 39
    • 0028235256 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of peptidoglycan precursors in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174
    • Reynolds PE, Snaith HA, Maguire AJ, Dutka-Malen S, Courvalin P. Analysis of peptidoglycan precursors in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174. Biochem J 1994; 301: 5-8.
    • (1994) Biochem J , vol.301 , pp. 5-8
    • Reynolds, P.E.1    Snaith, H.A.2    Maguire, A.J.3    Dutka-Malen, S.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 40
    • 0026073599 scopus 로고
    • Identification of vancomycin resistance protein VanA as a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase of altered substrate specificity
    • Bugg TDH, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P, Walsh CT. Identification of vancomycin resistance protein VanA as a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase of altered substrate specificity. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 2017-2021.
    • (1991) Biochemistry , vol.30 , pp. 2017-2021
    • Bugg, T.D.H.1    Dutka-Malen, S.2    Arthur, M.3    Courvalin, P.4    Walsh, C.T.5
  • 41
    • 0028209926 scopus 로고
    • Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine:D-laclate and D-alanine:D-alanine ligases in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583
    • Evers S, Reynolds PE, Courvalin P. Sequence of the vanB and ddl genes encoding D-alanine:D-laclate and D-alanine:D-alanine ligases in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583. Gene 1994; 140: 97-102.
    • (1994) Gene , vol.140 , pp. 97-102
    • Evers, S.1    Reynolds, P.E.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 42
    • 0027518660 scopus 로고
    • The vanB gene of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 is structurally related to genes encoding D-Ala:D-Ala ligases and glycopeptide-resistance proteins VanA and VanC
    • Evers S, Sahm DF, Courvalin P. The vanB gene of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis V583 is structurally related to genes encoding D-Ala:D-Ala ligases and glycopeptide-resistance proteins VanA and VanC. Gene 1993; 124: 143-144.
    • (1993) Gene , vol.124 , pp. 143-144
    • Evers, S.1    Sahm, D.F.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 43
    • 0026522234 scopus 로고
    • Sequence of the vanC gene of Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174 encoding a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-related protein necessary for vancomycin resistance
    • Dutka-Malen S, Molinas C, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Sequence of the vanC gene of Enterococcus gallinarum BM4174 encoding a D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-related protein necessary for vancomycin resistance. Gene 1992; 112: 53-58.
    • (1992) Gene , vol.112 , pp. 53-58
    • Dutka-Malen, S.1    Molinas, C.2    Arthur, M.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 44
    • 0028071883 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-related enzymes in Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens
    • Navarro F, Courvalin P. Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-related enzymes in Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1788-1793.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1788-1793
    • Navarro, F.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 45
    • 0024437826 scopus 로고
    • High-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci causing hospital infection
    • Uttley AHC, George RC, Naidoo J et al. High-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci causing hospital infection. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 103: 173-181.
    • (1989) Epidemiol Infect , vol.103 , pp. 173-181
    • Uttley, A.H.C.1    George, R.C.2    Naidoo, J.3
  • 46
    • 0028879525 scopus 로고
    • Identification of chromosomal mobile element conferring high-level vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium
    • Handwerger S, Skoble J. Identification of chromosomal mobile element conferring high-level vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2446-2453.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 2446-2453
    • Handwerger, S.1    Skoble, J.2
  • 47
    • 0028178947 scopus 로고
    • Conjugal transfer of the vancomycin resistance determinant vanB between enterococci involves the movement of large genetic elements from chromosome to chromosome
    • Quintiliani R, Courvalin P. Conjugal transfer of the vancomycin resistance determinant vanB between enterococci involves the movement of large genetic elements from chromosome to chromosome. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994; 119: 359-364.
    • (1994) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.119 , pp. 359-364
    • Quintiliani, R.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 48
    • 0025741584 scopus 로고
    • Structural relationship between the vancomycin resistance protein VanH and 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases
    • Arthur M, Molinas C, Dutka-Malen S, Courvalin P. Structural relationship between the vancomycin resistance protein VanH and 2-hydroxycarboxylic acid dehydrogenases. Gene 1991; 103: 133-134.
    • (1991) Gene , vol.103 , pp. 133-134
    • Arthur, M.1    Molinas, C.2    Dutka-Malen, S.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 49
    • 0026355435 scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: Biosynthesis of a depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursor by vancomycin resistance proteins VanH and VanA
    • Bugg TDH, Wright GD, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P, Walsh CT. Molecular basis for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium BM4147: biosynthesis of a depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursor by vancomycin resistance proteins VanH and VanA. Biochemistry 1991; 30: 10408-10415.
    • (1991) Biochemistry , vol.30 , pp. 10408-10415
    • Bugg, T.D.H.1    Wright, G.D.2    Dutka-Malen, S.3    Arthur, M.4    Courvalin, P.5    Walsh, C.T.6
  • 50
    • 0029863413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B two-component regulatory system in Enterococcus faecalis V583
    • B two-component regulatory system in Enterococcus faecalis V583. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 1302-1309.
    • (1996) J Bacteriol , vol.178 , pp. 1302-1309
    • Evers, S.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 51
    • 0028076784 scopus 로고
    • Glycopeptide resistance mediated by enterococcal transposon Tn1546 requires production of VanX for hydrolysis of D-alanyl-D-alanine
    • Reynolds PF, Depardieu F, Dutka-Malen S, Arthur M, Courvalin P. Glycopeptide resistance mediated by enterococcal transposon Tn1546 requires production of VanX for hydrolysis of D-alanyl-D-alanine. Mol Microbiol 1994; 13: 1065-1070.
    • (1994) Mol Microbiol , vol.13 , pp. 1065-1070
    • Reynolds, P.F.1    Depardieu, F.2    Dutka-Malen, S.3    Arthur, M.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 52
    • 0026742240 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of VanY, a DD-carboxypeptidase from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4147
    • Wright GD, Molinas C, Arthur M, Courvalin P, Walsh CT. Characterization of VanY, a DD-carboxypeptidase from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4147. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 1514-1518.
    • (1992) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.36 , pp. 1514-1518
    • Wright, G.D.1    Molinas, C.2    Arthur, M.3    Courvalin, P.4    Walsh, C.T.5
  • 53
    • 0027941244 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of VanY D,D-carboxypeptidase to glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by hydrolysis of peptidoglycan precursors
    • Arthur M, Depardieu F, Snaith HA, Reynolds PE, Courvalin P. Contribution of VanY D,D-carboxypeptidase to glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis by hydrolysis of peptidoglycan precursors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1899-1903.
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 1899-1903
    • Arthur, M.1    Depardieu, F.2    Snaith, H.A.3    Reynolds, P.E.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 54
    • 0028870094 scopus 로고
    • The vanZ gene of Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 confers resistance to teicoplanin
    • Arthur M, Depardieu F, Molinas C, Reynolds P, Courvalin P. The vanZ gene of Tn1546 from Enterococcus faecium BM4147 confers resistance to teicoplanin. Gene 1995; 154: 87-92.
    • (1995) Gene , vol.154 , pp. 87-92
    • Arthur, M.1    Depardieu, F.2    Molinas, C.3    Reynolds, P.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 55
  • 57
    • 0026658877 scopus 로고
    • The VanS-VanR two-component regulatory system controls synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147
    • Arthur M, Molinas C, Courvalin P. The VanS-VanR two-component regulatory system controls synthesis of depsipeptide peptidoglycan precursors in Enterococcus faecium BM4147. J Bacteriol 1992; 174: 2582-2591.
    • (1992) J Bacteriol , vol.174 , pp. 2582-2591
    • Arthur, M.1    Molinas, C.2    Courvalin, P.3
  • 58
    • 0028204226 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the DNA-binding site for the phosphorylated VanR protein required for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium
    • Holman TR, Wu Z, Wanner BL, Walsh CT. Identification of the DNA-binding site for the phosphorylated VanR protein required for vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 4625-4631.
    • (1994) Biochemistry , vol.33 , pp. 4625-4631
    • Holman, T.R.1    Wu, Z.2    Wanner, B.L.3    Walsh, C.T.4
  • 59
    • 0031026581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The VanS sensor negatively controls VanR-mediated transcriptional activation of glycopeptide resistance genes in Tn1546 and related elements in the absence of induction
    • Arthur M, Depardieu F, Gerbaud O, Galimand M, Leclercq R, Courvalin P. The VanS sensor negatively controls VanR-mediated transcriptional activation of glycopeptide resistance genes in Tn1546 and related elements in the absence of induction. J Bacteriol 1997; 179: 97-106.
    • (1997) J Bacteriol , vol.179 , pp. 97-106
    • Arthur, M.1    Depardieu, F.2    Gerbaud, O.3    Galimand, M.4    Leclercq, R.5    Courvalin, P.6
  • 60
    • 0026568127 scopus 로고
    • Insertional inactivation of a gene which controls expression of vancomycin resistance on plasmid pHKK100
    • Handwerger S, Discotto L, Thanassi J, Pucci MJ. Insertional inactivation of a gene which controls expression of vancomycin resistance on plasmid pHKK100. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992; 92: 11-14.
    • (1992) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.92 , pp. 11-14
    • Handwerger, S.1    Discotto, L.2    Thanassi, J.3    Pucci, M.J.4
  • 61
    • 0030796911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations leading to increased levels of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in VanB-type enterococci
    • Baptista M, Depardieu F, Reynolds P, Courvalin P, Arthur M. Mutations leading to increased levels of resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in VanB-type enterococci. Mol Microbiol 1997; 25: 93-105.
    • (1997) Mol Microbiol , vol.25 , pp. 93-105
    • Baptista, M.1    Depardieu, F.2    Reynolds, P.3    Courvalin, P.4    Arthur, M.5
  • 62
    • 0028587626 scopus 로고
    • Urinary tract infection with an Enterococcus faecalis isolate that requires vancomycin for growth
    • Fraimow HS, Jungkind DL, Lander DW, Delso DR, Dean JL. Urinary tract infection with an Enterococcus faecalis isolate that requires vancomycin for growth. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 22-26.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 22-26
    • Fraimow, H.S.1    Jungkind, D.L.2    Lander, D.W.3    Delso, D.R.4    Dean, J.L.5
  • 64
  • 65
    • 7844229167 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecium from a blood culture
    • Slifkin M, Weinbaum D, Cumbie R. Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecium from a blood culture. Med Microbiol Lett 1995; 4: 406-413.
    • (1995) Med Microbiol Lett , vol.4 , pp. 406-413
    • Slifkin, M.1    Weinbaum, D.2    Cumbie, R.3
  • 67
    • 0030814869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-dependent enterococci: Curious phenomenon or serious threat?
    • Stewart B, Hall L, Duke B, Ball D. Vancomycin-dependent enterococci: curious phenomenon or serious threat? J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 734-735.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 734-735
    • Stewart, B.1    Hall, L.2    Duke, B.3    Ball, D.4
  • 68
    • 0028932504 scopus 로고
    • Inducible and constitutive expression of resistance to glycopeptides and vancomycin dependence in glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus avium
    • Rosato A, Pierre J, Billot-Klein D, Buu-Hoi A, Gutmann L. Inducible and constitutive expression of resistance to glycopeptides and vancomycin dependence in glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus avium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 830-833.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 830-833
    • Rosato, A.1    Pierre, J.2    Billot-Klein, D.3    Buu-Hoi, A.4    Gutmann, L.5
  • 69
    • 0031017889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of glycopeptide-resistant mutants of Van-B-type Enterococcus faecalis BM4281 in vitro and in experimental endocarditis
    • Aslangul E, Baptista M, Fantin B et al. Selection of glycopeptide-resistant mutants of Van-B-type Enterococcus faecalis BM4281 in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 598-605.
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.175 , pp. 598-605
    • Aslangul, E.1    Baptista, M.2    Fantin, B.3
  • 70
    • 0031009298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin dependence in a VanA-producing Enterococcus avium strain with a nonsense mutation in the natural D-Ala-D-Ala ligase gene
    • Sifaoui F, Gutmann L. Vancomycin dependence in a VanA-producing Enterococcus avium strain with a nonsense mutation in the natural D-Ala-D-Ala ligase gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1409.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 1409
    • Sifaoui, F.1    Gutmann, L.2
  • 71
    • 0029828685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis
    • Farrag N, Eltringham I, Liddy H. Vancomycin-dependent Enterococcus faecalis. Lancet 1996; 348: 1581-1582.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 1581-1582
    • Farrag, N.1    Eltringham, I.2    Liddy, H.3
  • 73
    • 0028300748 scopus 로고
    • The pathogenicity of enterococci
    • Johnson AP. The pathogenicity of enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33: 1083-1089.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.33 , pp. 1083-1089
    • Johnson, A.P.1
  • 74
    • 85005133824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in the UK
    • Morrison D, Woodford N, Cookson BD. Epidemic vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in the UK. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 1: 146-147.
    • (1996) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.1 , pp. 146-147
    • Morrison, D.1    Woodford, N.2    Cookson, B.D.3
  • 78
    • 0030820647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • McDonald LC, Jarvis WR. The global impact of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1997; 10: 304-309.
    • (1997) Curr Opin Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 304-309
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Jarvis, W.R.2
  • 79
    • 0027211933 scopus 로고
    • Clonal spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium between patients in three hospitals in two states
    • Chow JW, Kuritza A, Shlaes DM, Green M, Sahm DF, Zervos MJ. Clonal spread of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium between patients in three hospitals in two states. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31: 1609-1611.
    • (1993) J Clin Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 1609-1611
    • Chow, J.W.1    Kuritza, A.2    Shlaes, D.M.3    Green, M.4    Sahm, D.F.5    Zervos, M.J.6
  • 80
    • 1842373353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal dissemination and colony morphotype variation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan
    • Dunne WM, Wang W. Clonal dissemination and colony morphotype variation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 388-392.
    • (1997) J Clin Microbiol , vol.35 , pp. 388-392
    • Dunne, W.M.1    Wang, W.2
  • 81
    • 0027228281 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Bates J, Jordens Z, Selkon JB. Evidence for an animal origin of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1993; 342: 490-491.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.342 , pp. 490-491
    • Bates, J.1    Jordens, Z.2    Selkon, J.B.3
  • 82
    • 0028149741 scopus 로고
    • Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man
    • Bates J, Jordens JZ, Griffiths DT. Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 507-514.
    • (1994) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 507-514
    • Bates, J.1    Jordens, J.Z.2    Griffiths, D.T.3
  • 84
    • 0029361860 scopus 로고
    • Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms
    • Aarestrup FM. Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among Enterococcus faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms. Microb Drug Resist 1995; 1: 255-257.
    • (1995) Microb Drug Resist , vol.1 , pp. 255-257
    • Aarestrup, F.M.1
  • 85
    • 0029361772 scopus 로고
    • Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance isolated from animal foodstuffs and fecal samples of humans in the community
    • Klare I, Heier H, Claus H et al. Enterococcus faecium strains with vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance isolated from animal foodstuffs and fecal samples of humans in the community. Microb Drug Resist 1995; 1: 265-272.
    • (1995) Microb Drug Resist , vol.1 , pp. 265-272
    • Klare, I.1    Heier, H.2    Claus, H.3
  • 86
    • 0028955732 scopus 로고
    • vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry
    • Klare I, Heier H, Claus H, Reissbrodt R, Witte W. vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecium from animal husbandry. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 125: 165-172.
    • (1995) FEMS Microbiol Lett , vol.125 , pp. 165-172
    • Klare, I.1    Heier, H.2    Claus, H.3    Reissbrodt, R.4    Witte, W.5
  • 87
    • 0029361851 scopus 로고
    • Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium outside hospitals: A commentary
    • Witte W, Klare I. Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium outside hospitals: a commentary. Microb Drug Resist 1995; 1: 259-263.
    • (1995) Microb Drug Resist , vol.1 , pp. 259-263
    • Witte, W.1    Klare, I.2
  • 88
    • 0029843861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycopeptide susceptibility among Danish Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates of animal and human origin and PCR identification of genes within the VanA cluster
    • Aarestrup FM, Ahrens P, Madsen M, Pallesen EV, Poulsen RL, Westh H. Glycopeptide susceptibility among Danish Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates of animal and human origin and PCR identification of genes within the VanA cluster. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1938-1940.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1938-1940
    • Aarestrup, F.M.1    Ahrens, P.2    Madsen, M.3    Pallesen, E.V.4    Poulsen, R.L.5    Westh, H.6
  • 90
    • 0029842788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals
    • Devriese LA, Ieven M, Goossens H et al. Presence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in farm and pet animals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2285-2287.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 2285-2287
    • Devriese, L.A.1    Ieven, M.2    Goossens, H.3
  • 91
    • 0030015002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: Selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci
    • Van der Auwera P, Pensart N, Korten V, Murray BE, Leclercq R. Influence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. J Infect Dis 1996; 173: 1129-1136.
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.173 , pp. 1129-1136
    • Van Der Auwera, P.1    Pensart, N.2    Korten, V.3    Murray, B.E.4    Leclercq, R.5
  • 93
    • 0029956752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from nosocomial, community, and animal sources in the United States
    • Coque TM, Tomayko JF, Ricke SC, Okhyusen PC, Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from nosocomial, community, and animal sources in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2605-2609.
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 2605-2609
    • Coque, T.M.1    Tomayko, J.F.2    Ricke, S.C.3    Okhyusen, P.C.4    Murray, B.E.5
  • 97
    • 0029806885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoparcin and animal feedstuff
    • Wise R. Avoparcin and animal feedstuff. Lancet 1996; 347: 1835.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1835
    • Wise, R.1
  • 98
    • 0030005025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin resistance and avoparcin
    • Mudd A. Vancomycin resistance and avoparcin. Lancet 1996; 347: 1412.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 1412
    • Mudd, A.1
  • 99
    • 0031178855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms
    • Bager F, Madsen M, Christensen J, Aarestrup FM. Avoparcin used as a growth promoter is associated with the occurrence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium on Danish poultry and pig farms. Proc Vet Med 1997; 31: 95-112.
    • (1997) Proc Vet Med , vol.31 , pp. 95-112
    • Bager, F.1    Madsen, M.2    Christensen, J.3    Aarestrup, F.M.4
  • 100
    • 0031178966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health-care setting: Prevalence, sources, and public health implications
    • McDonald LC, Kuehnert MJ, Tenover FC, Jarvis WR. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci outside the health-care setting: prevalence, sources, and public health implications. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3: 311-317.
    • (1997) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.3 , pp. 311-317
    • McDonald, L.C.1    Kuehnert, M.J.2    Tenover, F.C.3    Jarvis, W.R.4
  • 102
    • 0029133124 scopus 로고
    • Use of primers selective for vancomycin resistance genes to determine van genotype in enterococci and to study gene organization in VanA isolates
    • Miele A, Bandera M, Goldstein BP. Use of primers selective for vancomycin resistance genes to determine van genotype in enterococci and to study gene organization in VanA isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1772-1778.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1772-1778
    • Miele, A.1    Bandera, M.2    Goldstein, B.P.3
  • 104
    • 0031894833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of VanA glycopeptide resistance elements in enterococci from human and non-human sources
    • Woodford N, Adebiyi AA, Palepou MI, Cookson BD. Diversity of VanA glycopeptide resistance elements in enterococci from human and non-human sources. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 502-508.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 502-508
    • Woodford, N.1    Adebiyi, A.A.2    Palepou, M.I.3    Cookson, B.D.4
  • 105
    • 0028795309 scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of the vanA gene cluster in clinical isolates of enterococci from the Northeastern United States
    • Handwerger S, Skoble J, Discotto LF, Pucci MJ. Heterogeneity of the vanA gene cluster in clinical isolates of enterococci from the Northeastern United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 362-368.
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 362-368
    • Handwerger, S.1    Skoble, J.2    Discotto, L.F.3    Pucci, M.J.4
  • 106
    • 0030877227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and characterization of IS1476, an insertion sequence-like element that disrupts VanY function in a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain
    • Mackinnon MG, Drebot MA, Tyrell GJ. Identification and characterization of IS1476, an insertion sequence-like element that disrupts VanY function in a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1805-1807.
    • (1997) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 1805-1807
    • Mackinnon, M.G.1    Drebot, M.A.2    Tyrell, G.J.3
  • 107
    • 0030851675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation by long PCR of the genetic elements mediating VanA glycopeptide resistance in enterococci from uncooked meat in South Manchester
    • Horaud T, Bouvet A, Leclercq R, de Montelos H, Sicar M. (eds) Streptococci and the host. Plenum, New York
    • Woodford N, Watson AP, Chadwick PR. Investigation by long PCR of the genetic elements mediating VanA glycopeptide resistance in enterococci from uncooked meat in South Manchester. In: Horaud T, Bouvet A, Leclercq R, de Montelos H, Sicar M. (eds) Streptococci and the host. Plenum, (Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 418.) New York. 1997: 409-412.
    • (1997) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology , vol.418 , pp. 409-412
    • Woodford, N.1    Watson, A.P.2    Chadwick, P.R.3
  • 108
    • 0006921601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular investigation of glycopeptide resistance in gram-positive bacteria
    • Woodford N, Johnson AP (eds) Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
    • Woodford N, Stigter JM. Molecular investigation of glycopeptide resistance in gram-positive bacteria. In: Woodford N, Johnson AP (eds) Molecular bacteriology: protocols and clinical applications. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 1998: 579-615.
    • (1998) Molecular Bacteriology: Protocols and Clinical Applications , pp. 579-615
    • Woodford, N.1    Stigter, J.M.2
  • 109
    • 0025611885 scopus 로고
    • The VANA glycopeptide resistance protein is related to D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase cell wall biosynthesis enzymes
    • Dutka-Malen S, Molinas C, Arthur M, Courvalin P. The VANA glycopeptide resistance protein is related to D-alanyl-D-alanine ligase cell wall biosynthesis enzymes. Mol Gen Genet 1990; 224: 364-372.
    • (1990) Mol Gen Genet , vol.224 , pp. 364-372
    • Dutka-Malen, S.1    Molinas, C.2    Arthur, M.3    Courvalin, P.4
  • 110
    • 0025075892 scopus 로고
    • Phenolypic and genotypic heterogeneity of glycopeptide resistance determinants in gram-positive bacteria
    • Dutka-Malen S, Leclercq R, Coutant V, Duval J, Courvalin P. Phenolypic and genotypic heterogeneity of glycopeptide resistance determinants in gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 1875-1879.
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 1875-1879
    • Dutka-Malen, S.1    Leclercq, R.2    Coutant, V.3    Duval, J.4    Courvalin, P.5
  • 111
    • 0025884853 scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide sequence to a teicoplanin resistance gene from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus
    • Sosio M, Lorenzetti R, Robbiati F, Denaro M. Nucleotide sequence to a teicoplanin resistance gene from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. Biochem Biophys Acta 1991; 1089: 401-403.
    • (1991) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.1089 , pp. 401-403
    • Sosio, M.1    Lorenzetti, R.2    Robbiati, F.3    Denaro, M.4
  • 112
    • 0028286852 scopus 로고
    • Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type Enterococcus faecium D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum
    • Billot-Klein D, Gutmann L, Sable S, Guittet E, van Heijenoort J. Modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant VANB-type Enterococcus faecium D366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species Lactobacillus casei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus gallinarum. J Bacteriol 1994; 176: 2398-2405.
    • (1994) J Bacteriol , vol.176 , pp. 2398-2405
    • Billot-Klein, D.1    Gutmann, L.2    Sable, S.3    Guittet, E.4    Van Heijenoort, J.5
  • 113
    • 0028982632 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-relaled enzymes in Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus spp
    • Elisha BG, Courvalin P. Analysis of genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine ligase-relaled enzymes in Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus spp. Gene 1995; 152: 79-83.
    • (1995) Gene , vol.152 , pp. 79-83
    • Elisha, B.G.1    Courvalin, P.2
  • 114
    • 0027972697 scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus casei synthesize cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursors that terminate in lactate
    • Handwerger S, Pucci MJ, Volk KJ, Liu J, Lee MS. Vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus casei synthesize cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursors that terminate in lactate. J Bacteriol 1994; 176: 260-264.
    • (1994) J Bacteriol , vol.176 , pp. 260-264
    • Handwerger, S.1    Pucci, M.J.2    Volk, K.J.3    Liu, J.4    Lee, M.S.5
  • 115
    • 0029996927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of structure and substrate specificity in D-alanine:D-alanine ligases and related enzymes
    • Evers S, Casadewall B, Charles M, Dutka-Malen S, Galimand M, Courvalin P. Evolution of structure and substrate specificity in D-alanine:D-alanine ligases and related enzymes. J Mol Evol 1996; 42: 706-712.
    • (1996) J Mol Evol , vol.42 , pp. 706-712
    • Evers, S.1    Casadewall, B.2    Charles, M.3    Dutka-Malen, S.4    Galimand, M.5    Courvalin, P.6
  • 116
    • 0030911603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D-AlaD-ala ligases from glycopeptide antibiotic-producing organisms are highly homologous to the enterococcal vancomycin-resistance ligases VanA and VanB
    • Marshall CG, Broadhead G, Leskiw BK, Wright GD. D-AlaD-ala ligases from glycopeptide antibiotic-producing organisms are highly homologous to the enterococcal vancomycin-resistance ligases VanA and VanB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 6480-6483.
    • (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.94 , pp. 6480-6483
    • Marshall, C.G.1    Broadhead, G.2    Leskiw, B.K.3    Wright, G.D.4
  • 117
    • 0025812422 scopus 로고
    • The enterococcus: A classic example of the impact of antimicrobial resistance on therapeutic options
    • Moellering RC. The enterococcus: a classic example of the impact of antimicrobial resistance on therapeutic options. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28: 1-12.
    • (1991) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.28 , pp. 1-12
    • Moellering, R.C.1
  • 118
    • 0025100795 scopus 로고
    • The life and times of the Enterococcus
    • Murray BE. The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3: 46-65.
    • (1990) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.3 , pp. 46-65
    • Murray, B.E.1
  • 119
    • 0031589377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: Therapeutic realities and possibilities
    • Michel M, Gutmann L. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: therapeutic realities and possibilities. Lancet 1997; 349: 1901-1906.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1901-1906
    • Michel, M.1    Gutmann, L.2
  • 120
    • 0025999183 scopus 로고
    • Influence of low-level resistance to vancomycin on efficacy of teicoplanin and vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecium
    • Fantin H, Leclercq R, Arthur M, Duval J, Carbon C. Influence of low-level resistance to vancomycin on efficacy of teicoplanin and vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis due to Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 1570-1575.
    • (1991) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.35 , pp. 1570-1575
    • Fantin, H.1    Leclercq, R.2    Arthur, M.3    Duval, J.4    Carbon, C.5
  • 121
    • 0030751187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond vancomycin: New therapies to meet the challenge of glycopeptide resistance
    • Nicas TI, Zeckel MK, Braun DK. Beyond vancomycin: new therapies to meet the challenge of glycopeptide resistance. Trends Microbiol 1997; 5: 240-249.
    • (1997) Trends Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 240-249
    • Nicas, T.I.1    Zeckel, M.K.2    Braun, D.K.3
  • 122
    • 0031556270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci
    • Woodford N, Palepou M-F, Johnson AP, Chadwick PR, Bates J. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1997; 350: 738.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 738
    • Woodford, N.1    Palepou, M.-F.2    Johnson, A.P.3    Chadwick, P.R.4    Bates, J.5
  • 123
    • 0030841073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
    • Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 135-136.
    • (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 135-136
    • Hiramatsu, K.1    Hanaki, H.2    Ino, T.3    Yabuta, K.4    Oguri, T.5    Tenover, F.C.6
  • 124
    • 0031583382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphyloccoccus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin United States, 1997
    • Martin R, Wilcox KR. Staphyloccoccus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin United States, 1997. MMWR 1997; 46: 765-766.
    • (1997) MMWR , vol.46 , pp. 765-766
    • Martin, R.1    Wilcox, K.R.2
  • 125
    • 0031582824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus
    • Anonymous. Detecting vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. CDR Weekly 1997; 7: 417-420.
    • (1997) CDR Weekly , vol.7 , pp. 417-420
  • 126
    • 0030696219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning of the Staphylococcus aureus ddh gene encoding NAD - Dependent S-lactate dehydrogenase and insertional inactivation in a glycopeptide-resistant isolate
    • Boyle-Vavra S, de Jonge BLM, Ebert CC, Daum RS. Cloning of the Staphylococcus aureus ddh gene encoding NAD - dependent S-lactate dehydrogenase and insertional inactivation in a glycopeptide-resistant isolate. J Bacteriol 1997; 179: 6756-6763.
    • (1997) J Bacteriol , vol.179 , pp. 6756-6763
    • Boyle-Vavra, S.1    De Jonge, B.L.M.2    Ebert, C.C.3    Daum, R.S.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.