Paraoxonase as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease: Facts and hypotheses

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 36, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 431-441

  Laplaud, P Michel ^a   Dantoine, Thierry ^b   Chapman, M John ^a  

^a PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^b LIMOGES UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

Acetylhydrolase; Atherosclerosis; Clusterin (apoJ); High density lipoproteins; Low density lipoproteins; Oxidized lipoproteins; Paraoxonase arylesterase; Platelet activating factor

Indexed keywords

ARYLESTERASE; CHOLESTEROL ESTER; CLUSTERIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HYDROPEROXIDE DERIVATIVE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PARAOXON; PHENYLACETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE STEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; PHOSPHOLIPID; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR DERIVATIVE;

ARTERY WALL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIETARY INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; ESTERASES; HUMANS; ISOENZYMES; LIPID PEROXIDES; LIPOPROTEINS, HDL; RISK FACTORS; SMOKING;

EID: 0031684535     PISSN: 14346621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/CCLM.1998.073     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Berliner JA, Heinecke JW. The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis. Free Rad Biol Med 1996; 20:707-27.
2. Steinberg D. A critical look at the evidence for the oxidation of LDL in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 1997; 131: Suppl S5-S7.
3. Barter PJ, Rye K-A. High density lipoproteins and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1996; 121:1-12.
4. Fielding CJ, Fielding PE. Molecular physiology of reverse cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res 1995; 36:211-28.
5. Navab M, Berliner JA, Watson AD, Hama SY, Territo MC, Lusis AJ, et al. The Yin and Yang of oxidation in the development of the fatty streak. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16:831-42.
6. Skinner ER. High density lipoprotein subclasses. Current Opin Lipidol 1994; 5:241-7.
7. La Du BN. Human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. In: Kalow W, editor. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992:51-91.
8. Davison AN. The conversion of schradan (OMPA) and parathion into inhibitors of cholinesterase by mammalian liver. Biochem J 1955; 61:203-9.
9. Poore RE, Neal RA. Evidence for extrahepatic metabolism of parathion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1972; 23:759-68.
10. Aldridge WN. Serum esterases. I. Two types of esterase (A and B) hydrolyzing p-nitrophenyl acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and a method for their determination. Biochem J 1953; 53:110-7.
11. Aldridge WN. Serum esterases. II. An enzyme hydrolyzing diethyl p-nitro phenyl phosphate (E600) and its identity with the A-esterase of mammalian serums. Biochem J 1953; 53:117-24.
12. Aldridge WN. A-esterases and B-esterases in perspective. In: Reiner E, Aldridge WN, Hoskin FCG, editors. Enzymes hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1989:1-14.
13. Heymann E. A proposal to overcome some general problems of the nomenclature and classification of esterases. In: Reiner E, Aldridge WN, Hoskin FCG, editors. Enzymes hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1989:226-35.
14. Aldridge WN, Reiner E, Walker CH. Suggestions for a nomenclature and classification of enzymes hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds. In: Reiner E, Aldridge WN, Hoskin FCG, editors. Enzymes hydrolyzing organophosphorus compounds. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1989:246-53.
15. Mackness MI, Mackness B, Durrington PN, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Paraoxonase: biochemistry, genetics and relationship to plasma lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 1996; 7:69-76.
16. Humbert R, Adler DA, Disteche CM, Hassett C, Omiecinski CJ, Furlong CE. The molecular basis of the human serum paraoxonase activity polymorphism. Nat Genet 1993; 3:73-6.
17. Furlong CE, Richter RJ, Chapline C, Crabb JW. Purification of rabbit and human serum paraoxonase. Biochemistry 1991; 30:10133-40.
18. Hassett C, Richter RJ, Humbert R, Chapline C, Crabb JW, Omiecinski CJ, et al. Characterization of cDNA clones encoding rabbit and human serum paraoxonase: the mature protein retains its signal sequence. Biochemistry 1991; 30:10141-9.
19. Eckerson HW, Romson J, Wyte C, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase polymorphism: identification of phenotypes by their response to salts. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:214-27.
20. Smolen A, Eckerson HW, Gan KN, Hailat N, La Du BN. Characteristics of the genetically determined allozymic forms of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Drug Metab Disp 1991; 19:107-12.
21. Gan KN, Smolen A, Eckerson HW, La Du BN. Purification of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase. Evidence for one esterase catalyzing both activities. Drug Metab Disp 1991; 19:100-6.
22. Sorenson RC, Primo-Parmo SL, Kuo C-L, Adkins S, Lockridge O, La Du BN. Reconsideration of the catalytic center and mechanism of mammalian paraoxonase/arylesterase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:7187-91.
23. Kelso GJ, Stuart WD, Richter RJ, Furlong CE, Jordan-Starck TC, Harmony JAK. Apolipoprotein J is associated with paraoxonase in human plasma. Biochemistry 1994; 33:832-9.
24. Mackness MI. Why plasma should not be used to study paraoxonase. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136:195-6.
25. Vitarius JA, Sultatos LG. Kinetic mechanism of the detoxification of the organophosphate paraoxon by human serum A-esterase. Drug Metab Disp 1994; 22:472-8.
26. Vitarius JA, Sultatos LG. The role of calcium in the hydrolysis of the organophosphate paraoxon by human serum A-esterase. Life Sci 1995; 56:125-34.
27. Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt M, Lindorf HH, Petenyi M, Flügel M, Fischer T, Hiller T. Genetisch determinierter Polymorphismus der menschlichen Serum-Paraoxonase (EC 3.1.1.2). Humangenetik 1973; 17:331-5.
28. Playfer JR, Eze LC, Bullen MF, Evans DAP. Genetic polymorphism and interethnic variability of plasma paraoxonase activity. J Med Genet 1976; 13:337-42.
29. Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt M, Diepgen TL. The polymorphism of the human serum paraoxonase. Toxicol Environ Chem 1987; 14:165-81.
30. Eckerson HW, Romson J, Wyte C, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase polymorphism: identification of phenotypes by their response to salts. Am J Hum Genet 1983; 35:214-27.
31. Adkins S, Gan KN, Mody M, La Du BN. Molecular basis for the polymorphic forms of human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase: glutamine or arginine at position 191, for the respective A or B allozymes. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 52:598-608.
32. Antikainen M, Murtomäki S, Syvanne M, Pahlman R, Tahvanainen E, Jauhiainen M, et al. The Gln-Arg 191 polymorphism of the human paraoxonae gene (HUMPONA) is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in Finns. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:883-5.
33. 192Arg variant of the human paraoxonase (HUMPONA) gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk for coronary artery disease in the Japanese. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 3565-9.
34. Serrato M, Marian AJ. A variant of human paraoxonase/arylesterase (HUMPONA) gene is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:3005-8.
35. Primo-Parmo SL, Sorenson RC, Teiber J, La Du BN. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase gene (PON1) is one member of a multigene family. Genomics 1996; 33:498-507.
36. Mackness MI, Hallam SD, Peard T, Warner S, Walker CH. The separation of sheep and human serum "A"-esterase activity into the lipoprotein fraction by ultracentrifugation. Comp Biochem Physiol 1985; 826:675-7.
37. Klimov AN, Nikiforova AA, Pleskov VM, Kuzmin AA, Kalashnikova NN. Zaschitnoe deistvie lipoproteidov vysokoi plotnosti, ikh podfraktsii i letsitin-kholesterin-atsiltransferazy v perekisnoi modifikatsii lipoproteidov nizkoi plotnosti. Biokhimiia 1989; 54:118-23.
38. Parthasarathy S, Barnett J, Fong LG. High-density lipoprotein inhibits the oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1044:275-83.
39. Mackness MI, Abbott C, Arrol S, Durrington PN. The role of high density lipoprotein and lipid-soluble antioxidant vitamins in inhibiting low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Biochem J 1993; 294:829-34.
40. Mackness MI, Arrol S, Durrrington PN. Paraoxonase prevents accumulation of lipoperoxides in low-density lipoprotein. FEBS Lett 1991; 286:152-4.
41. Mackness MI, Arrol S, Abbott C, Durrington PN. Protection of low-density lipoprotein against oxidative modification by high-density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. Atherosclerosis 1993; 104:129-35.
42. Watson AD, Berliner JA, Hama SY, La Du BN, Faull KF, Fogelman AM et al. Protective effect of high density lipoprotein associated paraoxonase. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2882-91.
43. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Bisgaier CL, Newton RS, Primo-Parmo SL, La Du BN. Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:1581-90.
44. Mc Elveen J, Mackness MI, Colley CM, Peard T, Warner S, Walker CH. Distribution of paraoxon hydrolytic activity in the serum of patients after myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 1986; 32:671-3.
45. Secchiero S, Mussap M, Zaninotto M, Bertorelle R, Burlina A. Serum arylesterase (paraoxonase) activity following myocardial infarction. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 183:71-6.
46. Mackness MI, Walker CH, Carlson LA. Low A-esterase activity in serum of patients with fish-eye disease. Clin Chem 1987; 33:587-8.
47. Mackness MI, Peuchant E, Dumon MF, Walker CH, Clerc M. Absence of "A"-esterase activity in the serum of a patient with Tangier disease. Clin iochem 1989; 22:475-8.
48. Mackness MI, Harty D, Bhatnagar D, Winocour PH, Arrol S, Ishola M et al. Serum paraoxonase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 1991; 86:193-9.
49. Saha N, Roy AC, Teo SH, Tay JSH, Ratnam SS. Influence of serum paraoxonase polymorphism on serum lipids and apolipoproteins. Clin Genet 1991; 40:277-82.
50. Hegele RA, Brunt JH, Connelly PW. A polymorphism of the paraoxonase gene associated with variation in plasma lipoproteins in a genetic isolate. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1995; 15:89-95.
51. Ruiz J, Blanche H, James RW, Blatter Garin MC, Vaisse C, Charpentier G, et al. Gin-Arg 192 polymorphism of paraoxonase and coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1995; 346:869-72.
52. Sanghera DK, Saha N, Aston CE, Kamboh MI. Genetic polymorphism of paraoxonase and the risk of coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1997; 17:1067-73.
53. 192 Arg) is associated with coronary artery disease in Japanese noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocr Metab 1997; 82:2257-60.
54. Herrmann S-F, Blanc H, Poirier O, Arveiler D, Luc G, Evans A, et al. The Gin/Arg polymorphism of human paraoxonase (PON192) is not related to myocardial infarction in the ECTIM study. Atherosclerosis 1996; 126:299-303.
55. Suehiro T, Nakauchi Y, Yamamoto M, Arii K, Itoh H, Hamashige N, et al. Paraoxonase gene polymorphism in Japanese subjects with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 1996; 57:69-73.
56. Mackness B, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Turkie W, Durrington PN. Effect of the human serum paraoxonase 55 and 192 genetic polymorphisms on the protection by high density lipoprotein against low density lipoprotein oxidative modification. FEBS Lett 1998; 423:57-60.
57. Blatter-Garin MC, James RW, Dussoix P, Blanché H, Passa P, Froguel P. et al. Paraoxonase polymorphism Met-Leu 54 is associated with modified serum concentrations of the enzyme. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:62-6.
58. Leviev I, Negro F, James RW. Two alleles of the human paraoxonase gene produce different amounts of mRNA. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2935-9.
59. Sanghera DK, Saha N, Kamboh MI. The codon 55 polymorphism in the paraoxonase 1 gene is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians and Chinese. Atherosclerosis 1998; 136:217-23.
60. Hegele RA, Connelly PW, Scherer SW, Hanley AJG, Harris SB, Tsui L-C, et al. Paraoxonase-2 gene (PON2) G148 variant associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocr Metab 1997; 82:3373-7.
61. Sanghera DK, Aston CE, Saha N, Kamboh MI. DNA polymorphisms in two paraoxonase genes (PON1 and PON2) are associated with the risk of coronary artery disease. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:36-44.
62. Barrans A, Jaspard B, Barbaras R, Chap H, Perret B, Collet X. Pre-β HDL: structure and metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1300:73-85.
63. De Silva HV, Stuart WD, Duvic CR, Wetterau JR, Ray MJ, Ferguson DG, et al. A 70-kDa apolipoprotein designated apoJ is a marker for subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:13240-7.
64. De Silva HV, Harmony JAK, Stuart WD, Gil CM, Robbins J. Apolipoprotein J: structure and tissue distribution. Biochemistry 1990; 29:5380-9.
65. Jenne DE, Tschopp J. Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein. Trends Biol Sci 1992; 17:154-9.
66. Jordan-Starck TC, Witte DP, Aronow BJ, Harmony JAK. Apolipoprotein J: a membrane policeman? Curr Opin Lipidol 1992; 3:75-85.
67. Fritz IB, Murphy B. Clusterin. Insights into a multifunctional protein. Trends Endocr Metab 1993; 4:41-5.
68. Rosenberg ME, Dvergsten J, Correa-Rotter R. Clusterin: an enigmatic protein recruited by diverse stimuli. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 121:205-14.
69. Rosenberg ME, Silkensen JR. Clusterin: physiologic and pathophysioloic considerations. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27:633-45.
70. Blatter MC, James RW, Messmer S, Barja F, Pometta D. Identification of a distinct human high-density lipoprotein subspecies defined by a lipoprotein-associated protein, K-45. Eur J Biochem 1993; 211:871-9.
71. Stuart WD, Krol B, Jenkins SH, Harmony JAK. Structure and stability of apolipoprotein J-containing high-density lipoproteins. Biochemistry 1992; 31:8552-9.
72. Jin G, Howe PH. Regulation of clusterin gene expression by transforming growth factor β. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:26620-6.
73. Correa-Rotter R, Hostetter TH, Manivel JC, Eddy AA, Rosenberg ME. Intrarenal distribution of clusterin following reduction of renal mass. Kidney Int 1992; 41:938-50.
74. Silkensen JR, Hirsch AT, Lunzer MM, Chmielewski D, Manivel JC, Muellerleile MR, et al. Temporal induction of clusterin in the peri-infarct zone after experimental myocardial infarction in the rat. J Lab Clin Med 1998; 131:28-35.
75. Navab M, Hama-Levy S, Van Lenten BJ, Fonarow GC, Cardinez CJ, Castellani LW, et al. Mildly oxidized LDL induces an increased apolipoprotein J/paraoxonase ratio. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2005-19.
76. Mc Donald JF, Nelsestuen GL. Potent inhibition of terminal complement assembly by clusterin: characterization of its impact on C9 polymerization. Biochemistry 1997; 36:7464-73.
77. Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Zimmermann GA, Prescott SM. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:17895-8.
78. Tselepis AD, Dentan C, Karabina S-AP, Chapman MJ, Ninio E. PAF-degrading acetylhydrolase is preferentially associated with dense LDL and VHDL-1 in human plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1764-73.
79. Stafforini DM, Zimmermann GA, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM. The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase from human plasma prevents oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1992; 105:44-63.
80. Watson AD, Navab M, Hama SY, Sevanian A, Prescott SM, Stafforini DM, et al. Effect of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase on the formation and action of minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein.J Clin Invest 1995; 95:774-82.
81. Mackness MI, Durrington PN. HDL, its enzymes and its potential to influence lipid peroxidation. Atherosclerosis 1995; 115:243-53.
82. Subbaiah PV, Albers JJ, Chen CH, Bagdade JD. Low density lipoprotein-activated lysolecithin acylation by human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1980; 255:9275-80.
83. Bonelli FS, Jonas A. Reaction of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase with water-soluble substrates. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:14723-8.
84. Liu M, Subbaiah PV. Hydrolysis and transesterification of platelet-activating factor by lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:6035-9.
85. Goyal J, Wang K, Liu M, Subbaiah PV. Novel function of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:16231-9.
86. Abbott CA, Mackness MI, Kumar S, Boulton AJ, Durrington PN. Serum paraoxonase activity, concentration, and phenotype distribution in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to serum lipids and lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15:1812-8.
87. Rienhoff HY Jr, Huang JH, Li XX, Liao WS. Molecular and cellular biology of serum amyloid A. Mol Biol Med 1990; 7:287-98.
88. Van Lenten BJ, Hama SY, de Beer FC, Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM, et al. Anti-inflammatory HDL becomes pro-inflammatory during the acute phase response. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2758-67.
89. Ehrenwald E, Chisolm GM, Fox PL. Intact human ceruloplasmin oxidatively modifies low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1493-501.
90. Graham A, Hassall DG, Rafique S, Owen JS. Evidence for a paraoxonase-independent inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by high-density lipoprotein. Atherosclerosis 1997; 135:193-204.
91. Suc I, Escargueil-Blanc I, Troly M, Salvayre R, Nègre-Salvayre A. HDL and apoA prevent cell death of endothelial cells induced by oxidized LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2158-66.
92. Shin DM, Gu L, Hama S, Xia Y-R, Navab M, Fogelman AM, et al. Genetic-dietary regulation of serum paraoxonase expression and its role in atherogenesis in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1630-9.
93. Hayek T, Fuhrman B, Vaya J, Rosenblat M, Belinky P, Coleman R, et al. Reduced progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice following consumption of red wine, or its polyphenols quercetin or catechin, is associated with reduced susceptibility of LDL to oxidation and aggregation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2744-52.
94. Nishio E, Watanabe Y. Cigarette smoke extract inhibits plasma paraoxonase activity by modification of the enzyme's free thiols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 236:289-93.
95. Blatter Garin MC, Abbott C, Messmer S, Mackness M, Durrington P, Pometta D, et al. Quantification of human serum paraoxonase by enzyme-linked immunoassay: population differences in protein concentrations. Biochem J 1994; 304:549-54.
96. Witte DP, Aronow BJ, Stauderman ML, Stuart WD, Clay MA, Gruppo RA, et al. Platelet activation releases megakaryocyte-synthesized apolipoprotein J, a highly abundant protein in atheromatous lesions. Am J Pathol 1993; 143:763-73.
97. Thomas-Salgar S, Millis AJT. Clusterin expression in differentiating smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:17879-85.
98. Ishikawa Y, Akasaka Y, Ishii T, Komiyama K, Masuda S, Asuwa N, et al. Distribution and synthesis of apolipoprotein J in the atherosclerotic aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18:665-72.
99. Mackness B, Hunt R, Durrington PN, Mackness MI. Increased immunolocalization of paraoxonase, clusterin, and apolipoprotein A-l in the human artery wall with the progression of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:1233-8.
100. Mackness MI, Mackness B, Arrol S, Wood G, Bhatnagar D, Durrrington PN. Presence of paraoxonase in human interstitial fluid. FEBS Lett 1997; 416:377-80.
101. Shih D, Gu L, Xia Y-R, Castellani L, Navab M, Fogelman A, et al. HDL from serum paraoxonase knockout mice fail to protect against LDL oxiidation. Oral presentation at the Xlth International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Satellite Symposium on Atherogenic LDL: physiopathology and new therapeutic approaches. Abbaye de Royaumont, France, October 1997.