Initiation of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 13, Issue , 1997, Pages 293-332

  Dutta, Anindya ^a   Bell, Stephen P ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

CDC14; CDC45; CDC5; CDC6; CDC7; Cell cycle; Cyclin dependent kinases; DBF4; MCM proteins; Origin recognition complex; Post replicative complex; Pre replicative complex; Replication licensing

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; INITIATION FACTOR; PROTEIN KINASE;

ANIMAL CELL; DNA REPLICATION ORIGIN; EUKARYOTE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ASSEMBLY; PROTEIN BINDING; REVIEW; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; DNA REPLICATION; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMANS; ORIGIN RECOGNITION COMPLEX; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE PROTEINS;

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA; SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 0031467141     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.293     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Baker TA, Kornberg A. 1992. DNA Replication. New York: Freeman. 931 pp. 2nd. ed.
2. Bell SP. 1995. Eukaryotic replicators and associated protein complexes. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 5:162-67
3. Bell SP, Kobayashi R, Stillman B. 1993a. Yeast origin recognition complex functions in transcription silencing and DNA replication. Science 262:1844-49
4. Bell SP, Marahrens Y, Rao H, Stillman B. 1993b. The replicon model and eukaryotic chromosomes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 58:435-42
5. Bell SP, Mitchell J, Leber J, Kobayashi R, Stillman B. 1995. The multidomain structure of Orc1p reveals similarity to regulators of DNA replication and transcriptional silencing. Cell 83:563-68
6. Bell SP, Stillman B. 1992. ATP-dependent recognition of eucaryotic origins of DNA replication by a multiprotein complex. Nature 357:128-34
7. Blow JJ. 1993. Preventing re-replication of DNA in a single cell cycle: evidence for a replication licensing factor. J. Cell Biol. 122:993-1002
8. Blow JJ, Laskey RA. 1988. A role for the nuclear envelope in controlling DNA replication within the cell cycle. Nature 332:546-48
9. Blow JJ, Nurse P. 1990. A cdc2-like protein is involved in the initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus egg extracts. Cell 62:855-62
10. Blumenthal AB, Kriegstein HJ, Hogness DS. 1974. The units of DNA replication in Drosophila melanogaster chromosomes. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:205-23
11. Brewer BJ, Fangman WL. 1993. Initiation at closely spaced replication origins in a yeast chromosome. Science 262:1728-31
12. Brewer BJ, Fangman WL. 1994. Initiation preference at a yeast origin of replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3418-22
13. Broek D, Bartlett R, Crawford K, Nurse P. 1991. Involvement of p34cdc2 in establishing the dependency of S phase on mitosis. Nature 349:388-93
14. Brown JA, Holmes SG, Smith MM. 1991. The chromatin structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae autonomously replicating sequences changes during the cell division cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:5301-11
15. Carpenter PB, Mueller PR, Dunphy WG. 1996. Role for a Xenopus Orc2-related protein in controlling DNA replication. Nature 379:357-60
16. Chen J, Jackson PK, Kirschner MW, Dutta A. 1995. Separate domains of p21 involved in the inhibition of Cdk kinase and PCNA. Nature 374:386-88
17. Chong JP, Mahbubani HM, Khoo CY, Blow JJ. 1995. Purification of an MCM-containing complex as a component of the DNA replication licensing system. Nature 3755:418-21
18. Chong JP, Thommes P, Blow JJ. 1996. The role of MCM/P1 proteins in the licensing of DNA replication. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21:102-6
19. Cocker JH, Piatti S, Santocanale C, Nasmyth K, Diffley JF. 1996. An essential role for the Cdc6 protein in forming the pre-replicative complexes of budding yeast. Nature 379:180-82
20. Coleman TR, Carpenter PB, Dunphy WG. 1996. The Xenopus Cdc6 protein is essential for the initiation of a single round of DNA replication in cell-free extracts. Cell 87:53-63
21. Dahmann C, Diffley JF, Nasmyth KA. 1995. S-phase-promoting cyclin-dependent kinases prevent re-replication by inhibiting the transition of replication origins to a pre-replicative state. Curr. Biol. 5:1257-69
22. Dalton S, Whitbread L. 1995. Cell cycle-regulated nuclear import and export of Cdc47, a protein essential for initiation of DNA replication in budding yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2514-18
23. Diffley JF, Cocker JH. 1992. Protein-DNA interactions at a yeast replication origin. Nature 357:169-72
24. Diffley JF, Cocker JH, Dowell SJ, Rowley A. 1994. Two steps in the assembly of complexes at yeast replication origins in vivo. Cell 78:303-16
25. Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL. 1996. Sequence and context effects of origin function in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biochem. 62:210-22
26. Donohue PJ, Alberts GF, Guo Y, Winkles JA. 1995. Identification by targeted differential display of an immediate early gene encoding a putative serine/threonine kinase. J Biol. Chem. 270:10351-57
27. Dowell SJ, Romanowski P, Diffley JF. 1994. Interaction of Dbf4, the Cdc7 protein kinase regulatory subunit, with yeast replication origins in vivo. Science 265:1243-46
28. D'Urso G, Marraccino RL, Marshak DR, Roberts JM. 1990. Cell cycle control of DNA replication by a homologue from human cells of the p34cdc2 protein kinase. Science 250:786-91
29. Dutta A, Stillman B. 1992. cdc2 Family kinases phosphorylate a human cell DNA replication factor, RPA, and activate DNA replication. EMBO J. 11:2189-99
30. Elledge SJ. 1996. Cell cycle checkpoints: preventing an identity crisis. Science 274:1664-72
31. Elsasser S, Lou F, Wang B, Campbell JL, Jong A. 1996. Interaction between yeast Cdc6 protein and B-type cyclin/Cdc28 kinases. Mol. Biol. Cell 7:1723-35
32. Epstein CB, Cross FR. 1992. CLB5: a novel B cyclin from budding yeast with a role in S phase. Genes Dev. 6:1695-706
33. Estes HG, Robinson BS, Eisenberg S. 1992. At least three distinct proteins are necessary for the reconstitution of a specific multiprotein complex at a eukaryotic chromosomal origin of replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11156-60
34. Fang F, Newport JW. 1993. Distinct roles of cdk2 and cdc2 in RP-A phosphorylation during the cell cycle. J. Cell. Sci. 106:983-94
35. Feger G, Vaessin H, Su TT, Wolff E, Jan LY, et al. 1995. dpa, a member of the MCM family, is required for mitotic DNA replication but not endoreplication in Drosophila. EMBO J. 14:5387-98
36. Fenton B, Glover DM. 1993. A conserved mitotic kinase active at late anaphase-telophase in syncytial Drosophila embryos. Nature 363:637-40
37. Fletcher TM, Hansen JC. 1996. The nucleosomal array: structure/function relationships. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 6:149-88
38. Fode C, Motro B, Yousefi S, Heffernan M, Dennis JW. 1994. Sak, a murine protein-serine/threonine kinase that is related to the Drosophila polo kinase and involved in cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6388-92
39. Forsburg SL, Nurse P. 1994. The fission yeast cdc19+ gene encodes a member of the MCM family of replication proteins. J. Cell. Sci. 107:2779-88
40. Fox CA, Loo S, Dillin A, Rine J. 1995. The origin recognition complex has essential functions in transcriptional silencing and chromosomal replication. Genes Dev. 9:911-24
41. Fox CA, Rine J. 1996. Influences of the cell cycle on silencing. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8:354-57
42. Friedman KL, Diller JD, Ferguson BM, Nyland SV, Brewer BJ, et al. 1996. Multiple determinants controlling activation of yeast replication origins late in S phase. Genes Dev. 10:1595-607
43. Fujita M, Kiyono T, Hayashi Y, Ishibashi M. 1996a. hCDC47, a human member of the MCM family. Dissociation of the nucleus-bound form during S phase. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4349-54
44. Fujita M, Kiyono T, Hayashi Y, Ishibashi M. 1996b. Inhibition of S-phase entry of human fibroblasts by an antisense oligomer against hCDC47. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 219:604-7
45. Gavin KA, Hidaka M, Stillman B. 1995. Conserved initiator proteins in eukaryotes. Science 270:1667-71
46. Gibson SI, Surosky RT, Tye BK. 1990. The phenotype of the minichromosome maintenance mutant mcm3 is characteristic of mutants defective in DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5707-20
47. Golomb SW. 1996. Methanococcus genome. Science 274:902
48. Golsteyn RM, Schultz SJ, Bartek J, Ziemiecki A, Ried T, et al. 1994. Cell cycle analysis and chromosomal localization of human Plk1, a putative homologue of the mitotic kinases Drosophila polo and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5. J. Cell Sci. 107:1509-17
49. Gossen M, Pak DT, Hansen SK, Acharya JK, Botchan MR. 1995. A Drosophila homolog of the yeast origin recognition complex. Science 270:1674-77
50. Grallert B, Nurse P. 1996. The ORC1 homolog orp1 in fission yeast plays a key role in regulating the onset of S phase. Genes Dev. 10:2644-54
51. Hardy CF. 1996. Characterization of an essential Orc2p-associated factor that plays a role in DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1832-41
52. Hardy CF, Pautz A. 1996. A novel role for Cdc5p in DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:6775-82
53. Hardy CFJ, Dryga O, Pahl PMP, Sclafani RA. 1997. mcm5/cdc46-bob1 bypasses the requirement for the S phase activator Cdc7p. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:3151-55
54. Hartwell LH. 1973. Three additional genes required for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol. 115:966-74
55. Hartwell LH. 1976. Sequential function of gene products relative to DNA synthesis in the yeast cell cycle. J. Mol. Biol. 104:803-17
56. Hartwell LH. 1978. Cell division from a genetic perspective. J. Cell Biol. 77:627-37
57. Hartwell LH, Culotti J, Pringle JR, Reid BJ. 1974. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. Science 183:46-51
58. Harvey CB, Wang Y, Darmoul D, Phillips A, Mantel N, Swallow DM. 1996. Characterisation of a human homologue of a yeast cell division cycle gene. MCM6, located adjacent to the 5′ end of the lactase gene on chromsome 2q21. FEBS Lett. 398:135-40
59. Heichman KA, Roberts JM. 1996. The yeast CDC16 and CDC27 genes restrict DNA replication to once per cell cycle. Cell 85:39-48
60. Hendrickson M, Madine M, Dalton S, Gautier J. 1996. Phosphorylation of MCM4 by cdc2 protein kinase inhibits the activity of the minichromosome maintenance complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12223-28
61. Hennessy KM, Clark CD, Botstein D. 1990. Subcellular localization of yeast CDC46 varies with the cell cycle. Genes Dev. 4:2252-63
62. Hennessy KM, Lee A, Chen E, Botstein D. 1991. A group of interacting yeast DNA replication genes. Genes Dev. 5:958-69
63. Hogan E, Koshland D. 1992. Addition of extra origins of replication to a minichromosome suppresses its mitotic loss in cdc6 and cdc14 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3098-102
64. Hollingsworth RJ, Sclafani RA. 1990. DNA metabolism gene CDC7 from yeast encodes a serine (threonine) protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6272-76
65. Hopwood B, Dalton S. 1996. Cdc45p, assembled into a complex with Cdc46p/Mcm5p, is required for minichromosome maintenance, and is essential for chromosomal DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:12309-14
66. Hu B, Burkhart R, Schulte D, Musahl C, Knippers R. 1993. The P1 family: a new class of nuclear mammalian proteins related to the yeast Mcm replication proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:5289-93
67. Hua XH, Yan H, Newport J. 1997. A role for Cdk2 kinase in negatively regulating DNA replication during S-phase of the cell cycle. J. Cell Biol. 137:183-92
68. Jackson AL, Pahl PM, Harrison K, Rosamond J, Sclafani RA. 1993. Cell cycle regulation of the yeast Cdc7 protein kinase by association with the Dbf4 protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2899-908
69. Jackson PK, Chevalier S, Philippe M, Kirschner MW. 1995. Early events in DNA replication require cyclin E and are blocked by p21CIP1. J. Cell Biol. 130:755-69
70. Jacob F, Brenner S, Cuzin F. 1963. On the regulation of DNA replication in bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 28:329-48
71. Jallepalli PV, Kelly TJ. 1996. Rum1 and Cdc18 link inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase to the initiation of DNA replication in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Genes Dev. 10:541-52
72. Kelly TJ, Martin GS, Forsburg SL, Stephen RJ, Russo A, et al. 1993. The fission yeast cdc18+ gene product couples S phase to START and mitosis. Cell 74:371-82
73. Kimura H, Takizawa N, Nozaki N, Sugimoto K. 1995. Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding mouse Cdc21 and CDC46 homologs and characterization of the products: physical interaction between P1(MCM3) and CDC46 proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 23:2097-104
74. King RW, Deshaies RJ, Peters JM, Kirschner MW. 1996. How proteolysis drives the cell cycle. Science 274:1652-59
75. Kitada K, Johnson AL, Johnston LH, Sugino A. 1993. A multicopy suppressor gene of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae G1 cell cycle mutant gene dbf4 encodes a protein kinase and is identified as CDC5. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:4445-57
76. Kitada K, Johnston LH, Sugino T, Sugino A. 1992. Temperature-sensitive cdc7 mutations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are suppressed by the DBF4 gene, which is required for the G1/S cell cycle transition. Genetics 131:21-29
77. Klemm RD, Austin RJ, Bell SP. 1997. Coordinate binding of ATP, origin DNA regulates the ATPase activity of the origin recognition complex. Cell 88:493-502
78. Koonin EV. 1993. A common set of conserved motifs in a vast variety of putative nucleic acid-dependent ATPases including MCM proteins involved in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:2541-47
79. Koyono T, Fujita M, Hayashi Y, Ishibashi M. 1996. Cloning if a cDNA encoding a human homologue of CDC47, a member of the MCM family. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1307:31-34
80. Kroll ES, Hyland KM, Hieter P, Li JJ. 1996. Establishing genetic interactions by a synthetic dosage lethality phenotype. Genetics 143:95-102
81. Krude T, Jackman M, Pines J, Laskey RA. 1997. Cyclin/Cdk-dependent initiation of DNA replication in a human cell-free system. Cell 88:109-19
82. Kubota Y, Mimura S, Nishimoto S, Takisawa H, Nojima H. 1995. Identification of the yeast MCM3-related protein as a component of Xenopus DNA replication licensing factor. Cell 81:601-9
83. Leatherwood J, Lopez GA, Russell P. 1996. Interaction of Cdc2 and Cdc18 with a fission yeast ORC2-like protein. Nature 379:360-63
84. Lee KS, Yuan YL, Kuriyama R, Erikson RL. 1995. Plk is an M-phase-specific protein kinase and interacts with a kinesin-like protein, CHO1/MKLP-1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:7143-51
85. Lees JA, Saito M, Vidal M, Valentine M, Look T, et al. 1993. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol. Cell Biol. 13:7813-25
86. Lei M, Kawasaki Y, Tye BK. 1996. Physical interactions among Mcm proteins and effects of Mcm dosage on DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:5081-90
87. Li B, Ouyang B, Pan H, Reissmann PT, Slamon DJ, et al. 1996. Prk, a cytokine-inducible human protein serine/threonine kinase whose expression appears to be down-regulated in lung carcinomas. J. Biol. Chem. 271:19402-8
88. Liang C, Weinreich M, Stillman B. 1995. ORC and Cdc6p interact and determine the frequency of initiation of DNA replication in the genome. Cell 81:667-76
89. Lisziewicz J, Godany A. Agoston DV, Kuntzel H. 1988. Cloning and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC6 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:11507-20
90. Loo S, Fox CA, Rine J, Kobayashi R, Stillman B, et al. 1995. The origin recognition complex in silencing, cell cycle progression, and DNA replication. Mol. Biol. Cell. 6:741-56
91. MacLachlan TK, Sang N, Giordano A. 1995. Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and cdk inhibitors: implications in cell cycle control and cancer. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 5:127-56
92. Madine MA, Khoo CY, Mills AD, Laskey RA. 1995a. MCM3 complex required for cell cycle regulation of DNA replication in vertebrate cells. Nature 375:421-24
93. Madine MA, Khoo CY, Mills AD, Mushal C, Laskey RA. 1995b. The nuclear envelope prevents reinitiation of replication by regulating the binding of MCM3 to chromatin in Xenopus egg extracts. Curr. Biol. 5:1270-79
94. Mahbubani HM, Chong JP, Chevalier S, Thommes P, Blow JJ. 1997. Cell cycle regulation of the replication licensing system: involvement of a Cdk-dependent inhibitor. J. Cell Biol. 136:125-35
95. Maine GT, Sinha P, Tye BK. 1984. Mutants of S. cerevisiae defective in the maintenance of minichromosomes. Genetics 106:365-85
96. Maiorano D, Van AG, Kearsey SE. 1996. Fission yeast cdc21, a member of the MCM protein family, is required for onset of S phase and is located in the nucleus throughout the cell cycle. EMBO J. 15:861-72
97. Marahrens Y, Stillman B. 1992. A yeast chromosomal origin of replication defined by multiple functional elements. Science 255:817-23
98. Marahrens Y, Stillman B. 1994. Replicator dominance in a eukaryotic chromosome. EMBO J. 13:3395-400
99. Masai H, Miyake T, Arai K. 1995. hsk1+, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe gene related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC7, is required for chromosomal replication. EMBO J. 14:3094-104
100. Mendenhall MD. 1993. An inhibitor of p34CDC28 protein kinase activity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 259:216-19
101. Meyerson M, Enders GH, Wu CL, Su LK, Gorka C, et al. 1992. A family of human cdc2-related protein kinases. EMBO J. 11:2909-17
102. Micklem G, Rowley A, Harwood J, Nasmyth K, Diffley JF. 1993. Yeast origin recognition complex is involved in DNA replication and transcriptional silencing. Nature 366:87-89
103. 2+ suppression, are members of the CDC46/MCM2 family. Mol. Biol. Cell 4:1003-15
104. Miyake S, Saito I, Kobayashi H, Yamashita S. 1996. Identification of two Xenopus laevis genes, xMCM2 and xCDC46, with sequence homology to MCM genes involved in DNA replication. Gene 175:71-75
105. Moir D, Stewart SE, Osmond BC, Botstein D. 1982. Cold-sensitive cell-division-cycle mutants of yeast: isolation, properties, and pseudoreversion studies. Genetics 100:547-63
106. + gene. Nature 367:236-42
107. Musahl C, Schulte D, Burkhart R, Knippers R. 1995. A human homologue of the yeast replication protein Cdc21. Interactions with other Mcm proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 230:1096-101
108. + regulates initiation of DNA replication in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1566-70
109. Muzi FM, Kelly TJ. 1995. Orp1, a member of the Cdc18/Cdc6 family of S-phase regulators, is homologous to a component of the origin recognition complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:12475-79
110. Nasheuer HP, Moore A, Wahl AF, Wang TS. 1991. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of human DNA polymerase alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 266:7893-903
111. Nishitani H, Nurse P. 1995. p65cdc18 plays a major role controlling the initiation of DNA replication in fission yeast. Cell 83:397-405
112. Nurse P, Bissett Y. 1981. Gene required in G1 for commitment to cell cycle and in G2 for control of mitosis in fission yeast. Nature 292:558-60
113. Ohkura H, Hagan IM, Glover DM. 1995. The conserved Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinase plo1, required to form a bipolar spindle, the actin ring, and septum, can drive septum formation in G1 and G2 cells. Genes Dev. 9:1059-73
114. Onel K, Holloman WK. 1997. Molecular cloning of a gene required for DNA replication in Ustilago maydis. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:463-68
115. Patterson M, Sclafani RA, Fangman WL, Rosamond J. 1986. Molecular characterization of cell cycle gene CDC7 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1590-98
116. Piatti S, Bohm T, Cocker JH, Diffley JF, Nasmyth K. 1996. Activation of S-phase-promoting CDKs in late G1 defines a "point of no return" after which Cdc6 synthesis cannot promote DNA replication in yeast. Genes Dev. 10:1516-31
117. Piatti S, Lengauer C, Nasmyth K. 1995. Cdc6 is an unstable protein whose de novo synthesis in G1 is important for the onset of S phase and for preventing a 'reductional' anaphase in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 14:3788-99
118. Pines J. 1994. Protein kinases and cell cycle control. Semin. Cell Biol. 5:399-408
119. Rao H, Marahrens Y, Stillman B. 1994. Functional conservation of multiple elements in yeast chromosomal replicators. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:7643-51
120. Rao H, Stillman B. 1995. The origin recognition complex interacts with a bipartite DNA binding site within yeast replicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:2224-28
121. Richardson H, Lew DJ, Henze M, Sugimoto K, Reed SI. 1992. Cyclin-B homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae function in S phase and in G2. Genes Dev. 6:2021-34
122. Roberts JM, D'Urso G. 1988. An origin un-winding activity regulates initiation of DNA replication during mammalian cell cycle. Science 241:1486-89
123. Romanowski P, Madine MA, Laskey RA. 1996a. XMCM7, a novel member of the Xenopus MCM family, interacts with XMCM3 and colocalizes with it throughout replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10189-94
124. Romanowski P, Madine MA, Rowles A, Blow JJ, Laskey RA. 1996b. The Xenopus origin recognition complex is essential for DNA replication and MCM binding to chromatin. Curr. Biol. 6:1416-25
125. Roth SY, Allis CD. 1996. Histone acetylation and chromatin assembly: a single escort, multiple dances? Cell 87:5-8
126. Rowles A, Chong JPJ, Brown L, Howell M, Evan GI, et al. 1996. Interaction between the origin recognition complex and the replication licensing system in Xenopus. Cell 87:287-96
127. Rowley A, Cocker JH, Harwood J, Diffley JF. 1995. Initiation complex assembly at budding yeast replication origins begins with the recognition of a bipartite sequence by limiting amounts of the initiator, ORC. EMBO J. 14:2631-41
128. Rowley A, Dowell SJ, Diffley JF. 1994. Recent developments in the initiation of chro-mosomal DNA replication: a complex picture emerges. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1217:239-56
129. Santocanale C, Diffley JF. 1996. ORC- and Cdc6-dependent complexes at active and inactive chromosomal replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 15:6671-79
130. Schneider BL, Yang QH, Futcher AB. 1996. Linkage of replication to start by the Cdk inhibitor Sic1. Science 272:560-62
131. Schulte D, Burkhart R, Musahl C, Hu B, Schlatterer C, et al. 1995. Expression, phosphorylation and nuclear localization of the human P1 protein, a homologue of the yeast Mcm 3 replication protein. J. Cell. Sci. 108:1381-89
132. Schulte D, Richter A, Burkhart R, Musahl C, Knippers R. 1996. Properties of the human nuclear protein p85Mcm. Expression, nuclear localization, and interaction with other Mcm proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 235:144-51
133. Schwob E, Bohm T, Mendenhall MD, Nasmyth K. 1994. The B-type cyclin kinase inhibitor p40SIC1 controls the G1 to S transition in S. cerevisiae. Cell 79:233-44
134. Schwob E, Nasmyth K. 1993. CLB5 and CLB6, a new pair of B cyclins involved in DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genes Dev. 7:1160-75
135. Shakibai N, Kumar V, Eisenberg S. 1996. The Ku-like protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required in vitro for the assembly of a stable multiprotein complex at a eukaryotic origin of replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11569-74
136. Stillman B. 1993. DNA replication. Replicator renaissance. Nature 366:506-7
137. Strausfeld UP, Howell M, Rempel R, Maller JL, Hunt T, et al. 1994. Cip1 blocks the initiation of DNA replication in Xenopus extracts by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. Curr. Biol. 4:876-83
138. Su TT, Feger G, O'Farrell PH. 1996. Drosophila MCM protein complexes. Mol. Biol. Cell 7:319-29
139. Sugino A. 1995. Yeast DNA polymerases and their role at the replication fork. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:319-23
140. Takahara K, Bong M, Brevard R, Eddy RL, Haley LL, et al. 1996. Mouse and human homologs of the yeast origin of replication recognition complex subunit ORC2 and chromosomal localization of the cognate human gene ORC2L. Genomics 31:119-22
141. Takahashi K, Yamada H, Yanagida M. 1994. Fission yeast minichromosome loss mutants mis cause lethal aneuploidy and replication abnormality. Mol. Biol. Cell 5:1145-58
142. Takizawa N, Kimura H, Sugimoto K. 1995. Sequence of mouse CDC47, a member of the minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) family involved in the DNA replication licensing system. Gene 167:343-44
143. Thommes P, Fett R, Schray B, Burkhart R, Barnes M, et al. 1992. Properties of the nuclear P1 protein, a mammalian homologue of the yeast Mcm3 replication protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 20:1069-74
144. Todorov IT, Attaran A, Kearsey SE. 1995. BM28, a human member of the MCM2-3-5 family, is displaced from chromatin during DNA replication. J. Cell Biol. 129:1433-45
145. Todorov IT, Pepperkok R, Philipova RN, Kearsey SE, Ansorge W, et al. 1994. A human nuclear protein with sequence homology to a family of early S phase proteins is required for entry into S phase and for cell division. J. Cell. Sci. 107:253-65
146. Toyn JH, Johnson AL, Johnston LH. 1995. Segregation of unreplicated chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals a novel G1/M-phase checkpoint. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5312-21
147. Treisman JE, Follette PJ, O'Farrell PH, Rubin GM. 1995. Cell proliferation and DNA replication defects in a Drosophila MCM2 mutant. Genes Dev. 9:1709-15
148. Tsai LH, Harlow E, Meyerson M. 1991. Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus E1A-associated p33 kinase. Nature 353:174-77
149. Walter J, Newport JW. 1997. Regulation of replicon size in Xenopus egg extracts. Science 275:993-95
150. Wan J, Xu H, Grunstein M. 1992. CDC14 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cloning, sequence analysis, and transcription during the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 267:11274-80
151. Whitbread LA, Dalton S. 1995. Cdc54 belongs to the Cdc46/Mcm3 family of proteins which are essential for initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Gene 155:113-17
152. Williams RS, Shohet RV, Stillman B. 1997. A human protein related to yeast Cdc6p. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94:142-47
153. Wolf DA, Wu D, McKeon F. 1996. Disruption of re-replication control by overexpression of human ORC1 in fission yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32503-6
154. Yan H, Gibson S, Tye BK. 1991. Mcm2 and Mcm3, two proteins important for ARS activity, are related in structure and function. Genes Dev. 5:944-57
155. Yan H, Merchant AM, Tye BK. 1993. Cell cycle-regulated nuclear localization of MCM2 and MCM3, which are required for the initiation of DNA synthesis at chromosomal replication origins in yeast. Genes Dev. 7:2149-60
156. Yoon HJ, Campbell JL. 1991. The CDC7 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a phosphoprotein that contains protein kinase activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3574-78
157. Yoon HJ, Loo S, Campbell JL. 1993. Regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC7 function during the cell cycle. Mol. Biol. Cell 4:195-208
158. Zhou C, Huang SH, Jong AY. 1989. Molecular cloning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC6 gene. Isolation, identification, and sequence analysis. J. Biol. Chem. 264:9022-29
159. Zou L, Mitchell J, Stillman B. 1997. CDC45, a novel yeast gene that functions with the origin recognition complex and Mcm proteins in initiation of DNA replication. Mol. Cell. Biol 17:553-63
160. Zwerschke W, Rottjakob HW, Kuntzel H. 1994. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC6 gene is transcribed at late mitosis and encodes a ATP/GTPase controlling S phase initiation. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23351-56