Cytomegalovirus infections of the nervous system

Intervirology

Volumn 40, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 85-97

  Cinque, Paola ^a   Marenzi, Roberta ^a   Ceresa, Daniela ^a  

^a SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

AIDS; Brain; Cytomegalovirus; Encephalitis; Polyradiculitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS VACCINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN INFECTION; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONGENITAL INFECTION; CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION BODY DISEASE; ENCEPHALITIS; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MORTALITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPSYCHIATRY; NONHUMAN; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATHOGENESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; CELLS, CULTURED; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

ANIMALIA; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; DNA VIRUSES; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 5;

EID: 0031463671     PISSN: 03005526     EISSN: 14230100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000150536     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Krech U: Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world, Bull World Health Organ 1973;49: 103-106.
2. Taylor-Wiedcman J, Sisson JGP, Borysiewicz LK, Sinclair JH: Monocytes arc a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, J Gen Virol 1991:72:2059-2064.
3. Grefte A, van der Giessen M, van Son W, The TH: Circulating cytomegalovirus (CMV)-in-fected endothelial cells in patients with an active CMV infection, J Infect Dis 1993:167: 270-277.
4. Poland SD, Costello P, Dekaban GA, Rice GPA: Cytomegalovirus in the brain: In vitro infection of human brain-derived cells, J Infect Dis 1990:162:1252-1262.
5. Ho WZ, Song L, Douglas SD: Human cytomegalovirus infection and trans-activation of HIV-1 LTR in human brain-derived cells, J Acquir Immune Dcfic Syndr 1991;4:1098-1106.
6. Pulliam L: Cytomegalovirus preferentially infects a monocyte derived macrophage/microglial cell in human brain cultures: Neuropathology differs between strains, J Ncuropathol Exp Neurol 1991:50:432-440.
7. Pulliam L, Moore D, West DC: Human cytomegalovirus induces 1L-6 and TNFa from macrophages and microglial cells: Possible role in neurotoxicity, J Ncurovirol 1995:1:219-227.
8. Ogura T, Tanaka J, Kaniiya S, Sato H, Ogura H, Hatano M: Human cytomegalovirus persistent infection in a human central nervous system cell line: Production of a variant virus with different growth characteristics, J Gen Virol 1986:67:2605-2616.
9. Jault FM, Spector SA, Spector DH: The effects of cytomegalovirus on human immunodeficiency virus replication in brain-derived cells correlate with permissiveness of the cells for each virus, J Virol 1994;68:959-973.
10. Poland SD, Bambrick LL, Dekaban GA, Rice GPA: The extent of human cytomegalovirus replicative CMV idem on host cell differentiation, J Infect Dis 1994:170:1267-1271.
11. Bruggeman CA, Li F, Stals FS: Pathogenicity: Animal models, Scand J Infect Dis 1995(suppl 99):43-50.
12. Ncvts J, Sobis H, Snocck R, Vandcputte M, Dc Clercq E: Efficacy of (S)-l-β-hydroxy-2-phos-phonylmcthoxypropyD-cvtosinc and 9-(1.3-di-hydroxy-2-propoxymcthyl)-guaninc in the treatment of intraccrebral murine cytomegalovirus infections in immunocompetent and im-munodeficient mice, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:269-279.
13. Narang HK: Progression of cytomegalovirus in the rabbit following the intraocular injection of the virus, J Chemother 1994:6:412-416.
14. Griffith BP, Lucia ML, Hsiung GD: Brain and visceral involvement during congenital cytomegalovirus infection of guinea pigs, Pediatr Res 1982:16:455-459.
15. Kumar ML, Prokay SL: Experimental primary cylomgalovirus infection in pregnancy: Timing and fetal outcome, Am,1 Obstcl Gynecol 1983: 145:56-60.
16. Tsutsui Y, Kashiwai A, Kawamura N, Aiba-Masago S, Kosugi 1: Prolonged infection of mouse brain neurons with murine cytomegalovirus after pre- and perinatal infection, Arch Virol 1995:140:1725-1736.
17. Stals FS, Wagcnaar SS, Kloover JS, Vanagt WY, Bruggeman CA: Combination of ganciclovir and antibody for experimental CMV infections, Antiviral Res 1996:29:61-64.
18. Booss J, Dann PR, Griffith BP, Kim JH: Glial nodule encephalitis in the guinea pig: Serial observations following cytomegalovirus infection, Acta Ncuropathol (Berl) 1988:75:465-473.
19. Booss J, Winkler SR, Griffith BP, Kim JH: Viremia and glial nodule encephalitis after experimental systemic cytomegalovirus infection, Lab Invest 1989:61:644-649.
20. Booss J, Dann PR, Griffith BP, Kim JH: Host defense response to cytomegalovirus in the central nervous system: Predominance of the monocyte, Am J Pathol 1989:134:71-78.
21. Kocdood M, Fichetcl A, Meier P, Mitchell PJ: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early enhancer/promotor specificity during em-bryogencsis defines target tissues of congenital HCMV infection, J Virol 1995:69:2194-2207.
22. Fritschy JM, Brandner S, Aguzzi A, Kocdood M, Luschcr B, Mitchell PJ: Brain cell type specificity and gliosis-induced activation of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter in transgenic mice, J Neurosci 1996:16: 2275-2282.
23. Yow MD: Congenital cytomegalovirus disease: A NOW problem, J Infect Dis 1989:159:163-167.
24. Becroft DMO: Prenatal cytomegalovirus infection: Epidemiology, pathology, and pathogenesis, in Rosenberg HS, Bernstein J (eds): Perspective in Pediatric Pathology, New York, Masson Press, pp 1981. pp, 203-241.
25. Schmidbaucr M, Budka H, Ulrich W, Ambros P: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease of the brain in AIDS and connatal infection: A comparative study by histology, immunocviochemistry and in situ DNA hybridization, Acta Ncuropathol 1989:79:286-293.
26. Britt WJ, Vugicr L: Antiviral antibody responses in mothers and their newborn infants with clinical and subclinical congenital cytomegalovirus infections, J Infect Dis 1989:161: 214-219.
27. Barkovich AJ, I, indan CE: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the brain: Imaging analysis and embryotogic considerations, Am J Ncuroradiol 1994;15:703-715.
28. Boppana SB, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Stagno S, Alford CA: Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Neonatal morbidity and mortality, Pediatr Infect DisJ 1992:11:93-99.
29. Klatt EC, Shibata D: Cytomegalovirus infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Clinical and autopsy findings, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988:112:540-544.
30. Schooley RT: Cytomegalovirus in the setting of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, Rev Infect Dis 1990;I2S 7:S811-S819.
31. Morgello S, Cho ES, Nielsen S, Devinsky O, Petito CK: Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: An autopsy study of 30 cases and a review of the literature, Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 289-297.
32. Vinters HV, Kwok MK, Ho HW, Anders KH, Tomiyasu U, Wolfson WL„ Robert F: Cytomegalovirus in the nervous system of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Brain 1989; 112:245-268.
33. Kure K, Llena JF, Lyman WE, Soerio R, Wei-denheim KM, Hirano A, Dickson DW: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of the nervous system: An autopsy study of 268 adult, pediatric, and fetal brains, Hum Pathol 1991: 22:700-710.
34. Setinck U, Wondrusch E, Jellingcr K, Steucr A, Drlicek M, Grisold W, Lintner F: Cytomegalovirus infection of the brain in AIDS - A clinico-pathological study, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1995;90:511-515.
35. Wiley CA, Schricr RD, Dcnaro FJ, Nelson JA, Lampert PW, Oldstone MBA: Localization of cytomegalovirus proteins and genome during fulminant central nervous system infection in an AIDS patient, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1986;45:127-139.
36. Kalavjian RC, Cohen ML, Bonomo RA, Flanigan TP: Cytomegalovirus vcntriculoencephalitis in AIDS, A syndrome with distinct clinical and pathologic features, Medicine 1993:72:67- 77.
37. Salazar A, Podzamczer D, Rene R, Santin M, Perez JL, Ferrer I, Fcmandez-Viladrich P, Gu-diol F: Cytomegalovirus ventriculoencephalitis in AIDS patients, Scand J Infect Dis 1995:27: 165-169.
38. Holland NR, Power C, Mathews VP, Glass JD, Forman M, McArthur JC: Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in acquired immunodeficiency svn-drome(AIDS), Neurology 1994:44:507-514.
39. McCutchan JA: Cytomegalovirus infections of the nervous system in patients with AIDS, Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:747-754.
40. Post MJ, Hensley GT, Moskowitz LB, Fischl M: Cytomegalic inclusion virus encephalitis in patients with AIDS: CT, clinical, and pathologic correlation, AJR Am J Roentgenol 1986.146: 1229-1234.
41. Walot I, Miller BL, Chang L, Mchringer CM: Ncuroimaging findings in patients with AIDS, Clin Infect Dis 1996:22:906-919.
42. Mims CA, Dimmock NJ, Nash A, Stephen J: The spread of microbes through the body: in Mims’ Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease, cd 4. London, Academic Press, 1995. p 131.
43. Schut RL, Gckkcr G, Hu S, Chao CC, Pomeroy C, Jordan MC, Peterson PIC: Cytomegalovirus replication in murine microglial cell cultures: Suppression of permissive infection by inler-feron-gamma, J Infect Dis 1994; 169:1092-1096.
44. Bcrnasconi S, Cinque P, Peri G, Sozzani S, Crociati A, Torri W, Vicenzi E, Vago L, Laz-zarin A, Poli G, Mantovani G: Selective elevation of monocyte chcmotactic protein-1 (MCP-I) in the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus encephalitis, J Infect Dis 1996:174:1098-1101.
45. Skolnik PR, Kosloff BR, Hirsch MS: Bidirectional interactions between human immunodeficiency virus type I and cytomegalovirus, J Infect Dis 1988:157:508-514.
46. Rando RF, Srinivasan A, Feingold J, Gonczol E, Plotkin S: Characterization of multiple molecular interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Virology 1990:176:87-97.
47. Nelson JA, Rcynolds-Kohlcr C, Oldstone MBA, Wiley CA: HIV and HCMV coinfect brain cells in patients with AIDS, Virology 1988;165:286-290.
48. Grafe MR, Wiley CA: Spinal cord and peripheral nerve pathology in AIDS: The roles of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus, Ann Neurol 1989;25:561-566.
49. Kim YS, Hollander H: Polvradiculopathy due to cytomegalovirus: Report of two cases in which improvement occurred after prolonged therapy and review of the literature, Clin Infect Dis 1993:17:32-37.
50. So YT, Olncy RK: Acute lumbosacral polyradi-culopathv in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Experience in 23 patients, Ann Neurol 1994;35:53-58.
51. Talpos D, Tien RD, Hesselink JR: Magnetic resonance imaging of AlDS-rclatcd polvradicu-lopathv, Neurology 1991:41:1522-1523.
52. Fuller GN: Cytomegalovirus and the peripheral nervous system in AIDS, J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr I992:5(suppl 1):S33-S36.
53. Said G, Lacroix C, Chcmouilli P, Goulon-Goeau C, Roullet E, Penaud D, de Broucker T, Meduri G, Vincent D, Torchet M, Vittcoq D, Leport C, Vildc JL: Cytomegalovirus neuropathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A clinical and pathological study, Ann Neurol 1991:29:139-146.
54. Fuller GN, Jacobs JM, Guiloff RJ: Nature and incidence of peripheral nerve syndromes in HIV infection, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993:56:372-381.
55. Roullet E, Assuerus V, Gozlan J, Ropert A, Said G, Baudrimont M, el Antrani M, Jacomet C, Duvivier C, Gonzalcs-Canali G: Cytomegalovirus multifocal neuropathy in AIDS: Analysis of 15 consecutive cases, Neurology 1994:44: 2174-2182.
56. Simpson DM, Tagliati M: Neurological manifestations of HIV infection, Ann Intern Med 1995;121:769-785.
57. Arribas JR, Storch GA, Clifford DB, Tsclis AC: Cytomegalovirus encephalitis, Ann Intern Med 1996;125:577-587.
58. Schncck S: Neuropathologic features of human organ transplantation, 1. Probable cytomegalovirus infection.J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1965;24:415-429.
59. Schober R, Herman MM: Neuropathology of cardiac transplantation, Survey of 31 cases, Lancet 1973;1:962-967.
60. Hotson JR, Pcdley TA: The neurological complications of cardiac transplantation, Brain 1976;99:673-694.
61. Bantborschke S, Wullen T, Huber M, Neveling M, Baldamus CA, Korn K, Jahn G: Early diagnosis and successful treatment of acute cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient, J Neurol 1992;239:205-208.
62. Studahl M, Ricksten A, Sandberg T, Elowson S, Herncr S, Sail C, Bergstrom T: Cytomegalovirus infection of the CNS in non-compro-mised patients, Acta Neurol Scand 1994:89: 451-457.
63. Hartung HP, Pollard JD, Harvey GK, Toyka KV: Immunopalhogcncsis and treatment of the Guillain-Barrd syndrome, Part 1. Muscle Nerve 1995:18:137-153.
64. Dowling PC, Cook SD: Role of infection in Guillain-Barre syndrome: Laboratory confirmation of herpesviruses in 41 cases, Ann Neurol 1981 (suppl 9):44-55.
65. Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, Jones DM, Kangro H, Watkins RP: A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy, II, Antecedent events, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988:51:613-618.
66. Boucquey D, Sindic CJ, Lamv M, Delmce M, Tornasi JP, Laterre EC: Clinical and serological studies in a series of 45 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome, J Neurol Sci 1991; 104:56-63.
67. Visscr LH, van der Meche FGA, Meulstee J, Rothharth PP, Jacobs BC, Schmitz PIM, van Doom PA, Dutch Guillain-Barre Study Group: Cytomegalovirus infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome: The clinical, clectrophysiologic, and prognostic features, Neurology 1996:47:668-673.
68. Irie S, Saito T, Nakamura K, Kanazawa N, Ogino M, Nukazawa T, Ito H, Tamai Y, Kowa II: Association of anti-GM2 antibodies in Guillain-Barre syndrome with acute cytomegalovirus infection, J Neuroimmunol 1996:68:19-26.
69. Hughes R, Atkinson P, Coates P, Hall S, Lcibo-witz S: Sural nerve biopsies in Guillain-Barre syndrome: Axonal degeneration and macrophage-associated demyelination and absence of cytomegalovirus genome, Muscle Nerve 1992: 15:568-575.
70. Rasmussen T, Olszweski J, Lloyd-Smith DL: Focal seizures due to chronic localized encephalitis, Neurology 1958:8:435-455.
71. Power C, Poland SD, Blume WT, Girvin JP, Rice GP: Cytomegalovirus and Rasmussen's encephalitis, Lancet 1990:336:1282-1284.
72. Jay V, Becker LE, Otsubo H, Cortez M, Hwang P, HotTman HJ, Zielenska M: Chronic encephalitis and epilepsy (Rasmussen's encephalitis): Detection of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1 by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, Neurology 1995:45: 108-117.
73. Vinters HV, Wang R, Wiley CA: Herpesviruses in chronic encephalitis associated with intractable childhood epilepsy, Hum Pathol 1993:24: 871-879.
74. Rogers SW, Andrews PL Gahring LC, Whiscnand T, Caulev K, Crain B, Hughes TE, Heine-mann SF, McNamara JO: Autoantibodics to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis, Science 1994:265:648-651.
75. Andrews PL Dichter MA, Berkovic SF, Newton MR, McNamara JO: Plasmapheresis in Rasmussen's encephalitis, Neurology 1996:46: 242-246.
76. Albrecht P, Torrey EF, Boone E, Hicks JT, Daniel N: Raised cytomegalovirus-antibody level in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenic patients, Lancet 1980;2:769-772.
77. Stevens JR, Langloss JM, Albrecht P, Yolken R, Wang YN: A search for cytomegalovirus and herpes viral antigen in brains of schizophrenic patients, Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984:41:795-801.
78. Taylor OR, Crow TJ: Viruses in human brains: A search lor cytomegalovirus and herpes virus 1 DNA in necropsy tissue I'rom normal and neuropsychiatric eases, Psychol Med 1986:16: 289-295.
79. Alexander RC, Spector SA, Casanova M, Kleinman J, Wyatt RJ, Kirch DO: Search for cytomegalovirus in the postmortem brains of schizophrenic patients using the polymerase chain reaction, Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992:49: 47-53.
80. Sierra-Honigmann AM, Carbone KM, Yolken RH: Polymerase chain reaction (PC'R) search for viral nucleic acid sequences in schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry 1995:166:55-60.
81. Magay ZJ, Biran G, Omoy A, Reece HA: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: A longstanding problem still seeking a solution, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996:174:241-245.
82. Achiron R, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Lipitz S, Hei-man Z, Reichman B, Mashiach S: Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal cerebral ventriculitis associated with asymptomatic maternal cytomegalovirus infection, Prenat Diagn 1994:14:523-526.
83. Demmler GJ: Congenital cytomegalovirus infections, Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1994:5:52-55.
84. Nelson CT, lstas AS, Wilkerson MK, Demmler GJ: PC'R detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in serum as a diagnostic test for congenital cytomegalovirus infection, J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:3317-3318.
85. Troendle Atkins J, Demmler GJ, Williamson WD, McDonald JM, Istas AS, Buffone GJ: Polymerase chain reaction to detect cytomegalovirus DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid of neonates with congenital infection, J infect Dis 1994;169:1334-1337.
86. Darin N, Bergstrom T, Fast A, Kyllcrman M: Clinical, serological and PC'R evidence of cytomegalovirus infection in the central nervous system in infancy and childhood, Neuropediatrics 1994:25:316-322.
87. Kohyama J, Kajiwara M, Shimohira M, Iwakawa Y, Okawa H: Human cytomegalovirus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid, Arch Dis Child 1994:71:414-418.
88. Halwachs G, Kutschera J, Tiran A, Roscgger H, Engele H, Danda M, Lackner H, Maurer U, Wildcrs-Truschnig M: Antiviral treatment of congenitally infected children with a positive cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction in the cerebrospinal fluid, Scand J Infect Dis 1995:(suppl 99):89-90.
89. Cinque P, Vago L, Brytting M, Castagna A, Accordini A, Sundqvist VA, Zanchetla N, D’arminio Monlorte A, Wahren B, Lazzarin A, Linde A: Cytomegalovirus infection of the central nervous system in patients with AIDS: Diagnosis by DNA amplification from cerebrospinal fluid, J Infect Dis 1992:166:1408-1411.
90. Wolf DG, Spector SA: Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus central nervous system disease in AIDS patients by DNA amplification from cerebrospinal fluid, J Infect Dis 1992; 166:1412-1415.
91. Gozlan J, Salord JM, Roullet E, Baudrimont M, Caburct F, Picard O, Meyohas MC, Duvi-vicr C, Jacomet C, Petit JC: Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with neurologic disorders, J Infect Dis 1992:166:1416-1421.
92. Cinque P, Scarpellini P, Vago L, Linde A, Lazzarin A: Diagnosis of central nervous system complications in HIV-infected patients: Cerebrospinal fluid analysis by the polymerase chain reaction, AIDS 1997:11:1-17.
93. Gozlan J, El Amranti M, Baudrimont M, Costagliola D, Salord JM, Duvivicr C, Picard O, Meyohas MC, Jacomet C, Schneider-Fau-veau V, Petit JC, Roullet E: A prospective evaluation of clinical criteria and polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus-related neurological diseases during AIDS, AIDS 1994:9: 253-260.
94. Revello MG, Pcrcivalle E, Sarasini A, Bal-danti F, Furione M, Gcnia G: Diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infection of the nervous system by pp65 detection in polymorphonuclear leukocytes of cerebrospinal fluid from AIDS patients, J Infect Dis 1994:170: 1275-1279.
95. Shinkai M, Spector SA: Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by competitive PCR in AIDS patients with different HCMV central nervous system diseases, Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:559-561.
96. Cinque P, Vago L, Dahl H, Brytting M, Terreni MR, Fomara C, Racca S, Castagna A, D'Arminio Monforte A, Wahren B, Lazzarin A, Linde A: Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in HIV-infected patients, AIDS 1996:10:951-958.
97. Berger DS, Bucher G, Nowak JA, Gomalos PJ: Acute primary immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a patient with concomitant cytomegalovirus encephalitis, Clin Infect Dis 1996:23:66-70.
98. Klein JL, Price DA, Fischer M, Coker RJ: Cytomegalovirus infection: A possible cause of recurrent transient neurological dysfunction in advanced HIV infection, (letter) AIDS 1996:10:345-346.
99. Cinque P, Baldanti F, Vago L, Terreni MR, Lillo F, Furione M, Castagna A, D'Arminio Monforte A, Lazzarin A, Linde A: Ganciclovir therapy for cytomegalovirus (CM V) infection of the central nervous system in AIDS patients: Monitoring by CM V DNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid, J Infect Dis 1995:171: 1603-1606.
100. Arribas JR, Clifford DB, Fichtcnbaum CJ, Commins DL, Oowderly WG, Storch GA: Level of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects with AIDS and CMV infection of the central nervous system, J Infect Dis 1995;172:527-531.
101. Cohen BA: Prognosis and response to therapy of cytomegalovirus encephalitis and menin-gomvclitis in AIDS, Neurology 1996:46:444-450.
102. Dix RD, Brcdescn DE, Erlich KS, Mills J: Recovery of herpesviruses from cerebrospinal fuid of immunodeficient homosexual men, Ann Neurol 1985:18:611-614.
103. Stark E, Haas J, Schedel I: Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections of the nervous system by immunocytochemical demonstration of infected cells in cerebrospinal fluid, Eur J Med 1993:2:223-226.
104. Musiani M, Zerbini M, Venturoli S, Genti-lomi G, Borghi V, Pictroscmoli P, Pecorari M, La Placa M: Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus encephalitis in patients with AIDS using in situ hybridisation, J Clin Pathol 1994:47:886-891.
105. de Gans J, Tiessens G, Portegies P, Tutuari-ma JA, Troost D: Predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus poly-radiculomyelitis, J Acquir Immune Defic Svndr 1990;3:1155-1158.
106. Weber T, Beck R, Stark E, Gerhards J, Haas J, Luer W, Jahn G: Comparative analysis of intrathecal antibody synthesis and DNA amplification for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infect ion of the central nervous system in AIDS patients, J Neurol 1994:241:407-414.
107. Buffet R, Agut H, Chicze F, Katlama C, Bol-gert F, Devillechabrolle A, Diquct B, Schuller E, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Genlilini M, Hu-raux JM: Virological markers in the cerebrospinal fluid from HIV-l-infected individuals, Aids 1991;5:1419-1424.
108. Crumpackcr CS: Ganciclovir, N Engl J Med 1996:335:721-729.
109. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, Crumpacker C, Follansbee SE, Spector SA, Benson CA, Fredberg DN, Hubbard L, Stcmpicn MJ, Shadman A, Buhlcs W, for the Syntcx Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group: Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS, N Engl J Med 1995:333:615-620.
110. The Oral Ganciclovir European and Australian Cooperative Study Group: Intravenous versus oral ganciclovir: European/Australian comparative study of efficacy and safety in the prevention of cytomegalovirus recurrence in paiients with AIDS, AIDS 1995:9:471-477.
111. Spector SA, McKinley GF, Lalezari JP, Samo T, Andruczk R, Follansbee S, Sparti PD, Havii DV, Simpson G, Buhlcs W, Wong R, Stcmpicn MJ, for the Roche Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group: Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS, N Engl J Med 1996;334:1491-1497.
112. Drew W, Miner R, Busch D, Follansbee SE, Gullett J, Mchalko SG, Gordon SM, Owen WF Jr., Matthews TR, Buhles WC: Prevalence of resistance in patients receiving ganciclovir for serious cytomegalovirus infection, J Infect Dis 1991:163:716-719.
113. Boivin G, Chou S, Quirk MR, Erice A, Jordan MC: Detection of ganciclovir resistance mutations and quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in leukocytes of patients with fatal disseminated CMV disease, J Infect Dis 1996:173:523-528.
114. Sullivan V, Talarico CL, Slanal SC, Davis M, Coen DM, Biron KK: A protein kinase homo-logue controls phosphory lation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells, Nature 1992;358:162-164.
115. Chou S, Erice A, Colin Jordan M, Vcrccllotti GM, Michels KR, Talarico CL, Stanat SC, Biron KK: Analysis of the UL97 phosphotransferase coding sequence in clinical cytomegalovirus isolates and identification of mutations conferring ganciclovir resistance, J Infect Dis 1995:171:576-583.
116. Lurain N, Thompson KD, Holmes EW, Read GS: Point mutations in the DNA polymerase gene of human cytomegalovirus that result in resistance to antiviral agents, J Virol 1992:66: 7146-7152.
117. Zhou XJ, Gruber W, Dcmmler J, Jacobs R, Reuman P, Adler S, Shelton M, Pass R, Britt B, Trang JM, Whitley RJ, Sommadossi JP, NIAID Collaborative Antiviral Study Group: Population pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infections, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996:40:2202-2205.
118. van der Meer JTM, Drew WL, Bowden RA, Galasso GJ, Griffiths PD, Jabs DA, Katlama C, Spector SA, Whitley RJ: Summary of the international consensus symposium on advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis ofcytomcgalovirusinfection, Antiviral Res 1996:32:119-140.
119. Nigro G, Scholz H, Bartmann U: Ganciclovir therapy for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants: A two-regimen experience, J Pediatr 1994:124:318-322.
120. Revello MG, Pcrcivalle E, Baldanti F, Gerna G, Kustermann A, Nava S, Nicolini U: Prenatal treatment of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection by fetal intravascular administration of ganciclovir, Clin Diagn Virol 1993;1:61-67.
121. Berman SM, Kim RC: The development of cytomegalovirus encephalitis in AIDS patients receiving ganciclovir, Am J Med 1994: 96:415-419.
122. Pantoni L, Inzitari D, Colao MG, DeMayo E, Marini P, Mazzota F: Cytomegalovirus encephalitis in a non-immunocompromised patient: CSF diagnosis by in situ hybridization cells, Acta Neurol Scand 1991:84:56-58.
123. Shepp DH, Dandliker PS, dc Miranda P, Burnette TC, Ccderbcrg DM, Kirk LE, Meyers JD: Activity of 9-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxyme-hyl)ethoxymethyl]guaninc in the treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumoniae, Ann Intent Med 1985:103:368-373.
124. Fletcher C, Sawchuek R, Chinnok B, de Miranda P, Balfour 11 Jr: Human pharmacokinetics of the antiviral drug DHPG, Clin Pharmacol Titer 1986:40:281-286.
125. Tokuntoto JIN, Hollander H: Cytomegalovirus polvradiculopathv caused by a ganciclovir-resistant strain, Clin Infect Dis 1993:17: 854-856.
126. Wolf DG, Lee DJ, Spector SA: Detection of human cytomegalovirus mutations associated with ganciclovir resistance in cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients with central nervous system disease, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995:39:2552-2554.
127. Smith IL, Shinkai M, Freeman WR, Spector SA: Polyradiculopathy associated with ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in an AIDS patient: Phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of sequential virus isolates, J Infect Dis 1996:173:1481-1484.
128. Obcrg B: Antiviral effect of phosphonofor-malc (PFA, foscamet sodium), Pharmacol Ther 1989:40:213-285.
129. Baldanti F, Underwood MR, Stanat SC, Biron KK, Chou SW, Sarasini A, Silini E, Gcma G: Single amino acid changes in the DNA polymerase confer foscamet resistance and slow-growth phenotype, while mutations in the UL97-encoded phosphotranspherase confer ganciclovir resistance in three double-resistant human cytomegalovirus strains recovered from patients with AIDS, J Virol 1996:170:1390-1395.
130. Domingo P, Puig M, Iranzo A, Lopcz-Con-treras J, Ris J: Polvradiculopathv due to cytomegalovirus infection: Report of a case in which an AIDS patient responded to foscar-net, J Infect Dis 1994:18:1019-1020.
131. Sjovall J, Bergdahl S, Movin G, Ogcnstad S, Saarimaki M: Pharmacokinetics of foscamet and distribution to cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous infusion in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;32:1733-1734.
132. Henggc UR, Brockmeyer NH, Malessa R, Ravens U, Goos M: Foscamet penetrates the blood-brain barrier: Rationale for therapy of cytomegalovirus encephalitis, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993:37:1010-1014.
133. Raffi F, Taburel AM, Ghalch B, Huart A, Singlas E: Penetration of foscamet into cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993:37:1777-1780.
134. Freitas VR, Fraser-Smith EB, Matthews TR: Increased efficacy of ganciclovir in combination with foscamet against cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro and in vivo, Antiviral Res 1989:12:205-212.
135. Manischewitz JF, Quinnan GV, Lane HC, Witt AE: Synergistic effect of ganciclovir and foscamet on cytomegalovirus replication in vitro, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:373-375.
136. Dicterich DT, Poles MA, Lew EA, Mendez PE, Murphy R, Addessi A, Holbrook JT, Naughton K, Fricdberg DN: Concurrent use of ganciclovir and foscamet to treat cytomegalovirus infection in AIDS patients, J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1184-1188.
137. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group, in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group: Combination foscamet and ganciclovir therapy versus monotherapy for the treatment of relapsed cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS, The Cytomegalovirus Rctreatment Trial, Arch Ophthalmol 1996:114:23-33.
138. Lea AP, Bryson HM: Cidofovir Drugs 1996: 52:225-230.
139. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Boll TJ, Alford CA: The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status, N Engl J Med 1992: 326:663-667.
140. Plotkin SA: Vaccines for varicella-zoster virus and cytomegalovirus: Recent progress, Science 1994:265:1383-1385.
141. Adler SP: Immunoprophvlaxis against cytomegalovirus disease, Scand J Infect Dis 1995;(suppl 99): 105-109.
142. Gonczol E, lanaconc J, Ho WZ, Starr SE, Meignicr B, Plotkin SA: Subunit human cytomegalovirus vaccine induces humoral and cellular immune responses in human volunteers, Vaccine 1990:8:130-136.
143. Marshall GS, Ricciardi RP, Rando RF, Puck J, Gc R, Plotkin S, Gdncziil E: An adenovirus recombinant that expresses the human cytomegalovirus major envelope glycoprotein and induces neutralizing antibodies, J Infect Dis 1990;162:1177-1181.