Recent advances in radar instrumentation and techniques for studies of the mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere

Radio Science

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 2241-2270

  Hocking, W K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES (API); EMBEDDED SYSTEMS; IONOSPHERE; RADAR; RADAR THEORY; TROPOSPHERE; TURBULENCE; ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE; RADAR EQUIPMENT; RADAR MEASUREMENT;

ANISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; MESOSPHERE-STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE RADARS; METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS; RADAR INSTRUMENTATIONS; RADIO WAVE SCATTERING; RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS; SCATTERING MECHANISMS; TEMPERATURE DETERMINATION;

RADAR MEASUREMENT; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR;

ARTIFICIAL PERIODIC INHOMOGENEITY; MESOSPHERE; RADAR INSTRUMENTATION; RADIO ACOUSTIC SOUNDING; STRATOSPHERE;

EID: 0031271298     PISSN: 00486604     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97RS02781     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Adachi, T., T. Tsuda, Y. Masuda, T. Takami, S. Kato, and S. Fukao, Effects of the acoustic and radar pulse length ratio on the accuracy of radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) temperature measurements with nomochromatic acoustic pulses, Radio Sci, 28, 571-583, 1993.
2. Adams, G.W., O.P. Edwards and J.W. Brosnahan, The imaging Doppler interferometer: Data analysis, Radio Sci., 20, 1481-1492, 1985.
3. Alcala, C.M., J. Röttger, and U.C. Kelley, Spatial interferometry measurements of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar, Radio Sci., 30, 1205-1218, 1995.
4. Angevine, W.M., W.L. Ecklund, D.A. Carter, K.S. Gage, and K.P. Moran, Improved radio acoustic sounding techniques, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 42-49, 1994.
5. Avery, S.K., J.P. Avery, T.A. Valentic, S.E. Palo, M.J. Leary, and R.L. Obert, A new meteor echo detection and collection system: Christmas Island mesospheric measurements, Radio Sci., 25, 657-669, 1990.
6. Balsley, B.B. and K.S. Gage, On the use of radars for operational wind profiling, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 63, 1009-1018, 1982.
7. Bremer, J., W. Singer, D. Keuer, P. H offman, J. Röttger, J.Y.N. Cho, and W.E. Swartz, Observations of polar mesosphere summer echoes at EISCAT during summer 1991, Radio Sci., 30, 1219-1228, 1995.
8. Bremer, J., P. Hoffmann, W. Singer, C.E. Meek, and R. Rüster, Simultaneous PMSE observations with ALOMAR-SOUSY and EISCAT-VHF radar during the ECHO-94 campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1075-1078, 1996.
9. Briggs, B.H., The analysis of spaced sensor records by correlation techniques, in Handbook for MAP, vol. 13, Ground Based techniques, pp. 166-186, SCOSTEP Seer., Univ. of 111., Urbana, 1984.
10. Briggs, B.H., Radar measurements of aspect sensitivity of atmospheric scatterers using spaced-antenna correlation techniques, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 153-165, 1992.
11. Briggs, B.H., On radar interferometric techniques in the situation of volume scatter, Radio Sd., 30, 109-114, 1995.
12. Briggs, B.H., and R.A. Vincent, Spaced-antenna analysis in the frequency domain, Radio Sci., 27, 117-130, 1992.
13. B riggs, B.H., W.G. Elford, D.G. Felgate, M.G. Golley, D.E. Rossiter, and J.W. Smith, Buckland Park aerial array, Nature, 223, 1321-1325, 1969.
14. Brown, W.O., and G.J. Fraser, Frequency domain interferometry on spaced antenna MF radar, Radio Sci., 31, 1077-1088, 1996.
15. Brown, W.O., G.J. Fraser, S. Fukao, and M. Yamamoto, Spaced antenna and interferometric velocity measurements with MF and VHF radars, Radio Sci., 30, 1281-1292, 1995.
16. Carlson, H.C., and N. Sundararaman, Real-time jetstream tracking: national benefit from an ST radar network for measuring atmospheric motions, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 63, 1019-1026, 1982.
17. Carter, D.A., K.S. Gage, W.L. Ecklund, W.M. Angevine, P.E. Johnston, A.C. Riddle, J. Wilson, and C.R. Williams, Developments in UHF lower tropospheric wind profiling at NOAA's Aeronomy Laboratory, Radio Sci., 30, 977-1001, 1995.
18. Cervera, M.A., and I.M. Reid, Comparison of simultaneous wind measurements using colocated VHF meteor radar and MF spaced antenna radar systems, Radio Sd., 30, 1245-1261, 1995.
19. Chang, J., S.K. Avery, A.C. Riddle, S.E. Palo, J.R. McAfee, and K.S. Gage, Preliminary observations of tropospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes measured with the Christmas Island ST radar, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 50-53, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
20. Chilson, P.B., and G. Schmidt, Implementation of frequency domain interferometry at the SOUSY VHF radar: First results, Radio Sd., 31, 263-272, 1996.
21. Chilson, P.B., C.W. Ulbrich, M.F. Larsen, P. Perillat, and J.E. Keener, Observations of a tropical thunderstorm using a vertically pointing, dual-frequency, collinear beam Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 663-673, 1993.
22. Cho, J.Y.N. and M.C. Kelley, Polar mesosphere summer radar echoes: Observations and current theories, Rev. Geophys., 31(3), 243-265, 1993.
23. Cho, J.Y.N., and J. Röttger, An updated review of polar mesosphere summer echoes: Observation, theory, and their relationship to noctilucent clouds and snbvisible aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 2001-2020, 1997.
24. Cho, J.Y.N., C.M. Alcala, M.C. Kelley, and W.E. Swartz, Further effects of charged aerosols on summer mesospheric radar scatter, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 661-672, 1996a.
25. Cho, J.Y.N., R.F. Jurgens, and M.A. Slade, Highresolution stratospheric dynamics measurements with the NASA/JPL Goldstone solar system radar, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 23, 1909-1912, 1996b.
26. Chu, Y.-H., and S. J. Franke, A study of the frequency coherence of stratospheric and tropospheric radar echoes made with Chung-Li VHF radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1849-1852, 1991.
27. Cohn, S.A., Investigations of the wavelength dependence of radar backscatter from atmospheric turbulence, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 225-238, 1994.
28. Cohn, S.A., Radar measurements of turbulent eddy dissipation rate in the troposphere: A comparison of techniques, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 85-95, 1995.
29. Collis, P.N., and J.K. Hargreaves, Localized absoption events in the afternoon sector, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 873-890, 1997.
30. Collis, P.N., and J. Röttger, Mesospheric studies using the EISCAT UHF and VHF radars: a review of principles and experimental results, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 569-584, 1990.
31. Collis, P.N., M.T. Rietveld, J. Röttger, and W.K. Hocking, Turbulence scattering layers in the middlemesosphere observed by the EISCAT 224-MHz radar, Radio Sci., 27, 97-107, 1992.
32. Collis P.N., J.K Hargreaves, and G.P. White, A localized co- rotating auroral absorption event observed near noon using imaging riometer and EISCAT, Ann. Geophys., 14, 1305-1316, 1996.
33. Craig, R.L., R.A. Vincent, G.J. Fraser and M.J. Smith. The quasi 2-day wave in the southern hemisphere mesosphere. Nature, 287, 319-320, 1980.
34. Czechowsky, P., W. Singer, G. Schmidt, and D. Keuer, Technical design of a VHF radar for MST investigations at Andenes, Norway, in Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 310-314, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1994.
35. Doviak, R.J., and D.S. Zrnic, Doppler Radar and Weather Observations, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1984.
36. Doviak, R. J., R. J. Lataitis, and C.L. Holloway, Cross correlations and cross spectra for spaced antenna wind profilers, 1, Theoretical analysis, Radio Sci., 31, 157-180, 1996.
37. Eaton, F.D., S.A. McLaughlin, and J.R. Hines, A new frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for studying planetary boundary layer morphology, Radio Sci., 30, 75-88, 1995.
38. Ecklund, W.L., B.B. Balsley, D.A. Carter, A.C. Riddle, M. Crochet, and R. Garello, Observations of vertical motions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere using three closely spaced ST radars, Radio Sci., 20, 1196-1206, 1985.
39. Ecklund, W.L., D.A. Carter, and B.B. Balsley, A UHF wind profiler for the boundary layer: brief description and initial results, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5,432-441, 1988.
40. Ecklund, W.L., D.A. Carter, B.B. Balsley, P.E. Currier, J.L. Green, B.L. Weber, and K.S. Gage, Field tests of a lower tropospheric wind profiler,Radio Sci., 25, 899-906, 1990.
41. Farley, D.T., On-line data processing techniques for MST radars, Radio Sci., 20, 1177-1184, 1985.
42. Farley, D.T., H.M. Ierkic, and B.G. Fejer, Radar interferometry: A new technique for studying plasma turbulence in the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1467-1472, 1981.
43. Ferrat, S., and M. Crochet, Methods of detection and estimation errors in ST radar studies, Ann. Geophys., 12, 489-496, 1994.
44. Forbes, J.M., N. Makarov, and Y. Portnyagin, First results from the meteor radar at South Pole: a large 12-hour oscillation with zonal wavenumber one, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3247-3250, 1995.
45. Franke, S.J., Pulse compression and frequency domain interferometry with a frequency-hopped MST radar, Radio Sci., 25, 565-574, 1990.
46. Franke, P.M., D. Thorsen, M. Champion, S.J. Franke, and E. Kudeki, Comparison of time- and frequencydomain techniques for wind velocity estimation using multiple receiver MF radar data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2193-2196, 1990.
47. Franke, S.J., J. Röttger, and C. LaHoz, Frequency domain interferometry of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar: A case study, Radio Sci., 27, 417-428, 1992.
48. Fritts, D.C., and J.R. Isler, First observations of mesopheric dynamics with a partial reflection radar in Hawaii (22°N, 16°W), Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 409-412, 1992.
49. Fritts, D.C., and R.A. Vincent. Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave/tidal interaction model. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 605-619, 1987.
50. Fukao, S., T. Sato, S. Kato, R.M. Harper, R.F. Woodman, and W.E. Gordon, Mesospheric winds and waves over Jicamarca on May 23-24, 1974, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4379-4386, 1979.
51. Fukao, S., T. Sato, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makihira, The MU radar with an active phased array system, 1, Antenna and power amplifiers, Radio Sci., 20, 1155-1168, 1985a.
52. Fukao, S., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, S. Kato, K. Wakasugi, and T. Makihira, The MU radar with an active phased array system, 2, In-house equipment, Radio Sci., 20, 1169-1176, 1985b.
53. Fukao, S., K. Wakasugi, T. Sato, S. Morimoto, T. Tsuda, I. Hirota, I. Kimura, and S. Kato, Direct measurement of air and precipitation particle motion by very high frequency Doppler radar, Nature, 316, 712-714, 1985c.
54. Fukao, S., T. Tsuda, T. Sato, and S. Kato, Equatorial Radar System, Adv. Space Res., 10(10), 151-154, 1990.
55. Fukao, S., M.D. Yamanaka, N. Ao, W.K. Hocking, T. Sato, M. Yamamoto, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Seasonal variability of vertical eddy diffusivity in the middle atmosphere, 1. Three-year observations by the middle and upper atmosphere radar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,973-18,987, 1994.
56. th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference, edited by D. Atlas, pp. 534-565, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1990.
57. Gage, K.S., and B.B. Balsley, Doppler radar probing of the clear atmosphere, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 59, 1074-1093, 1978.
58. Gage, K.S., and J.L. Green, Evidence for specular reflection from monostatic VHF radar observations of the stratosphere, Radio Sci., 13, 991-1001, 1978.
59. Gage, K.S., and J.L. Green, A technique for determining the temperature profile from VHF radar observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 1146-1149, 1982a.
60. Gage, K.S., and J.L. Green, An objective method for determination of tropopause height from VHF radar observations, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 1150-1154, 1982b.
61. Gage, K.S., J.L. Green, and T.E. VanZandt, Use of Doppler radar for the measurement of atmospheric turbulent parameters from the intensity of clear air echoes, Radio Sci., 15, 407-416, 1980.
62. Gage, K.S., B.B. Balsley, W.L. Ecklund, D.A. Carter, and J.R. McAfee, Wind profiler-related research in the tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 96, (suppl.), 3209-3220, 1991.
63. Gage, K.S., D.A. Carter, J.R. McAfee, B.B. Balsley, W.L. Ecklund, C.R. Williams, A.C. Riddle, P.E. Johnston, and S.K. Avery, Status of the NOAA/CU trans-pacific profiler network, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 331-334, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
64. Gardner, F.F., and J.L. Pawsey, Study of the ionospheric D-region using partial reflections, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 3, 321-344, 1953.
65. Gossard, E.E., Measuring drop-size distributions in clouds with a clear- air-sensing Doppler radar, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 640-649, 1988.
66. Gossard, E.E., and A.S. Frisch, Relationship of the variances of temperature and velocity to atmospheric static stability - Application to radar and acoustic sounding, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol, 26, 1021-1036, 1987.
67. Gossard, E.E., J.H. Richter, and D. Atlas, Internal waves in the atmosphere from high-resolution radar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 3523-3536, 1970.
68. Gossard, E.E., R.B. Chadwick, K.P. M or an, R.G. Strauch, G.E. Morrison, and W.C. Campbell, Observation of winds in the clear air using an FM-CW Doppler radar, Radio Sci., 13, 285-289, 1978.
69. Gossard, E.E., R.B. Chadwick, W.D. Neff, and K.P. Moran, The use of ground-based Doppler radars to measure gradients, fluxes, and structure parameters in elevated layers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 211-226, 1982.
70. Green, J.L., K.S. Gage, T.E. VanZandt, W.L. Clark, and J.M. Warnock, Observations of vertical velocity over Illinois by the Flatland radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 269-272, 1988.
71. Gregory, J.B., Radio wave reflections from the mesosphere, 1, Heights of occurrence, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 429-445, 1961.
72. Hashiguchi, H., S. Fukao, T. Tsuda, M.D. Yamanaka, D.L. Tobing, T. Sribimawati, S.W.B. Harijono, and H. Wiryosumarto, Observations of the planetary boundary layer over equatorial Indonesia with an L band clear-air Doppler radar: initial results, Radio Sci., 30, 1043-1054, 1995.
73. Hedin, A.E., et al., Empirical wind model for the upper, middle and lower atmosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 13, 1421-1447, 1996.
74. Hernandez, G., J.M. Forbes, R.W. Smith, Y. Portnyagin, J.F. Booth, and N. Makarov, Simultaneous mesospheric wind measurements near South Pole by optical and meteor radar methods, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1079-1082, 1996.
75. Hines, C.O., Multi-instrument observations of mesospheric motions over Arecibo: Comparisons and interpretations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55, 241-287, 1993.
76. Hocking, W.K., Angular and temporal characteristics of partial reflections from the D region of the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 845-851, 1979.
77. Hocking, W.K., Reduction of the effects of nonstationarity in studies of amplitude statistics of radio wave backscatter, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 1119-1131, 1987.
78. Hocking, W.K., Two years of continuous measurements of turbulence parameters in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere made with a 2-MHz radar, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2475-2491, 1988.
79. Hocking, W.K., Target parameter estimation, MAP Handbook, 30, 228-268, SCOSTEP Seer., Univ of 111., Urbana, 1989.
80. Hocking, W.K., On the relationship between the strength of atmospheric radar backscatter and the intensity of atmospheric turbulence, Adv. Space Res., 12(10), 207-213, 1992.
81. Hocking, W.K., An assessment of the capabilities and limitations of radars in measurements of upper atmosphere turbulence, Adv. Space Res., 17(11), 37-47, 1996a.
82. Hocking, W.K., Some new perspectives on viscosity and thermal conduction waves as a cause of 'specular' reflectors in radar studies of the atmosphere, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 82-85, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996b.
83. Hocking, W.K., System design, signal processing procedures and preliminary results for the Canadian (London, Ontario) VHF atmospheric radar, Radio Sci., 32, 687-706, 1997a.
84. Hocking, W.K., Strengths and limitations for MST radar measurements of middle atmosphere winds, Ann. Geophys., in press, 1997b.
85. Hocking, W.K., and A.M. Hamza, A quantitative measure of the degree of anisotropy of turbulence in terms of atmospheric parameters, with particular relevance to radar studies, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1011-1020, 1997.
86. 2 - Review of theories, in-situ investigations, and experimental studies using the Buckland Park atmospheric radar in Australia, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1779-1803, 1997.
87. Hocking, W.K., and J. Röttger, Studies of polar mesosphere summer echoes over EISCAT using calibrated signal strengths and statistical parameters, Radio Sci., 32, 1425-1444, 1997.
88. Hocking, W.K., and T. Thayaparan, Simultaneous and colocated observation of winds and tides by MF and meteor radars over London, Canada, (43°N, 81°N), during 1994-1996, Radio Sci., 32, 833-865, 1997.
89. Hocking, W.K., and R.A. Vincent, A Comparison between HF partial reflection profiles from the D region and simultaneous Langmuir probe electron density measurements, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 44, 843-854, 1982a.
90. Hocking, W.K., and R.A. Vincent, Comparative observations of D region HF partial reflections at 2 and 6 MHz J. Geophys. Res., 87, 7615-7624, 1982b.
91. Hocking, W.K., P.T. May, and J. Röttger, Interpretation, reliability and accuracies of parameters deduced by the spaced antenna method in middle atmosphere applications, Pure and Applied Geophys., 130, 571-604, 1989.
92. Hocking, W.K., S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Viscosity waves and thermal-conduction waves as a cause of 'specular' reflectors in radar studies of the atmosphere, Radio Sci., 26, 1281-1303, 1991.
93. Hocking, W.K., M.C. Kelley, R.R. Rogers, J.-P. St. Maurice, and D. Moorcroft, A new VHF Atmosphericionospheric radar at the EPCO site in Resolute Bay, Canada, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 454-456, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
94. Hocking, W.K., T. Thayaparan, and J. Jones, Meteor decay times and their nse in determining a diagnostic mesospheric temperature-pressure parameter: Methodology and one year of data, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 1997.
95. Holdsworth, D.A., and I.M. Reid, A simple model of atmospheric radar backscatter: Description and application to the full correlation analysis of spaced antenna data, Radio Sci., 30, 1263-1280, 1995.
96. Holloway, C.L., R.J. Doviak, S.A. Cohn, R.J. Lataitis, and J.S. Van Baelen, Cross correlations and cross spectra for spaced antenna wind pronies, 2, Algorithms to estimate wind and turbulence, Radio Sci., 32, 967-982, 1997.
97. Hooper, D., and L. Thomas, Aspect sensitivity of VHP scatterers in the troposphere and stratosphere from comparisons of powers in off-vertical beams, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57655-663, 1995.
98. Hoppe, U.-P., and D.C. Fritts, On the downward bias in vertical velocity measurements by VHF radars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 619-622, 1995.
99. Howell, P.B., R.D. Palmer, R.M. Narayanan, M.F. Larsen, and J.Y.N. Cho, Preliminary results from the Arecibo 430 MHz spatial interferometry system, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 485-488, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
100. Igarashi, K., I. Nishimuta, Y. Murayama, T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and M. Tsutsumi, Comparison of wind measurements between Yamagawa MF radar and the MU radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3341-3344, 1996.
101. Jones, G.O.L., and M.J. Jarvis, Springtime reduction in MF mesospheric echo occurrence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2123-2126, 1995.
102. Jones, W., The decay of radar echoes from meteors with particular reference to their use in the determination of temperature fluctuations near the mesopause, Ann. Geophys., 13, 1104-1106, 1995.
103. Kilburn, C., S. Fukao, and M. Yamamoto, Extended period frequency domain interferometry observations at stratospheric and tropospheric heights, Radio Sci., 30, 1099-1109, 1995.
104. Klaus, V., J. Pilon, I. Seloyan, G. Cherel, and E. Legrand, The Meteo France operational wind profiler: first results, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 335-338, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
105. Kudeki, E., and G.R. Stitt, Frequency domain interferometry: A high resolution radar technique for studies of atmospheric turbulence, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 198-201, 1987.
106. Kudeki, E., and R.F. Woodman, A poststatistics steering technique for MST radar applications, Radio Sci., 25, 591-594, 1990.
107. Kudeki, E., F. Surucu, and R.F. Woodman, Mesospheric wind and aspect sensitivity measurements at Jicamarca using radar interferometry and poststatistics steering techniques, Radio Sci., 25, 595-612, 1990.
108. Kudeki, E., P.K. Rastogi, and F. F. Sürücü, Systematic errors in radar wind estimation: implications for comparative measurements, Radio Sci., 28, 169-179, 1993.
109. Kuo, F.S., H.Y. Lue, and S.I.Liu, Reduction of nonstationarity and parameter analysis of VHF radar returns from the atmosphere, Radio Sci., 25, 517-526, 1990.
110. Lafaysse, C. (Ed.), Utilization of UHF/VHF radar wind profiler networks for improving weather forecasting in Europe, COST 74 final report, 231 pp., European Commission on Meteorology, Directorate-General, Science, Research and Development, Luxembourg, 1994.
111. Larsen, M.F., and J. Röttger, VHF and UHF Doppler radars as tools for synoptic research, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 63, 996-1008, 1982.
112. Lesicar, D., and W.K. Hocking, Studies of seasonal behaviour of the shape of mesospheric scatterers using a 1.98 MHz radar, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 295-309, 1992.
113. Lesicar, D., W.K. Hocking, and R.A. Vincent, Comparative studies of scatterers observed by MF radars in the Southern Hemisphere mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 581-591, 1994.
114. Liu, C.H., J. Röttger, C.J. Pan, and S.J. Franke, A model for spaced antenna observational mode for MST radars, Radio Sci., 25, 551-563, 1990.
115. Liu, C.H., J. Röttger, G. Dester, S.J. Franke, and C.-J. Pan, The oblique spaced antenna method for measuring the atmospheric wind field, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 8, 247-258, 1991.
116. Lottman, B.T., and R.G. Frehlich, Evaluation of Doppler radar velocity estimators, Radio Sci., 32, 677-686, 1997.
117. Luce, H., M. Crochet, F. Dalaudier, C. Sidi, J. Vernin, and M. Azouit, Aspect sensitivity revisited at the light of high resolution temperature measurements, in Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 60-65, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1994.
118. Luce, H., M. Crochet, F. Dalaudier, and C. Sidi, Interpretation of VHF ST radar vertical echoes from in situ temperature sheet observations, Radio Sci., 30, 1002-1025, 1995.
119. Maekawa, Y., S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, M.D. Yamanaka, T. Tsuda, S. Kato, and R.F. Woodman, First observation of the upper stratospheric vertical wind velocities using the Jicamarca VHF radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2235-2238, 1993.
120. Maguire, W.B., and S.K. Avery, Retrieval of raindrop size distributions using two Doppler wind profilers: model sensitivity testing, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 1623-1635, 1995.
121. Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek, H. Teitelbaum, F. Vial, R. Schminder, D. Kurschner, M.J. Smith, G. J. Fraser, and R.R. Clark, Climatologies of semi-diurnal and diurnal tides in the middle atmosphere (70-110 km) at middle latitudes (40-55-degrees), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 51, 579-593, 1989.
122. Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek, G. Hall, and R. McMurray, Winds and waves from the Canadian Prairies (CNSR) triple-MF radar system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1375-1378, 1993.
123. Mathews, J.D., The dynamics of ion layer generation in the 80-150 km altitude region at low and mid-latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 673-682, 1996.
124. May, P.T., R.G. Strauch, and K.P. Moran, The altitude coverage of temperature measurements using RASS with wind profiler radars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1381-1384, 1988.
125. May, P.T., R.G. Strauch, and W.L. Ecklund, Temperature soundings by RASS with wind-profiler radars: A preliminary study, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 28, 19-28, 1990.
126. May, P.T., T. Adachi, T. Tsuda, and R.J. Lataitis, The spatial structure of RASS echoes, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 1275-1284, 1996.
127. Meek, C.E., et al., Global study of northern hemisphere quasi-2-day wave events in recent summers near 90 km altitude, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1401- 1411, 1996.
128. Nakamura, T., M. Tsutsumi, T. Tsuda, and S. Fukao, Temperature variations near the mesopause detected by the meteor echo observation with the MU radar, in Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 146-150, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1994.
129. Nastrom, G.D., and F.D. Eaton, Variations of winds and turbulence seen by the 50MHz radar at White Sands Missile Range, NM, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 2135-2148, 1995.
130. Nastrom, G.D., and F.D. Eaton, Turbulence eddy dissipation rates from radar observations at 5-20 km at White Sands Missile Range, NM, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19,495-19,505, 1997.
131. Nastrom, G.D., and T.E. Van Zandt, Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 984-995, 1994.
132. Nastrom, G.D., and T.E. Van Zandt, Biases due to gravity waves in wind profiler measurements of winds, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35, 243-257, 1996.
133. Noonkester, V.R., and J.H. Richter, FM-CW radar sensing of the lower atmosphere, Radio Sci., 15, 337-353, 1980.
134. Palmer, R.D., R.F. Woodman, S. Fukao, M.F. Larsen, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Frequency domain interferometry observations of tropo/stratospheric scattering layers using the MU radar: description and first results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 2189-2192, 1990.
135. Palo, S.E., J.L. Chang, S.K. Avery, A.C. Riddle, and K.S. Gage, Detection of outliers in stratospheric/tropospheric wind velocity estimates, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 237-240, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
136. Pan, C.J., and C.H. Liu, A model for oblique spaced antenna technique for mesosphere-stratospheretroposphere radars and its applications, Radio Sci., 27, 131-144, 1992.
137. Pan, C.-J, and J. Röttger, Structures of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT VHF radar in the interferometer mode, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 252-255, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
138. Peters, G., H. Hinzpeter, and G. Baumann, Measurements of heat flux in the atmospheric boundary layer by sodar and RASS: A first attempt, Radio Sci., 20, 1555-1564, 1985.
139. Petitdidier, M., A. Sy, A. Garrouste, and J. Delcourt, Statistical characteristics of the noise power spectral density in UHF and VHF wind profilers, Radio Sci., 32, 1229-1247, 1997.
140. Pfister, W., The wave-like nature of inhomogeneities in the E region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 33, 999-1025, 1971.
141. Phillips, A., A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, and E.J. Llewellyn, A long-term comparison of middle atmosphere winds measured at Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W) by a medium-frequency radar and a Fabry-Perot interferometer, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,923-12,936, 1994.
142. Pilon, J., P. Currier, and V. Klaus, A new profiler for operational meteorology needs, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 121-124, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 0996.
143. Rajopadhyaya, D.K., P.T. May, and R. A. Vincent, A general approach to the retrieval of raindrop size distributions from wind profiler Doppler spectra: Modeling results, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 710-717, 1993.
144. Rao, P.B., A.R. Jain, P. Kishore, P. Balamuralidhar, S.H. Damle, and G. Viswanathan, Indian MST radar, 1, System description and sample vector wind measurements in ST mode, Radio Sci., 30, 1125-1138, 1995.
145. Reid, I.M., and R.A. Vincent. Measurements of mesospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes and mean flow accelerations at Adelaide, Australia. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 49, 443-460, 1987a.
146. Reid, I.M., and R.A. Vincent. Measurements of the horizontal scales and phase velocities of short period mesopheric gravity waves at Adelaide, Australia. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 1033-1048, 1987b.
147. Reid, I.M., B.G.W. Vandepeer, S.C. Dillon, and B.M. Fuller, The new Adelaide medium-frequency Doppler radar, Radio Sci., 30, 1177-1189, 1995.
148. Revathy, K., S.R. Prabhakaran Nair, and B.V. Krishna Murthy, Deduction of temperature profile from MST radar observations of vertical wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 285-288, 1996.
149. Richter, J.H., High resolution tropospheric radar sounding, Radio Sci., 4, 1261-1268, 1969.
150. Rietveld M.T., and P.N. Collis, Mesospheric observations with the EISCAT UHF radar during polar cap absorption events, 2, Spectral measurements, Ann. Geophys. 11, 797-808, 1993.
151. Rietveld M.T, P.N. Collis, and J. Röttger, Observations of atmospheric dynamics in the low- and middle mesosphere with the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar during solar proton events, Adv. Space Res., 12(10), 81-84, 1992.
152. Roper, R.G. (Ed.), First GLOBMET Symopsium, August 19-24, 1985, AMP Handbook, 25, 422 pp, SCOSTEP Seer., Univ. of 111., Urbana, 1987.
153. Röttger, J., Investigations of lower and middle atmosphere dynamics with spaced antenna drifts radars, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 277-292, 1981.
154. Röttger, J., Determination of Brunt-Vaisala frequency from vertical velocity spectra, Handbook for MAP, 20, 168-172, SCOSTEP Secr., Univ. of 111., Urbana, 1986.
155. Röttger, J., Polar mesosphere summer echoes: Dynamics and aeronomy of the mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 123-137, 1994a.
156. Röttger, J., Middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere processes at high latitudes studied with the EISCAT radars, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 1173-1195, 1994b.
157. Röttger, J., and H.M. Ierkic, Postset beam steering and interferometer applications of VHF radars to study winds, waves, and turbulence in the lower and middle atmosphere, Rodio Sci., 20, 1461-1480, 1985.
158. Röttger, J., and C. La Hoz, Characteristics of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar and possible explanations of their origins, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 893-906, 1990.
159. th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference, edited by D. Atlas, pp. 235-281, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1990.
160. Röttger, J., and C.H. Liu, Partial reflection and scattering of VHF radar signals from the clear atmosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 357-360, 1978.
161. Röttger, J., and R.A. Vincent, VHF radar studies of tropospheric velocities and irregularities using spaced antenna techniques, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 917-920, 1978.
162. Röttger J., J. Klostermeyer, P. Czechowsky, R. Ruester, and G. Schmidt, Remote sensing of the atmosphere by VHF radar experiments, Naturwissenschaften, 65, 285-296, 1978.
163. Röttger, J., C. LaHoz, M.C. Kelley, U.-P. Hoppe, and C. Hall, The structure and dynamics of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 224 MHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1353-1356, 1988.
164. Röttger, J., M.T. Rietveld, C. La Hoz, T. Hall, M.C. Kelley, and W.E. Swartz, Polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 933 MHz radar and the CUPRI 46.9-MHz radar, their similarity to 224-MHz radar echoes, and their relation to turbulence and electron density profiles, Radio Sci., 25, 671-687, 1990.
165. Röttger, J., C.H. Liu, C.J. Pan, and S.Y. Su, Characteristics of lightning echoes observed with VHF ST radar, Radio Sci., 30, 1085-1097, 1995.
166. Sarango, M.F., R.F. Woodman, E. Ragaini, and E. Vasquez, Signal processing and control system for the Antarctic Peruvian MST radar, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 469-472, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
167. Sato, T., H. Doji, H. Iwai, I. Kimura, S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Computer processing for deriving frop-size distributions and vertical air velocities from VHF Doppler radar spectra, Radio Sci., 25, 961-973, 1990.
168. Sato, T., T. Teraoka, and I. Kimura, Simultaneous observation plan of the MU radar with airborne/spaceborne precipitation radars, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 133-136, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
169. Sheppard, E.L., and M.F. Larsen, Analysis of model simulations of spaced antenna/radar interferometer measurements, Radio Sci., 27, 759-768, 1992.
170. Singer, W., D. Keuer, P. Hoffman, P. Czechowsky, and G. Schmidt, The Alomar SOUSY radar: technical design and further developments, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 473-476, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
171. Stauning, P., Investigations of ionospheric radio wave absorption processes using imaging riometer techniques, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 753-764, 1996a.
172. Stauning, P., High-latitude D- and E-region investigations using imaging riometer observations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 765-783, 1996b.
173. Strauch, R.G., D.A. Merritt, K.P. Moran, K.B. Earnshaw, and D. Van de Kamp, The Colorado windprofiler network, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 1, 37-49, 1984.
174. Sürücü, F., P.M. Franke, and E. Kudeki, On the use of software beam synthesis in multiple-receiver MF radar wind estimation, Radio Sci., 27, 775-782, 1992.
175. Sürücü, F., S.J. Franke, and E. Kudeki, On the influence of specular reflections in MF radar wind measurements, Radio Sci., 30, 1229-1244, 1995.
176. Swartz, W.E., J.Y.N. Cho, and C.A. Miller, CUPRI system configuration for NLC-91 and observations of PMSE during salvo A, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2287-2290, 1993.
177. Terina, G.I., Variations of the lower ionosphere parameters measured by the resonance scattering method, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 645-653, 1996.
178. Tsuda, T., Data acquisition and processing, MAP Handbook, 30, 151-183, SCOSTEP Secr., Univ of 111., Urbana, 1989.
179. Tsuda, T., T. Adachi, Y. Masuda, S. Fukao, and S. Kato, Observations of tropospheric temperature flucruations with the MU radar-RASS, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 50-62, 1994.
180. Tsuda, T., T.E. VanZandt, and H. Saito, Zenith-angle dependence of VHP specular reflection echoes in the lower atmosphere, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 59, 761-775, 1997a.
181. Tsuda, T., W.E. Gordon, and H. Saito, Azimuth angle variations of specular reflection echoes in the lower atmosphere observed with the MU radar, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 59, 777-784, 1997b.
182. Tsutsumi, M., T. Tsuda, and T. Nakamura, Temperature fluctuations near the mesopause inferred from meteor observations with the middle and upper atmosphere radar, Radio Sci., 29, 599-610, 1994.
183. Turek, R. S., K. L. Miller, R. G. Roper, and J. W. Brosnathan, Mesospheric wind studies during AIDA Act 89: morphology and comparison of various techniques, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1321-1343, 1995.
184. Turunen E., EISCAT incoherent scatter radar observations and model studies of day to twilight variarions in the D-region during the PCA event of August, 1989, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 55, 767-781, 1993.
185. Turunen E., Incoherent scatter radar contributions to high latitude D region aeronomy, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 707-726, 1996.
186. Valentic, T.A., J.P. Avery, S.K. Avery, M.A. Cervera, W.G. Elford, R.A. Vincent, and I.M. Reid, A comparison of meteor radar systems at Buckland Park, Radio Sd., 31, 1313-1329, 1996.
187. Van Baelen, J., COST-76: Development of VHF/UHF wind profilers and vertical sounders for use in European observing systems, in Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Technical and Scientific Aspects of MST Radar, edited by B. Edwards, pp. 493-495, STEP Handbook, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colo., 1996.
188. Vandepeer, B.G.W., and I.M. Reid, On the spaced antenna and imaging Doppler interferometer techniques, Radio Sci., 30, 885-901, 1995a.
189. Vandepeer, B.G.W., and I.M. Reid, Some preliminary results obtained with the new Adelaide MF Doppler radar, Radio Sci., 30, 1191-1203, 1995b.
190. VanZandt T.E., J.L. Green, K.S. Gage, and W.L. Clark, Vertical profiles of refractivity turbulence structure constant: Comparison of observations by the Sunset radar with a new theoretical model, Radio Sci., 13, 819-829, 1978.
191. 2 and ∈ in the free atmosphere from background profiles of wind, temperature and humidity, in Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Radar meteorology, pp. 129-135, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1981.
192. VanZandt, T.E., G.D. Nastrom, and J.L. Green, Frequency spectra of vertical velocity from Flatland VHF radar data, J. Geophys. Res., 2845-2855, 1991.
193. Vincent, R.A., and D. Lesicar, Dynamics of the equatorial mesosphere: First results with a new generation partial reflection radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 825-828, 1991.
194. Vincent, R.A., and LM. Reid, HF Doppler measurements of mesospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1321-1333, 1983.
195. Vincent, R.A., and J. Röttger, Spaced antenna VHF radar observations of tropospheric velocities and irregularities, Radio Sci., 15, 319-335, 1980.
196. Vincent, R.A., and T. J. Stubbs, A study of motions in the winter mesosphere using the partial reflection drift technique, Planet. Space Sci., 25, 441-455, 1977.
197. Vincent, R.A., P. May, W.K. Hocking, W.G. Elford, B. Candy, and B.H. Briggs, First results with the Adelaide VHF radar: Spaced antenna studies of tropospheric winds, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 353-366, 1987.
198. Vincent, R.A., T. Tsuda, and S. Kato. A comparative study of mesospheric solar tides observed at Adelaide and Kyoto. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 699-708, 1988.
199. Von Biel, H.A., Ionisation in the Antarctic stratosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 235-242, 1992.
200. Woodman, R. F., High-altitude-resolution stratospheric measurements with the Arecibo 2380-MHz radar, Radio Sci., 15, 423-430, 1980.
201. Woodman, R.F., and Y.-H. Chu, Aspect sensitivity measurements of VHF backscatter made with the Chung-Li radar: plausible mechanisms, Radio Sci., 24, 113-125, 1989.
202. Woodman, R.F., and A. Guillen, Radar observations of winds and turbulence in the stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 493-505, 1974.
203. Yamamoto, Y., T. Tsuda, and T. Adachi, Frequency spectra of wind velocity and temperature fluctuations observed with the MU radar-RASS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3647-3650, 1996.