메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 102, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 2001-2020

An updated review of polar mesosphere summer echoes: Observation, theory, and their relationship to noctilucent clouds and subvisible aerosols

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 0000957150     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd02030     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (279)

References (160)
  • 1
    • 0029342265 scopus 로고
    • Spatial interferometry measurements of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar
    • Alcala, C. M., J. Röttger, and M. C. Kelley, Spatial interferometry measurements of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar, Radio Sci., 30, 1205-1218, 1995.
    • (1995) Radio Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 1205-1218
    • Alcala, C.M.1    Röttger, J.2    Kelley, M.C.3
  • 3
    • 0001083862 scopus 로고
    • + and proton hydrates in a noctilucent cloud and polar mesospheric summer echo of August 9/10 1991 above Kiruna
    • + and proton hydrates in a noctilucent cloud and polar mesospheric summer echo of August 9/10 1991 above Kiruna, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2315-2318, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2315-2318
    • Balsiger, F.1    Kopp, E.2    Friedrich, M.3    Torkar, K.M.4    Wälchli, U.5
  • 5
    • 0006780758 scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between auroral electrojet intensity fluctuations and the wind field near the mesopause
    • Balsley, B. B., D. A. Carter, and W. L. Ecklund, On the relationship between auroral electrojet intensity fluctuations and the wind field near the mesopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 219-222, 1982.
    • (1982) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.9 , pp. 219-222
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Carter, D.A.2    Ecklund, W.L.3
  • 6
    • 0020202509 scopus 로고
    • Mesospheric radar echoes at Poker Flat, Alaska: Evidence for seasonally dependent generation mechanisms
    • Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, and D. C. Fritts, Mesospheric radar echoes at Poker Flat, Alaska: Evidence for seasonally dependent generation mechanisms, Radio Sci., 18, 1053-1058, 1983a.
    • (1983) Radio Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 1053-1058
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Ecklund, W.L.2    Fritts, D.C.3
  • 7
    • 0020828747 scopus 로고
    • VHF echoes from the high-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Observations and interpretations
    • Balsley, B. B., W. L. Ecklund, and D. C. Fritts, VHF echoes from the high-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere: Observations and interpretations, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2451-2466, 1983b.
    • (1983) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.40 , pp. 2451-2466
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Ecklund, W.L.2    Fritts, D.C.3
  • 8
    • 0021640933 scopus 로고
    • Monthly mean values of the mesospheric wind field over Poker Flat, Alaska
    • Balsley, B. B., and A. C. Riddle, Monthly mean values of the mesospheric wind field over Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2368-2375, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.41 , pp. 2368-2375
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Riddle, A.C.2
  • 9
    • 84905425987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the seasonal occurrence of northern hemispheric polar mesosphere summer echoes and mean mesopause temperatures
    • this issue
    • Balsley, B. B., and M. Huaman, Relationship between the seasonal occurrence of northern hemispheric polar mesosphere summer echoes and mean mesopause temperatures, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
    • J. Geophys. Res.
    • Balsley, B.B.1    Huaman, M.2
  • 12
    • 0022203731 scopus 로고
    • Middle atmosphere reference model derived from satellite data
    • Barnett, J. J., and M. Corney, Middle atmosphere reference model derived from satellite data, MAP Handb., 16, 47-85, 1985.
    • (1985) MAP Handb. , vol.16 , pp. 47-85
    • Barnett, J.J.1    Corney, M.2
  • 14
    • 0242271680 scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds and regions with polar mesospheric summer echoes studied by means of rocket-borne electron and ion DC-probes
    • Blix, T. A., and E. V. Thrane, Noctilucent clouds and regions with polar mesospheric summer echoes studied by means of rocket-borne electron and ion DC-probes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2303-2306, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2303-2306
    • Blix, T.A.1    Thrane, E.V.2
  • 17
    • 0030136462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous PMSE observations with ALOMAR-SOUSY and EISCAT-VHF radar during the ECHO-94 campaign
    • Bremer, J., P. Hoffmann, W. Singer, C. E. Meek, and R. Rüster, Simultaneous PMSE observations with ALOMAR-SOUSY and EISCAT-VHF radar during the ECHO-94 campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1075-1078, 1996b.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 1075-1078
    • Bremer, J.1    Hoffmann, P.2    Singer, W.3    Meek, C.E.4    Rüster, R.5
  • 18
    • 0000743528 scopus 로고
    • Excitation of field aligned sound waves by electron streams
    • Buneman, O., Excitation of field aligned sound waves by electron streams, Phys. Rev. Lett., 10, 285-287, 1963.
    • (1963) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.10 , pp. 285-287
    • Buneman, O.1
  • 19
    • 0020330328 scopus 로고
    • The summer wind field between 80 and 93 km observed by the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska (65°N)
    • Carter, D. A., and B. B. Balsley, The summer wind field between 80 and 93 km observed by the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska (65°N), J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2905-2915, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 2905-2915
    • Carter, D.A.1    Balsley, B.B.2
  • 20
    • 0003366512 scopus 로고
    • Polar mesosphere summer radar echoes: Observations and current theories
    • Cho, J. Y. N., and M. C. Kelley, Polar mesosphere summer radar echoes: Observations and current theories, Rev. Geophys., 31, 243-265, 1993.
    • (1993) Rev. Geophys. , vol.31 , pp. 243-265
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Kelley, M.C.2
  • 21
    • 0028812939 scopus 로고
    • PMSE dependence on longperiod vertical motions
    • Cho, J. Y. N., and R. L. Morley, PMSE dependence on longperiod vertical motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1197-1200, 1995.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 1197-1200
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Morley, R.L.2
  • 22
    • 0026454636 scopus 로고
    • On the role of charged aerosols in polar mesosphere summer echoes
    • Cho, J. Y. N., T. M. Hall, and M. C. Kelley, On the role of charged aerosols in polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 875-886, 1992a.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 875-886
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Hall, T.M.2    Kelley, M.C.3
  • 23
    • 84989515277 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of Thomson scatter by charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere: Measurements with a 1.29-GHz radar
    • Cho, J. Y. N., M. C. Kelley, and C. J. Heinselman, Enhancement of Thomson scatter by charged aerosols in the polar mesosphere: Measurements with a 1.29-GHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1097-1100, 1992b.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 1097-1100
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Kelley, M.C.2    Heinselman, C.J.3
  • 24
    • 0000921180 scopus 로고
    • CUPRI observations of PMSE during Salvo B of NLC-92: Evidence of both partial reflection and turbulent scatter
    • Cho, J. Y. N., W. E. Swartz, M. C. Kelley, and C. A. Miller, CUPRI observations of PMSE during Salvo B of NLC-92: Evidence of both partial reflection and turbulent scatter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2291-2294, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2291-2294
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Swartz, W.E.2    Kelley, M.C.3    Miller, C.A.4
  • 25
    • 0029774427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further effects of charged aerosols on summer mesospheric radar scatter
    • Cho, J. Y. N., C. M. Alcala, M. C. Kelley, and W. E. Swartz, Further effects of charged aerosols on summer mesospheric radar scatter, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 661-672, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.58 , pp. 661-672
    • Cho, J.Y.N.1    Alcala, C.M.2    Kelley, M.C.3    Swartz, W.E.4
  • 26
    • 0028195360 scopus 로고
    • Dualbeam observations by the EISCAT radars during PMSE conditions
    • Collis, P. N., M. T. Rietveld, and A. P. van Eyken, Dualbeam observations by the EISCAT radars during PMSE conditions, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 149-152, 1994.
    • (1994) Adv. Space Res. , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 149-152
    • Collis, P.N.1    Rietveld, M.T.2    Van Eyken, A.P.3
  • 27
    • 0023708548 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of heavy positive ions at the summer arctic mesopause from the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar
    • Collis, P. N., T. Turunen, and E. Turunen, Evidence of heavy positive ions at the summer arctic mesopause from the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 148-151, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 148-151
    • Collis, P.N.1    Turunen, T.2    Turunen, E.3
  • 28
    • 0003388459 scopus 로고
    • The Stokes drift due to vertically propagating internal gravity waves in a compressible atmosphere
    • Coy, L., D. C. Fritts, and J. Weinstock, The Stokes drift due to vertically propagating internal gravity waves in a compressible atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2636-2643, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 2636-2643
    • Coy, L.1    Fritts, D.C.2    Weinstock, J.3
  • 29
    • 0025560578 scopus 로고
    • Electrical stratification in the middle atmosphere
    • Croskey, C. L., L. C. Hale, and J. D. Mitchell, Electrical stratification in the middle atmosphere, Adv. Space Res., 10(10), 49-52, 1990.
    • (1990) Adv. Space Res. , vol.10 , Issue.10 , pp. 49-52
    • Croskey, C.L.1    Hale, L.C.2    Mitchell, J.D.3
  • 30
    • 0000184778 scopus 로고
    • Variations of mesospheric structures in different seasons
    • Czechowsky, P., R. Rüster, and G. Schmidt, Variations of mesospheric structures in different seasons, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 459-462, 1979.
    • (1979) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.6 , pp. 459-462
    • Czechowsky, P.1    Rüster, R.2    Schmidt, G.3
  • 31
    • 0000895396 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar measurements of the aspect sensitivity of the summer polar mesopause echoes over Andenes (69°N, 16°E), Norway
    • Czechowsky, P., I. M. Reid, and R. Rüster, VHF radar measurements of the aspect sensitivity of the summer polar mesopause echoes over Andenes (69°N, 16°E), Norway, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1259-1262, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 1259-1262
    • Czechowsky, P.1    Reid, I.M.2    Rüster, R.3
  • 32
    • 0024527601 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar echoes observed in the summer and winter polar mesosphere over Andøya, Norway
    • Czechowsky, P., I. M. Reid, R. Rüster, and G. Schmidt, VHF radar echoes observed in the summer and winter polar mesosphere over Andøya, Norway, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5199-5217, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94 , pp. 5199-5217
    • Czechowsky, P.1    Reid, I.M.2    Rüster, R.3    Schmidt, G.4
  • 34
    • 0000747643 scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds in daytime: Circumpolar particulate layers near the summer mesopause
    • Donahue, T. M., B. Guenther, and J. E. Blamont, Noctilucent clouds in daytime: Circumpolar particulate layers near the summer mesopause, J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1205-1209, 1972.
    • (1972) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 1205-1209
    • Donahue, T.M.1    Guenther, B.2    Blamont, J.E.3
  • 35
    • 0001108812 scopus 로고
    • Long-term observations of the Arctic mesosphere with the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska
    • Ecklund, W. L., and B. B. Balsley, Long-term observations of the Arctic mesosphere with the MST radar at Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 7775-7780, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 7775-7780
    • Ecklund, W.L.1    Balsley, B.B.2
  • 36
    • 0029529258 scopus 로고
    • Observation of polar mesospheric clouds in summer 1993 by the WINDII instrument on UARS
    • Evans, W. F. J., L. R. Laframboise, K. R. Sine, R. H. Wiens, and G. G. Shepherd, Observation of polar mesospheric clouds in summer 1993 by the WINDII instrument on UARS, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2793-2796, 1995.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 2793-2796
    • Evans, W.F.J.1    Laframboise, L.R.2    Sine, K.R.3    Wiens, R.H.4    Shepherd, G.G.5
  • 37
    • 0000080811 scopus 로고
    • A plasma instability resulting in field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere
    • Farley, D. T., A plasma instability resulting in field-aligned irregularities in the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 6083-6097, 1963.
    • (1963) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 6083-6097
    • Farley, D.T.1
  • 38
    • 0026869265 scopus 로고
    • Frequency domain interferometry of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar: A case study
    • Franke, S. J., J. Röttger, C. LaHoz, and C. H. Liu, Frequency domain interferometry of polar mesosphere summer echoes with the EISCAT VHF radar: A case study, Radio Sci., 27, 417-428, 1992.
    • (1992) Radio Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 417-428
    • Franke, S.J.1    Röttger, J.2    Lahoz, C.3    Liu, C.H.4
  • 39
    • 0001202757 scopus 로고
    • Common features of plasma density profiles during NLC
    • Friedrich, M., K. M. Torkar, and E. V. Thrane, Common features of plasma density profiles during NLC, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 161-164, 1994.
    • (1994) Adv. Space Res. , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 161-164
    • Friedrich, M.1    Torkar, K.M.2    Thrane, E.V.3
  • 41
    • 0024219293 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of gravity wave saturation and local turbulence production in the summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the STATE experiment
    • Fritts, D. C., S. A. Smith, B. B. Balsley, and C. R. Philbrick, Evidence of gravity wave saturation and local turbulence production in the summer mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the STATE experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 7015-7025, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 7015-7025
    • Fritts, D.C.1    Smith, S.A.2    Balsley, B.B.3    Philbrick, C.R.4
  • 42
    • 0001658224 scopus 로고
    • The silver-blue cloudlets again: Nucleation and growth of ice in the mesosphere
    • Gadsden, M., The silver-blue cloudlets again: Nucleation and growth of ice in the mesosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 29, 1079-1087, 1981.
    • (1981) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 1079-1087
    • Gadsden, M.1
  • 43
    • 0002487376 scopus 로고
    • A secular change in noctilucent cloud occurrence
    • Gadsden, M., A secular change in noctilucent cloud occurrence, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 247-251, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 247-251
    • Gadsden, M.1
  • 45
    • 0028192329 scopus 로고
    • Anweisungen für die photographischen Aufnahmen der leuchtenden Nachtwolken-103 years on
    • Gadsden, M., and M. J. Taylor, Anweisungen für die photographischen Aufnahmen der leuchtenden Nachtwolken-103 years on, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 447-459, 1994a.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 447-459
    • Gadsden, M.1    Taylor, M.J.2
  • 46
    • 0028193523 scopus 로고
    • Measurements of noctilucent cloud heights: A bench mark for changes in the mesosphere
    • Gadsden, M., and M. J. Taylor, Measurements of noctilucent cloud heights: A bench mark for changes in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 461-466, 1994b.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 461-466
    • Gadsden, M.1    Taylor, M.J.2
  • 47
    • 0024786130 scopus 로고
    • Electrodynamics of the high-latitude mesosphere
    • Goldberg, R. A., Electrodynamics of the high-latitude mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,661-14,672, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Goldberg, R.A.1
  • 48
    • 0000316160 scopus 로고
    • Ion composition in a noctilucent cloud region
    • Goldberg, R. A., and G. Witt, Ion composition in a noctilucent cloud region, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2619-2627, 1977.
    • (1977) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.82 , pp. 2619-2627
    • Goldberg, R.A.1    Witt, G.2
  • 49
    • 0028315618 scopus 로고
    • NLC-91: An experimental study of the polar summer mesosphere
    • Goldberg, R. A., E. Kopp, and G. Witt, NLC-91: An experimental study of the polar summer mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 113-122, 1994.
    • (1994) Adv. Space Res. , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 113-122
    • Goldberg, R.A.1    Kopp, E.2    Witt, G.3
  • 50
    • 84989509477 scopus 로고
    • An overview of NLC-91: A rocket/radar study of the polar summer mesosphere
    • Goldberg, R. A., E. Kopp, G. Witt, and W. E. Swartz, An overview of NLC-91: A rocket/radar study of the polar summer mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2443-2446, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2443-2446
    • Goldberg, R.A.1    Kopp, E.2    Witt, G.3    Swartz, W.E.4
  • 52
    • 0347281266 scopus 로고
    • Note on the scattering of electromagnetic waves from charged dust particles in a plasma
    • Hagfors, T., Note on the scattering of electromagnetic waves from charged dust particles in a plasma, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 333-338, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 333-338
    • Hagfors, T.1
  • 53
    • 0000239546 scopus 로고
    • Modification of the energy-wavenumber spectrum for heavy proton hydrates as tracers for isotropic turbulence at the summer mesopause
    • Hall, C., Modification of the energy-wavenumber spectrum for heavy proton hydrates as tracers for isotropic turbulence at the summer mesopause, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5549-5556, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 5549-5556
    • Hall, C.1
  • 54
    • 0027387149 scopus 로고
    • Height dependence of the Batchelor scale for positive-ion-traced neutral turbulence in the summer Arctic mesosphere
    • Hall, C., Height dependence of the Batchelor scale for positive-ion-traced neutral turbulence in the summer Arctic mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 1163-1170, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 1163-1170
    • Hall, C.1
  • 55
    • 0029507713 scopus 로고
    • On the occurrence of polar mesosphere summer echoes
    • Hall, C. M., On the occurrence of polar mesosphere summer echoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3469-3472, 1995.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 3469-3472
    • Hall, C.M.1
  • 56
    • 0030420525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatio-temporal predictions of polar mesospheric summer echoes
    • in press
    • Hall, C. M., Spatio-temporal predictions of polar mesospheric summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res.
    • Hall, C.M.1
  • 57
    • 84986409657 scopus 로고
    • High Schmidt numbers in the mesopause region from 224 MHz incoherent backscatter
    • Hall, C., and A. Brekke, High Schmidt numbers in the mesopause region from 224 MHz incoherent backscatter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 561-564, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 561-564
    • Hall, C.1    Brekke, A.2
  • 58
    • 0026791136 scopus 로고
    • A reevaluation of the Stokes drift in the polar summer mesosphere
    • Hall, T. M., J. Y. N. Cho, M. C. Kelley, and W. K. Hocking, A reevaluation of the Stokes drift in the polar summer mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 887-897, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 887-897
    • Hall, T.M.1    Cho, J.Y.N.2    Kelley, M.C.3    Hocking, W.K.4
  • 60
    • 84957134684 scopus 로고
    • Charged dust in the Earth's mesopause: Effects on radar backscatter
    • Havnes, O., F. Melandsø, C. La Hoz, T. K. Aslaksen, and T. Hartquist, Charged dust in the Earth's mesopause: Effects on radar backscatter, Phys. Scr., 45, 535-544, 1992.
    • (1992) Phys. Scr. , vol.45 , pp. 535-544
    • Havnes, O.1    Melandsø, F.2    La Hoz, C.3    Aslaksen, T.K.4    Hartquist, T.5
  • 63
    • 0022161350 scopus 로고
    • Measurement of turbulent energy dissipation rates in the middle atmosphere by radar techniques: A review
    • Hocking, W. K., Measurement of turbulent energy dissipation rates in the middle atmosphere by radar techniques: A review, Radio Sci., 20, 1403-1422, 1985.
    • (1985) Radio Sci. , vol.20 , pp. 1403-1422
    • Hocking, W.K.1
  • 64
    • 0020847030 scopus 로고
    • Pulse-length dependence of radar signal strengths for Fresnel backscatter
    • Hocking, W. K., and J. Rottger, Pulse-length dependence of radar signal strengths for Fresnel backscatter, Radio Sci., 18, 1312-1324, 1983.
    • (1983) Radio Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 1312-1324
    • Hocking, W.K.1    Rottger, J.2
  • 65
    • 0026221499 scopus 로고
    • Viscosity waves and thermal-conduction waves as a cause of "specular" reflectors in radar studies of the atmosphere
    • Hocking, W. K., S. Fukao, M. Yamamoto, T. Tsuda, and S. Kato, Viscosity waves and thermal-conduction waves as a cause of "specular" reflectors in radar studies of the atmosphere, Radio Sci., 26, 1281-1303, 1991.
    • (1991) Radio Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 1281-1303
    • Hocking, W.K.1    Fukao, S.2    Yamamoto, M.3    Tsuda, T.4    Kato, S.5
  • 67
    • 0027449884 scopus 로고
    • Molecular diffusion against large-scale upwelling - A layering process?
    • edited by E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
    • Hoppe, U.-P., Molecular diffusion against large-scale upwelling - A layering process?, in Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, edited by E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, pp. 353-361, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1993.
    • (1993) Coupling Processes in the Lower and middle Atmosphere , pp. 353-361
    • Hoppe, U.-P.1
  • 68
    • 0029529132 scopus 로고
    • High-resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the European incoherent scatter VHF radar, 1, Motion field characteristics and measurement biases
    • Hoppe, U.-P., and D. C. Fritts, High-resolution measurements of vertical velocity with the European incoherent scatter VHF radar, 1, Motion field characteristics and measurement biases, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,813-16,825, 1995a.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100
    • Hoppe, U.-P.1    Fritts, D.C.2
  • 69
    • 0028870691 scopus 로고
    • On the downward bias in vertical velocity measurements by VHF radars
    • Hoppe, U.-P., and D. C. Fritts, On the downward bias in vertical velocity measurements by VHF radars, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 619-622, 1995b.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 619-622
    • Hoppe, U.-P.1    Fritts, D.C.2
  • 70
    • 0001563032 scopus 로고
    • First observations of summer polar mesospheric backscatter with a 224-MHz radar
    • Hoppe, U.-P., C. Hall, and J. Röttger, First observations of summer polar mesospheric backscatter with a 224-MHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 28-31, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 28-31
    • Hoppe, U.-P.1    Hall, C.2    Röttger, J.3
  • 71
    • 0013422935 scopus 로고
    • Multiple-frequency studies of the high-latitude summer mesopause: Implications for scattering processes
    • Hoppe, U.-P., D. C. Fritts, I. M. Reid, P. Czechowsky, C. M. Hall, and T. L. Hansen, Multiple-frequency studies of the high-latitude summer mesopause: Implications for scattering processes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 907-926, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 907-926
    • Hoppe, U.-P.1    Fritts, D.C.2    Reid, I.M.3    Czechowsky, P.4    Hall, C.M.5    Hansen, T.L.6
  • 74
    • 0001085354 scopus 로고
    • Consistency of rocket and radar electron density observations: Implication about the anisotropy of mesospheric turbulence
    • Inhester, B., J. C. Ulwick, J. Y. N. Cho, M. C. Kelley, and G. Schmidt, Consistency of rocket and radar electron density observations: Implication about the anisotropy of mesospheric turbulence, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 855-873, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 855-873
    • Inhester, B.1    Ulwick, J.C.2    Cho, J.Y.N.3    Kelley, M.C.4    Schmidt, G.5
  • 76
    • 0005757334 scopus 로고
    • Charging of mesospheric particles: Implications for electron density and particle coagulation
    • Jensen, E. J., and G. E. Thomas, Charging of mesospheric particles: Implications for electron density and particle coagulation, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,603-18,615, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96
    • Jensen, E.J.1    Thomas, G.E.2
  • 77
    • 84986364630 scopus 로고
    • On the statistical correlation between polar mesospheric cloud occurrence and enhanced mesospheric radar echoes
    • Jensen, E. J., G. E. Thomas, and B. B. Balsley, On the statistical correlation between polar mesospheric cloud occurrence and enhanced mesospheric radar echoes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 315-318, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 315-318
    • Jensen, E.J.1    Thomas, G.E.2    Balsley, B.B.3
  • 79
    • 0024190460 scopus 로고
    • Large- and small-scale organization of electrons in the high-latitude mesosphere: Implications of the STATE data
    • Kelley, M. C., and J. C. Ulwick, Large- and small-scale organization of electrons in the high-latitude mesosphere: Implications of the STATE data, J. Geophys. Res., 93 7001-7008, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 7001-7008
    • Kelley, M.C.1    Ulwick, J.C.2
  • 80
    • 0000078606 scopus 로고
    • The effect of cluster ions on anomalous VHF backscatter from the summer polar mesosphere
    • Kelley, M. C., D. T. Parley, and J. Röttger, The effect of cluster ions on anomalous VHF backscatter from the summer polar mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 1031-1034, 1987.
    • (1987) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.14 , pp. 1031-1034
    • Kelley, M.C.1    Parley, D.T.2    Röttger, J.3
  • 83
    • 0026437327 scopus 로고
    • The formation of layered structures by parametric instability of finite-amplitude gravity waves
    • Klostermeyer, J., The formation of layered structures by parametric instability of finite-amplitude gravity waves, Adv. Space Res., 12(10), 203-206, 1992.
    • (1992) Adv. Space Res. , vol.12 , Issue.10 , pp. 203-206
    • Klostermeyer, J.1
  • 84
    • 5344280467 scopus 로고
    • The effect of ice particles on Thomson scattering from the polar summer mesopause region
    • Klostermeyer, J., The effect of ice particles on Thomson scattering from the polar summer mesopause region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2721-2724, 1994a.
    • (1994) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.21 , pp. 2721-2724
    • Klostermeyer, J.1
  • 85
    • 0028315209 scopus 로고
    • A two-ion ice particle model of the polar summer mesopause
    • Klostermeyer, J., A two-ion ice particle model of the polar summer mesopause, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5487-5497, 1994b.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 5487-5497
    • Klostermeyer, J.1
  • 86
    • 0029749112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the formation of electron depletions at the summer polar mesopause
    • Klostermeyer, J., On the formation of electron depletions at the summer polar mesopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 335-338, 1996.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 335-338
    • Klostermeyer, J.1
  • 87
    • 0005698672 scopus 로고
    • Radar scattering from dusty plasmas
    • La Hoz, C., Radar scattering from dusty plasmas, Phys. Scr., 45, 529-534, 1992.
    • (1992) Phys. Scr. , vol.45 , pp. 529-534
    • La Hoz, C.1
  • 88
    • 5244243111 scopus 로고
    • Ion properties of the high-latitude middle atmosphere
    • Li, C., J. D. Mitchell, and R. D. Brink, Ion properties of the high-latitude middle atmosphere, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 165-168, 1994.
    • (1994) Adv. Space Res. , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 165-168
    • Li, C.1    Mitchell, J.D.2    Brink, R.D.3
  • 89
    • 0001116736 scopus 로고
    • Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown
    • Lindzen, R. S., Turbulence and stress owing to gravity wave and tidal breakdown, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9707-9714, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.86 , pp. 9707-9714
    • Lindzen, R.S.1
  • 90
    • 0026295822 scopus 로고
    • Thermal structure of the mesopause region at polar latitudes
    • Lübken, F.-J., and U. von Zahn, Thermal structure of the mesopause region at polar latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 20,841-20,857, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96
    • Lübken, F.-J.1    Von Zahn, U.2
  • 94
    • 0030460821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds and the thermal structure near the Arctic mesopause in summer
    • Lübken, F.-J., K.-H. Fricke, and M. Langer, Noctilucent clouds and the thermal structure near the Arctic mesopause in summer, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9489-9508, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101 , pp. 9489-9508
    • Lübken, F.-J.1    Fricke, K.-H.2    Langer, M.3
  • 95
    • 0020904796 scopus 로고
    • Observations of the high-latitude ionosphere with the Poker Flat MST radar: Analyses using simultaneous Chatanika radar measurements
    • Luhmann, J. G., R. M. Johnson, M. J. Baron, B. B. Balsley, and A. C. Riddle, Observations of the high-latitude ionosphere with the Poker Flat MST radar: Analyses using simultaneous Chatanika radar measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 10,239-10,245, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.88
    • Luhmann, J.G.1    Johnson, R.M.2    Baron, M.J.3    Balsley, B.B.4    Riddle, A.C.5
  • 96
    • 0024823673 scopus 로고
    • Vertical motions in the upper middle atmosphere from the Saskatoon (52° N, 107° W) M. F. radar
    • Meek, C. E., and A. H. Manson, Vertical motions in the upper middle atmosphere from the Saskatoon (52° N, 107° W) M. F. radar, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 849-858, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 849-858
    • Meek, C.E.1    Manson, A.H.2
  • 97
    • 38249040390 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal transitions and possible polar mesospheric cloud regions calculated by a zonally averaged model of the middle atmosphere
    • Memmesheimer, M., V. Gärtner, and P. W. Blum, Seasonal transitions and possible polar mesospheric cloud regions calculated by a zonally averaged model of the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 48, 1185-1196, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.48 , pp. 1185-1196
    • Memmesheimer, M.1    Gärtner, V.2    Blum, P.W.3
  • 98
    • 0002858260 scopus 로고
    • CUPRI observations of PMSE during Salvo C of NLC-91: Evidence of a depressed mesopause temperature
    • Miller, C. A., J. Y. N. Cho, and W. E. Swartz, CUPRI observations of PMSE during Salvo C of NLC-91: Evidence of a depressed mesopause temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2295-2298, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2295-2298
    • Miller, C.A.1    Cho, J.Y.N.2    Swartz, W.E.3
  • 101
    • 0028668477 scopus 로고
    • Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers
    • Nastrom, G. D., and T. VanZandt, Mean vertical motions seen by radar wind profilers, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 984-995, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Appl. Meteorol. , vol.33 , pp. 984-995
    • Nastrom, G.D.1    Vanzandt, T.2
  • 102
    • 0030432620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First simultaneous and common volume observations of noctilucent clouds and polar mesosphere summer echoes by lidar and radar
    • Nussbaumer, V., K. H. Fricke, M. Langer, W. Singer, and U. von Zahn, First simultaneous and common volume observations of noctilucent clouds and polar mesosphere summer echoes by lidar and radar, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 19,161-19,167, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.101
    • Nussbaumer, V.1    Fricke, K.H.2    Langer, M.3    Singer, W.4    Von Zahn, U.5
  • 103
    • 0022857309 scopus 로고
    • Climatology of polar mesospheric clouds
    • Olivero, J. J., and G. E. Thomas, Climatology of polar mesospheric clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1263-1274, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 1263-1274
    • Olivero, J.J.1    Thomas, G.E.2
  • 104
    • 0017480153 scopus 로고
    • Exploring the Earth's atmosphere by photography from Skylab
    • Packer, D. M., and I. G. Packer, Exploring the Earth's atmosphere by photography from Skylab, Appl. Opt., 16, 983-992, 1977.
    • (1977) Appl. Opt. , vol.16 , pp. 983-992
    • Packer, D.M.1    Packer, I.G.2
  • 105
    • 0029751354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistical study of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed by EISCAT
    • Palmer, J. R., H. Rishbeth, G. O. L. Jones, and P. J. S. Williams, A statistical study of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed by EISCAT, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 307-315, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.58 , pp. 307-315
    • Palmer, J.R.1    Rishbeth, H.2    Jones, G.O.L.3    Williams, P.J.S.4
  • 107
    • 0000710374 scopus 로고
    • Rocket measurements showing removal of electrons above the mesopause in summer at high latitude
    • Pedersen, A., J. Tröim, and J. A. Kane, Rocket measurements showing removal of electrons above the mesopause in summer at high latitude, Planet. Space Sci., 18, 945-946, 1970.
    • (1970) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.18 , pp. 945-946
    • Pedersen, A.1    Tröim, J.2    Kane, J.A.3
  • 109
    • 0025656853 scopus 로고
    • Ice particles and electron "bite-outs" at the summer polar mesopause
    • Reid, G. C., Ice particles and electron "bite-outs" at the summer polar mesopause, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,891-13,896, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95
    • Reid, G.C.1
  • 110
    • 0041293866 scopus 로고
    • Charge balance at the summer polar mesopause: Ice particles, electrons, and PMSE
    • edited by R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • Reid, G. C., Charge balance at the summer polar mesopause: Ice particles, electrons, and PMSE, in The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory, Geophys. Monogr., vol. 87, edited by R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, pp. 201-207, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1995.
    • (1995) The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory, Geophys. Monogr. , vol.87 , pp. 201-207
    • Reid, G.C.1
  • 111
    • 84986366973 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar measurements of momentum flux in the summer polar mesosphere over Andenes (69°N, 16°E), Norway
    • Reid, I. M., R. Rüster, P. Czechowsky, and G. Schmidt, VHF radar measurements of momentum flux in the summer polar mesosphere over Andenes (69°N, 16°E), Norway, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1263-1266, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 1263-1266
    • Reid, I.M.1    Rüster, R.2    Czechowsky, P.3    Schmidt, G.4
  • 112
    • 84989558255 scopus 로고
    • First VHF radar measurements of mesopause summer echoes at mid-latitudes
    • Reid, I. M., P. Czechowsky, R. Rüster, and G. Schmidt, First VHF radar measurements of mesopause summer echoes at mid-latitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 135-138, 1989.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 135-138
    • Reid, I.M.1    Czechowsky, P.2    Rüster, R.3    Schmidt, G.4
  • 114
    • 0024896996 scopus 로고
    • How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?
    • Roble, R. G., and R. E. Dickinson, How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1441-1444, 1989.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 1441-1444
    • Roble, R.G.1    Dickinson, R.E.2
  • 115
    • 0027532846 scopus 로고
    • Middle atmosphere studies with the EISCAT radars: Polar mesosphere summer echoes
    • edited by E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
    • Röttger, J., Middle atmosphere studies with the EISCAT radars: polar mesosphere summer echoes, in Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, edited by E. V. Thrane, T. A. Blix, and D. C. Fritts, pp. 369-387, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1993.
    • (1993) Coupling Processes in the Lower and middle Atmosphere , pp. 369-387
    • Röttger, J.1
  • 116
    • 0028176985 scopus 로고
    • Middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere processes at high latitudes studied with the EISCAT radars
    • Röttger, J., Middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere processes at high latitudes studied with the EISCAT radars, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 1173-1195, 1994a.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 1173-1195
    • Röttger, J.1
  • 117
    • 0028328078 scopus 로고
    • Polar mesosphere summer echoes: Dynamics and aeronomy of the mesosphere
    • Röttger, J., Polar mesosphere summer echoes: Dynamics and aeronomy of the mesosphere, Adv. Space Res., 14(9), 123-138, 1994b.
    • (1994) Adv. Space Res. , vol.14 , Issue.9 , pp. 123-138
    • Röttger, J.1
  • 118
    • 0013432991 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar and possible explanations of their origin
    • Röttger, J., and C. La Hoz, Characteristics of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar and possible explanations of their origin, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 893-906, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 893-906
    • Röttger, J.1    La Hoz, C.2
  • 119
    • 0001563031 scopus 로고
    • The structure and dynamics of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar
    • Röttger, J., C. La Hoz, M. C. Kelley, U.-P. Hoppe, and C. Hall, The structure and dynamics of polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1353-1356, 1988.
    • (1988) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 1353-1356
    • Röttger, J.1    La Hoz, C.2    Kelley, M.C.3    Hoppe, U.-P.4    Hall, C.5
  • 120
    • 0025586294 scopus 로고
    • Steepening of reflectivity structures detected in high-resolution Doppler spectra of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar
    • Röttger, J., C. La Hoz, S. J. Franke, and C. H. Liu, Steepening of reflectivity structures detected in high-resolution Doppler spectra of polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) observed with the EISCAT 224-MHz radar, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 939-954, 1990a.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 939-954
    • Röttger, J.1    La Hoz, C.2    Franke, S.J.3    Liu, C.H.4
  • 121
    • 0001071408 scopus 로고
    • Polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 933-MHz radar and the CUPRI 46.9-MHz radar, their similarity to 224-MHz radar echoes and their relation to turbulence and electron density profiles
    • Röttger, J., M. T. Rietveld, C. La Hoz, T. Hall, M. C. Kelley, and W. E. Swartz, Polar mesosphere summer echoes observed with the EISCAT 933-MHz radar and the CUPRI 46.9-MHz radar, their similarity to 224-MHz radar echoes and their relation to turbulence and electron density profiles, Radio Sci., 25, 671-687, 1990b.
    • (1990) Radio Sci. , vol.25 , pp. 671-687
    • Röttger, J.1    Rietveld, M.T.2    La Hoz, C.3    Hall, T.4    Kelley, M.C.5    Swartz, W.E.6
  • 122
    • 0028140629 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar observations of nonlinear interactions in the summer polar mesosphere
    • Rüster, R., VHF radar observations of nonlinear interactions in the summer polar mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 1289-1299, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 1289-1299
    • Rüster, R.1
  • 123
    • 0028887296 scopus 로고
    • Velocity and associated echo power variations in the summer polar mesosphere
    • Rüster, R., Velocity and associated echo power variations in the summer polar mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 65-67, 1995.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 65-67
    • Rüster, R.1
  • 124
    • 0342672419 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar observations of the dynamics of the summer polar mesopause region
    • Rüster, R., and I. M. Reid, VHF radar observations of the dynamics of the summer polar mesopause region, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 10,005-10,016, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95
    • Rüster, R.1    Reid, I.M.2
  • 126
    • 84989499790 scopus 로고
    • First observation of mesopause temperatures lower than 100 K
    • Schmidlin, F. J., First observation of mesopause temperatures lower than 100 K, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1643-1647, 1992.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 1643-1647
    • Schmidlin, F.J.1
  • 127
    • 0027068850 scopus 로고
    • Detection of upper atmospheric negatively charged microclusters by a rocket-borne mass spectrometer
    • Schulte, P., and F. Arnold, Detection of upper atmospheric negatively charged microclusters by a rocket-borne mass spectrometer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 2297-2300, 1992.
    • (1992) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.19 , pp. 2297-2300
    • Schulte, P.1    Arnold, F.2
  • 128
    • 0026154917 scopus 로고
    • Interferometric cross-spectral studies of mesospheric scattering layers
    • Stitt, G. R., and E. Kudeki, Interferometric cross-spectral studies of mesospheric scattering layers, Radio Sci., 26, 783-799, 1991.
    • (1991) Radio Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 783-799
    • Stitt, G.R.1    Kudeki, E.2
  • 129
    • 0007661491 scopus 로고
    • Signs of wet weather in the polar mesosphere?
    • Stone, R., Signs of wet weather in the polar mesosphere?, Science, 253, 1488, 1991.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 1488
    • Stone, R.1
  • 130
    • 0001315796 scopus 로고
    • Ion-recombination nucleation and growth of ice particles in noctilucent clouds
    • Sugiyama, T., Ion-recombination nucleation and growth of ice particles in noctilucent clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3915-3929, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 3915-3929
    • Sugiyama, T.1
  • 132
    • 0029752986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oscillations in polar mesospheric summer echoes and bifurcation of noctilucent cloud formation
    • Sugiyama, T., Y. Muraoka, H. Sogawa, and S. Fukao, Oscillations in polar mesospheric summer echoes and bifurcation of noctilucent cloud formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 653-656, 1996.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 653-656
    • Sugiyama, T.1    Muraoka, Y.2    Sogawa, H.3    Fukao, S.4
  • 133
    • 0005723204 scopus 로고
    • CUPRI system configuration for NLC-91 and observations of PMSE during Salvo A
    • Swartz, W. E., J. Y. N. Cho, and C. A. Miller, CUPRI system configuration for NLC-91 and observations of PMSE during Salvo A, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2287-2290, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2287-2290
    • Swartz, W.E.1    Cho, J.Y.N.2    Miller, C.A.3
  • 134
    • 38249026468 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous observations of noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric radar echoes: Evidence for noncorrelation
    • Taylor, M. J., A. P. van Eyken, H. Rishbeth, G. Witt, N. Witt, and M. A. Clilverd, Simultaneous observations of noctilucent clouds and polar mesospheric radar echoes: Evidence for noncorrelation, Planet. Space Sci., 37, 1013-1020, 1989.
    • (1989) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.37 , pp. 1013-1020
    • Taylor, M.J.1    Van Eyken, A.P.2    Rishbeth, H.3    Witt, G.4    Witt, N.5    Clilverd, M.A.6
  • 135
    • 2842548937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of the lower ionosphere parameters measured by the resonance scattering method
    • Terina, G. I., Variations of the lower ionosphere parameters measured by the resonance scattering method, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 645-653, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.58 , pp. 645-653
    • Terina, G.I.1
  • 136
    • 0005301936 scopus 로고
    • Solar Mesospheric Explorer measurements of polar mesospheric clouds (noctilucent clouds)
    • Thomas, G. E., Solar Mesospheric Explorer measurements of polar mesospheric clouds (noctilucent clouds), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 819-824, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.46 , pp. 819-824
    • Thomas, G.E.1
  • 137
    • 0026283862 scopus 로고
    • Mesospheric clouds and the physics of the mesopause region
    • Thomas, G. E., Mesospheric clouds and the physics of the mesopause region, Rev. Geophys., 29, 553-575, 1991.
    • (1991) Rev. Geophys. , vol.29 , pp. 553-575
    • Thomas, G.E.1
  • 138
    • 85040511609 scopus 로고
    • Climatology of polar mesospheric clouds: Interannual variability and implications for long-term trends
    • edited by R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, AGU, Washington, D. C.
    • Thomas, G. E., Climatology of polar mesospheric clouds: Interannual variability and implications for long-term trends, in The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory, Geophys. Monogr., vol. 87, edited by R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, pp. 185-200, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1995.
    • (1995) The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory, Geophys. Monogr. , vol.87 , pp. 185-200
    • Thomas, G.E.1
  • 139
    • 0024484181 scopus 로고
    • Relation between increasing methane and the presence of ice clouds at the mesopause
    • Thomas, G. E., J. J. Olivero, E. J. Jensen, W. Schröder, and O. B. Toon, Relation between increasing methane and the presence of ice clouds at the mesopause, Nature, 338, 490-492, 1989.
    • (1989) Nature , vol.338 , pp. 490-492
    • Thomas, G.E.1    Olivero, J.J.2    Jensen, E.J.3    Schröder, W.4    Toon, O.B.5
  • 140
    • 0028323758 scopus 로고
    • The form of metre-scale turbulence at mesopause heights in summer
    • Thomas, L., and I. Astin, The form of metre-scale turbulence at mesopause heights in summer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 467-478, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 467-478
    • Thomas, L.1    Astin, I.2
  • 141
    • 0000434421 scopus 로고
    • The characteristics of VHF echoes from the summer mesopause region at midlatitudes
    • Thomas, L., I. Astin, and I. T. Prichard, The characteristics of VHF echoes from the summer mesopause region at midlatitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 54, 969-977, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.54 , pp. 969-977
    • Thomas, L.1    Astin, I.2    Prichard, I.T.3
  • 142
    • 0028586314 scopus 로고
    • Generation mechanism of polar mesosphere summer echoes
    • Trakhtengerts, V. Y., Generation mechanism of polar mesosphere summer echoes, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21,083-21,088, 1994a.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99
    • Trakhtengerts, V.Y.1
  • 143
    • 0027881391 scopus 로고
    • The generation of electric fields by aerosol particle flow in the middle atmosphere
    • Trakhtengerts, V. Y., The generation of electric fields by aerosol particle flow in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 56, 337-342, 1994b.
    • (1994) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.56 , pp. 337-342
    • Trakhtengerts, V.Y.1
  • 144
    • 0042523265 scopus 로고
    • Nonequilibrium electron density fluctuations and wave scattering in the mesosphere
    • Trakhtengerts, V. Y., and A. G. Demekhov, Nonequilibrium electron density fluctuations and wave scattering in the mesosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1153-1164, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.57 , pp. 1153-1164
    • Trakhtengerts, V.Y.1    Demekhov, A.G.2
  • 145
    • 0028425692 scopus 로고
    • Temperature fluctuations near the mesopause inferred from meteor observations with the middle and upper atmosphere radar
    • Tsutsumi, M., T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and S. Fukao, Temperature fluctuations near the mesopause inferred from meteor observations with the middle and upper atmosphere radar, Radio Sci., 29, 599-610, 1994.
    • (1994) Radio Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 599-610
    • Tsutsumi, M.1    Tsuda, T.2    Nakamura, T.3    Fukao, S.4
  • 146
    • 0001262338 scopus 로고
    • Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences
    • Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, R. C. Whitten, R. G. Keesee, and D. Hollenbach, Noctilucent clouds: Simulation studies of their genesis, properties and global influences, Planet. Space Sci., 30, 1147-1181, 1982.
    • (1982) Planet. Space Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 1147-1181
    • Turco, R.P.1    Toon, O.B.2    Whitten, R.C.3    Keesee, R.G.4    Hollenbach, D.5
  • 147
    • 0024229972 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of simultaneous MST radar and electron density probe measurements during STATE
    • Ulwick, J. C., K. D. Baker, M. C. Kelley, B. B. Balsley, and W. L. Ecklund, Comparison of simultaneous MST radar and electron density probe measurements during STATE, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 6989-7000, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 6989-7000
    • Ulwick, J.C.1    Baker, K.D.2    Kelley, M.C.3    Balsley, B.B.4    Ecklund, W.L.5
  • 148
    • 84989552706 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for two different structuring and scattering mechanisms and the associated role of aerosols in the polar summer mesosphere
    • Ulwick, J. C., M. C. Kelley, C. M. Alcala, T. A. Blix, and E. V. Thrane, Evidence for two different structuring and scattering mechanisms and the associated role of aerosols in the polar summer mesosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2307-2310, 1993.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 2307-2310
    • Ulwick, J.C.1    Kelley, M.C.2    Alcala, C.M.3    Blix, T.A.4    Thrane, E.V.5
  • 149
    • 0026120057 scopus 로고
    • A determination of the orientation of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo layers using the EISCAT as a dual beam radar
    • van Eyken, A. P., C. Hall, and P. J. S. Williams, A determination of the orientation of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echo layers using the EISCAT as a dual beam radar, Radio Sci., 26, 395-401, 1991.
    • (1991) Radio Sci. , vol.26 , pp. 395-401
    • Van Eyken, A.P.1    Hall, C.2    Williams, P.J.S.3
  • 150
    • 0024568103 scopus 로고
    • A theory of enhanced saturation of the gravity wave spectrum due to increases in atmospheric stability
    • VanZandt, T. E., and D. C. Fritts, A theory of enhanced saturation of the gravity wave spectrum due to increases in atmospheric stability, Pure Applied Geophys., 130, 399-420, 1989.
    • (1989) Pure Applied Geophys. , vol.130 , pp. 399-420
    • Vanzandt, T.E.1    Fritts, D.C.2
  • 151
    • 0024784680 scopus 로고
    • Mesopause temperatures in polar summer
    • von Zahn, U., and W. Meyer, Mesopause temperatures in polar summer, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,647-14,651, 1989.
    • (1989) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.94
    • Von Zahn, U.1    Meyer, W.2
  • 153
    • 0025621715 scopus 로고
    • Wind corners in the 70-100 km altitude range as observed from Andenes (69° latitude)
    • Widdel, H.-U., and U. von Zahn, Wind corners in the 70-100 km altitude range as observed from Andenes (69° latitude), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 995-1015, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. , vol.52 , pp. 995-1015
    • Widdel, H.-U.1    Von Zahn, U.2
  • 155
    • 0024921446 scopus 로고
    • Modulations in the polar mesosphere summer echoes and associated gravity waves
    • Williams, P. J. S., A. P. van Eyken, C. Hall, and J. Röttger, Modulations in the polar mesosphere summer echoes and associated gravity waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1437-1440, 1989.
    • (1989) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.16 , pp. 1437-1440
    • Williams, P.J.S.1    Van Eyken, A.P.2    Hall, C.3    Röttger, J.4
  • 156
    • 84984414955 scopus 로고
    • The association of polar mesosphere summer echo layers with tidal modes
    • Williams, P. J. S., G. O. L. Jones, J. R. Palmer, and H. Rishbeth, The association of polar mesosphere summer echo layers with tidal modes, Ann. Geophys., 13, 454-457, 1995.
    • (1995) Ann. Geophys. , vol.13 , pp. 454-457
    • Williams, P.J.S.1    Jones, G.O.L.2    Palmer, J.R.3    Rishbeth, H.4
  • 157
    • 0003075113 scopus 로고
    • Height, structure, and displacements of noctilucent clouds
    • Witt, G., Height, structure, and displacements of noctilucent clouds, Tellus, 14, 1-18, 1962.
    • (1962) Tellus , vol.14 , pp. 1-18
    • Witt, G.1
  • 158
    • 0016034493 scopus 로고
    • Radar observations of winds and turbulence in the stratosphere and mesosphere
    • Woodman, R. F., and A. Guillén, Radar observations of winds and turbulence in the stratosphere and mesosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 493-505, 1974.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 493-505
    • Woodman, R.F.1    Guillén, A.2
  • 159
    • 21144469476 scopus 로고
    • VHF radar observations of gravity wave critical layers in the polar summer mesopause region
    • Yi, F., J. Klostermeyer, and R. Rüster, VHF radar observations of gravity wave critical layers in the polar summer mesopause region, Ann. Geophys., 10, 887-894, 1992.
    • (1992) Ann. Geophys. , vol.10 , pp. 887-894
    • Yi, F.1    Klostermeyer, J.2    Rüster, R.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.