Cellular factors as alternative targets for inhibition of HIV-1

Antiviral Research

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 141-152

  Baba, Masanori ^a  

^a KAGOSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cofactor; Heat shock; HIV 1; NF B; OM 10.1; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

12 (2 CYANOETHYL) 6,7,12,13 TETRAHYDRO 13 METHYL 5 OXOINDOLO[2,3 A]PYRROLO[3,4 C]CARBAZOLE; 3 (3 PYRIDYL) 1H,3H PYRROLO[1,2 C]THIAZOLE 7 CARBOXAMIDE; ACACETIN; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; APIGENIN; BENZOTHIOPHENE DERIVATIVE; BREFELDIN A; CHRYSIN; CT 2576; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYCLOSPORIN A [4 N METHYLISOLEUCINE]; EBSELEN; FLAVONOID; GLUTATHIONE; OLTIPRAZ; PIPERANOMETOZINE; THALIDOMIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; HEAT SHOCK; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIRUS INHIBITION;

EID: 0031019517     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3542(96)01010-8     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abravaya, K., Myers, M.P., Murphy, S.P. and Morimoto, R.I. (1992) The human heat shock protein hsp70 interacts with HSF, the transcription factor that regulates heat shock gene expression. Genes Dev. 6, 1153-1164.
2. Alcami, J., de Lera, T.L., Folgueira, L., Pedraza, M.-A., Jacqué, J.-M., Bachelerie, F., Noriega, A.R., Hay, R.T., Harrich, D., Gaynor, R.B., Virelizier, J.-L. and Arenzana-Seisdedos, F. (1995) Absolute dependence on κB responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 lymphocytes. EMBO J. 14, 1552-1560.
3. Alkhatib, G., Combadiere, C., Broder, C.C., Feng, Y., Kennedy, P.E., Murphy, P.M. and Berger, E.A. (1996) CC CKR5: A RANTES, MIP-1α, MIP-1β receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272, 1955-1958.
4. Baba, M., Balzarini, J., Pauwels, R. and De Clercq E. (1995) HIV-1-specific reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In: P. Mohan and M. Baba, (Eds.), Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Challenges, Strategies and Prospects, pp. 239-267, Harwood, Chur, Switzerland.
5. Baler, R., Welch, W.J. and Voellmy, R. (1992) Heat shock gene regulation by nascent polypeptides and denatured proteins: hsp70 as a potential autoregulatory factor. J. Cell. Biol. 117, 1151-1159.
6. Berkhout, B., Gatignol, A., Rabson, B. and Jeang, K.-T. (1990) TAR-independent activation of the HIV-1 LTR: evidence that Tat requires specific regions of the promoter. Cell 62, 757-767.
7. Biswas, D.K., Dezuke, B.J., Ahlers, C.M. and Pardee, A.B. (1993) Pentoxifylline inhibits HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression by blocking NF-κB action. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 6, 778-786.
8. Bryant, M.L., Ratner, L., Duronio, R.J., Kishore, N.S., Devadas, B., Adams, S.P. and Gordon, J.I. (1991) Incorporation of 12-methoxydodecanoate into the human immunodeficiency virus 1 gag polyprotein precursor inhibits its proteolytic processing and virus production in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2055-2059.
9. Burgunder, J.M., Varriale, A. and Lauterburg, B.H. (1989) Effect of N-acetylcysteine on plasma cysteine and glutathione following paracetamol administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 36, 127-131.
10. + cell model of chronic infection. J. Virol. 65, 4645-4653.
11. Butera, S.T., Roberts, B.D., Critchfield, J.W., Fang, G., McQuade, T., Gracheck, S.J. and Folks, T.M. (1995) Compounds that target novel cellular components involved in HIV-1 transcription. Mol. Med. 1, 758-767.
12. + T cells. Science 270, 1811-1815.
13. Condra, J.H., Holder, D.J., Schleif, W.A., Chodakewitz, J.A., Massari, F.E., Blahy, O.M., Danovich, R.M., Gabryelski, L.J., Laird, D., Quintero, J.C., Rhodes, A., Robbins, H.L., Roth, E., Shivaprakash, M., Yang, T. and Emini, E.A. (1996) Bi-directional inhibition of HIV-1 drug resistance selection by combination therapy with indinavir and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. XI International Conference on AIDS, Abstract Th.B.932.
14. Critchfield, J.W., Butera, S.T. and Folks, T.M. (1996) Inhibition of HIV activation in latently infected cells by flavonoid compounds. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12, 39-46.
15. De Clercq, E. (1995a) Antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 8, 200-239.
16. De Clercq, E. (1995b) Toward improved anti-HIV chemotherapy: therapeutic strategies for intervention with HIV infections. J. Med. Chem. 38, 2491-2517.
17. De Clercq, E. (1996) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections: strategies to overcome drug resistance development. Med. Res. Rev. 16, 125-157.
18. Deng, H., Liu, R., Ellmeier, W., Choe, S., Unutmaz, D., Burkhart, M., Di Marzio, P., Marmon, S., Sutton, R.E., Hill, C.M., Davis, C.B., Peiper, S.C., Schall, T.J., Littman, D.R. and Landau, N.R. (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381, 661-666.
19. Dezube, B.J. and Lederman, M.M. (1995) Pentoxifylline for the treatment of HIV infection and its complications. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 25, S139-S142.
20. Diaz-Meco, M.T., Dominiguez, I., Sanz, L., Dent, P., Lozano, J., Municio, M.M., Berra, E., Hay, R.T., Sturgill, T.W. and Moscat, J. (1994) ζ PKC induces phosphorylation and inactivation of IκB in vitro. EMBO J. 13, 2842-2848.
21. Dragic, T., Chameau, P., Clavel., F. and Alizon, M. (1992) Complementation of murine cells for human immunodeficiency virus envelope/CD4-mediated fusion in human/ murine heterokaryons. J. Virol. 66, 4794-4802.
22. + cells is mediated by the chemokine receptor CC-CKR-5. Nature 381, 667-673.
23. Fauci, A.S. (1993) Multifactorial nature of human immunodeficiency virus disease: implication for therapy. Science 262, 1011-1018.
24. Fauci, A.S., Pantaleo, G., Stanley, S. and Weissman, D. (1996) Immunopathogenic mechanism of HIV infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 124, 654-663.
25. Fazely, F., Dezube, B.J., Allen-Ryan, J., Perdee, A.B. and Ruprecht, R.M. (1991) Pentoxifylline (Trental) decreases the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in cultured T cells. Blood 77, 1653-1656.
26. Feng, Y., Broder, C.C., Kennedy, P.E. and Berger, E.A. (1996) HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science 272, 872-877.
27. Feorino, P.M., Butera, S.T., Folks, T.M. and Schinazi, R.F. (1993) Prevention of activation of HIV-1 by antiviral agents in OM-10.1 cells. Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 4, 55-63.
28. Folgueira, L., McElhinny, J.A., Bren, G.D., MacMorran, W., Diaz-Meco, M, Moscat, J. and Paya, C.V. (1996) Protein kinase C-ζ mediates NF-κB activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes. J. Virol. 70, 223-231.
29. Folks, T.M., Justement, J., Kinter, A., Dinarello, C.A. and Fauci, A.S. (1987) Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocytic cell line. Science 238, 800-802.
30. Franke, E.K., Yuan, H.E.H. and Luban, J. (1994) Specific incorporation of cyclophilin A into HIV-1 virions. Nature 372, 359-362.
31. Gulick, R.M., Mellors, J., Havlir, D., Eron, J., Gonzalez, C., McMahon, D., Richman, D., Valentine, F., Rooney, J., Jonas, L., Meibohm, A., Emini, E. and Chodakewitz, J. (1996) Potent and sustained antiretroviral activity of indinavir (IDV), zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC). XI International Conference on AIDS, Abstract Th.B.931.
32. Gnabre, J.N., Brady, J.N., Clanton, D.J., Ito, Y., Dittmer, J., Bates, R.B. and Huang, R.C.C. (1995) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and replication by DNA sequence-selective plant lignans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11239-11243.
33. Göttlinger, H.G., Sodroski, J.G. and Haseltine, W.A. (1989) Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5781-5785.
34. Hannun, Y.A. (1994) The sphingomyelin cycle and the second messenger function of ceramide. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 3125-3128.
35. Hashimoto, K., Baba, M., Gohnai, K., Sato, M. and Shigeta, S. (1996) Heat shock induces HIV-1 replication in chronically infected promyelocyte cell line OM 10.1. Arch. Virol. 141, 439-447.
36. + T lymphocytes. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovir. 10, 393-399.
37. Ho, W.-Z. and Douglas, S.D. (1992) Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human monocyte/macrophages in vitro. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8, 1249-1253.
38. Hsu, M.-C., Schutt, A.D., Holly, M., Slice, L.W., Sherman, M.I., Richman, D.D., Potash, M.J. and Volsky, D.J. (1991) Inhibition of HIV replication in acute and chronic infections in vitro by a Tat antagonist. Science 254, 1799-1802.
39. Jones, K.A., Kadonaga, J.T., Luciw, P.A. and Tjian, R. (1986) Activation of the AIDS retrovirus promoter by the cellular transcription factor Sp1. Science 232, 755-759.
40. Kalebic, T., Kinter, A., Poli, G., Anderson, M.E., Meister, A. and Fauci, A.S. (1991) Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected monocytic cells by glutathione, glutathione ester, and N-acetylcysteine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 986-990.
41. Kamine, J., Subramanian, T. and Chinnadurai, G. (1991) Sp1-dependent activation of a synthetic promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8510-8514.
42. Karpas, A., Lowdell, M., Jacobson, S.K. and Hill, F. (1992) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus and growth of infected T cells by the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK-506. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 8351-8355.
43. Kira, T., Merin, J.P., Baba, M., Shigeta, S. and Okamoto, T. (1995) Anti-Tat MTT assay: a novel anti-HIV drug screeinig system using the viral regulatory network of replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11, 1359-1366.
44. Kopp, E. and Ghosh, S. (1994) Inhibition of NF-κB by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Science 265, 956-959.
45. Kretz-Remy, C. and Arrigo, A.-P. (1994) The kinetics of HIV-1 long terminal repeat transcriptional activation resemble those of hsp70 promoter in heat shock treated HeLa cells. FEBS Lett. 351, 191-196.
46. Legrand-Poels, S., Vaira, D., Pincemail, J., Van de Vorst, A. and Piette, J. (1990) Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by oxidative stress. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 6, 1389-1397.
47. Leung, D.W., Peterson, P.K., Weeks, P., Gekker, G., Chao, C.C., Kaplan, A.H., Balantac, N., Tompkins, C., Underiner, G.E., Bursten, S., Harris, W., Bianco, J.A. and Singer, J.W. (1995) CT-2576, an inhibitor of phospholipid signaling, suppresses constitutive and induced expression of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 4813-4817.
48. Li, C.J., Zhang, L.J., Dezube, B.J., Crumpacker, C.S. and Pardee, A.B. (1993) Three inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat-directed gene expression and virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1839-1842.
49. Luciw, P.A. and Shacklett, B.L. (1993) Molecular biology of the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. In: W.J.W. Morrow and N.L. Haigwood, (Eds.), Molecular organization, pathogenicity and treatment, pp. 123-219, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
50. Luznik, L., Kraus, S., Gutatelli, J., Richman, D. and Wong-Staal, F. (1995) Tat-independent replication of human immunodeficiency virus. J. Clin. Invest. 95-328-332.
51. Makonkawkeyoon, S., Limson-Pobre, R.N.R., Moreira, A.L., Schauf, V. and Kaplan, G. (1993) Thalidomide inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 5974-5978.
52. Markowitz, M., Cao, Y., Hurley, A., O'Donovan, R., Heath-Chiozzi, M., Leonard, J., Smiley, L., Keller, A., Johnson, D., Johnson, P. and Ho, D.D. (1996) Triple therapy with AZT, 3TC, and ritonavir in 12 subjects newly infected with HIV-1. XI International Conference on AIDS, Abstract Th.B.933.
53. Maruyama, I., Maruyama, Y., Nakajima, T., Kitajima, I., Osame, M., Zhao, J.-Q., Chen, I.S.Y., Nakai, S., Ikeda, M., Yabu-uchi, Y. and Adachi, M. (1993) Vesnarinone inhibits production of HIV-1 in cultured cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195, 1264-1271.
54. McCune, J.M., Rabin, L.B., Feinberg, M.B., Lieberman, M., Mosek, J.C., Reyes, G.R. and Weissman, L.L. (1988) Endoproteolytic cleavage of gp160 is required for the activation of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 53, 55-67.
55. McNeely, T.B., Dealy, M., Dripps, D.J., Orenstein, J.M., Eisenberg, S.P. and Wahl, S.M. (1995) Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor: a human saliva protein exhibiting anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 activity in vitro. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 456-464.
56. Merin, J.P., Matsuyama, M., Kira, T., Baba, M. and Okamoto, T. (1996) α-Lipoic acid blocks HIV-1 LTR-dependent expression of hygromycin resistance in THP-1 stable transformants. FEBS Lett. 394, 9-13.
57. Mihm, S., Ennen, J., Pessara, U., Kurth, R. and Dröge, W. (1991) Inhibition of HIV-1 replication and NF-κB activity by cysteine and cysteine derivatives. AIDS 5, 497-503.
58. Moreira, A.L., Sampaio, E.P., Zmuidzinas, A., Frindt, P., Smith, K.A. and Kaplan, G. (1993) Thalidomide exerts its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha by enhancing mRNA degradation. J. Exp. Med. 177, 1675-1680.
59. Nabel, G. and Baltimore, D. (1987) An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326, 711-713.
60. Naour, R.L., Clayette, P., Henin, Y., Mabondzo, A., Raoul, H., Bousseau, A. and Dormont, D. (1994) Infection of human macrophages with an endogenous tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate is unresponsive to the TNF-α synthesis inhibitor RP 55778. J. Gen. Virol. 75, 1379-1388.
61. Navarro, J., Punzón, M.C., Pizarro, A., Fernández-Cruz, E., Fresno, M. and Muñoz-Fernández, M.A. (1996) Pentoxifylline inhibits acute HIV-1 replication in human T cells by a mechanism not involving inhibition of tumor necrosis factor synthesis or nuclear factor-KB activation. AIDS 10, 469-475.
62. Nelson, J.A., Ghazal, P. and Wiley, C.A. (1990) Role of opportunistic viral infections in AIDS. AIDS 4, 1-10.
63. Neurath, A.R., Jiang, S., Strick, N., Lin, K., Li, Y.-Y. and Debnath, A.K. (1996) Bovine β-lactoglobulin modified by 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride blocks the CD4 cell receptor for HIV. Nature Med. 2, 230-234.
64. Pal, R., Hoke, G.M. and Sarngadharan, M.G. (1989) Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 3384-3388.
65. Pal, R., Mumbauer, S., Hoke, G.M., Takatsuki, A. and Sarngadharan, M.G. (1991) Brefeldin A inhibits the processing and secretion of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7, 707-712.
66. Parnham, M.J. and Graf, E. (1987) Seleno-organic compounds and the therapy of hydroperoxide-linked pathological conditions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36, 3095-3102.
67. Pauwels, R., Balzarini, J., Baba, M., Snoeck, R., Schols, D., Herdewijn, P., Desmyter, J. and De Clercq E. (1988) Rapid and automated tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay for the detection of anti-HIV compounds. J. Virol. Methods 20, 309-321.
68. Paxton, W.A., Martin, S.R., Tse, D., O'Brien, T.R., Skurnick, J., VanDevanter, N.L., Padian, N., Braun, J.F., Kotler, D.P., Wolinsky, S.M. and Koup, R.A. (1996) Relative resistance to HIV-1 infection of CD4 lymphocytes from persons who remain uninfected despite multiple high-risk sexual exposures. Nature Med. 2, 412-417.
69. Perelson, A.S., Neumann, A.U., Markowitz, M., Leonard, J.M. and Ho, D.D. (1996) HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271, 1582-1586.
70. Prochaska, H.J., Bornmann, W.G., Baron, P. and Polsky, B. (1995) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by 7-methyl-6,8-bis(methylthio)pyrrolo-[1,2-α]pyrazine, an in vivo metabolite of oltipraz. Mol. Pharmacol. 48, 15-20.
71. Prochaska, H.J., Fernandes, C.L., Pantoja, R.M. and Chavan, S.J. (1996) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-driven transcription by an in vivo metabolite of oltipraz: implications for antiretroviral therapy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 221, 548-553.
72. Prochaska, H.J., Yeh, Y., Baron, P. and Polsky, B. (1993) Oltipraz, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 3953-3957.
73. Qatsha, K.A., Rudolph, C., Marmé, D., Schächtele, C. and May, W.S. (1993) Gö 6976, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C, is a potent antagonist of human immunodefi-ciency virus 1 induction from latent/low-level-producing reservoir cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4674-4678.
74. Rice, G.C., Brown, P.A., Nelson, R.J., Bianco, J.A., Singer, J.W. and Bursten, S. (1994) Protection from endotoxic shock in mice by pharmacologic inhibition of phosphatidic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3857-3861.
75. Roederer, M., Raju, P.A., Staal, F.J.T., Ela, S.W., Herzenberg, L.A. and Herzenberg, L.A. (1991) N-Acetylcysteine inhibits latent HIV expression in chronically infected cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 7, 563-567.
76. Roederer, M., Staal, F.J.T., Raju, P.A., Ela, S.W., Herzenberg, L.A. and Herzenberg, L.A. (1990) Cytokine-stimulated human immunodeficiency virus replication is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 4884-4888.
77. Rosenwirth, B., Billich, A., Datema, R., Donatsch, P., Hammerschmid, F., Harrison, R., Hiestand, P., Jaksche, H., Mayer, P., Peichl, P., Quesniaux, V., Schatz, F., Schuurman, H.J., Traber, R., Wenger, R., Wolff, B., Zenke, G. and Zurini, M. (1994) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by SDZ NIM 811, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporine analog. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1763-1772.
78. Roulston, A., Lin, R., Beauparlant, P., Wainberg, M.A. and Hiscott, J. (1995) Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytokine gene expression in myeloid cells by NF-κB/Rel transcription factors. Microbiol. Rev. 59, 481-505.
79. Schreck, R, Rieber, P. and Baeuerle, P.A. (1991) Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of NF-κB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10, 2247-2258.
80. Schutze, S., Potthoff, K., Machleidt, T., Berkovic, D., Wiegmann, K. and Kronke M. (1992) TNF activation NF-κB by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-induced acidic sphingomyelin breakdown. Cell 71, 765-776.
81. Staal, F.J.T., Roederer, M., Herzenberg, L.A. and Herzenberg, L.A. (1990) Intracellular thiols regulate activation of nuclear factor κB and transcription of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9943-9947.
82. Staal, F.J.T., Roederer, M., Raju, P.A., Anderson, M.T., Ela, S.W., Herzenberg, L.A. and Herzenberg, L.A. (1993) Antioxidants inhibit stimulation of HIV transcription. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 9, 299-306.
83. Stanley, S.K., Bressler, P.B., Poli, G. and Fauci, A.S. (1990) Heat shock induction of HIV production from chronically infected promonocytic and T cell lines. J. Virol. 145, 1120-1126.
84. Thali, M., Bukovsky, A., Kondo, E., Rosenwirth, B., Walsh, C.T., Sodroski, J. and Göttlinger, H.G. (1994) Functional association of cyclophilin A with HIV-1 virions. Nature 372, 363-365.
85. Thanos, D. and Maniatis, T. (1995) NF-κB: a lesson in family values. Cell 80, 529-532.
86. Tramontana, J.M., Utaipat, U., Molloy, A., Akarasewi, P., Burroughs, M., Makonkawkeyoon, S., Johnson, B., Klausner, J.D., Rom, W. and Kaplan, G. (1995) Thalidomide treatment reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and enhances weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Mol. Med. 1, 384-397.
87. Turpin, J.A., Schaeffer, C.A., Bu, M., Graham, L., Buckheit Jr., R.W., Clanton, D. and Rice, W.G. (1996) Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) replication is unaffected by human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Antiviral Res. 29, 269-277.
88. Wallis, R.S., Vjecha, M., Amir-Tahmasseb, M., Okwera, A., Byekwaso, F., Nyole, S., Kabengera, S., Mugerwa, R.D. and Ellner, J.J. (1993) Influence of tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1): enhanced cytokine expression and elevated β2-microglobulin in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. J. Infect. Dis. 167, 43-48.
89. Weissman, D., Poli, G., Bousseau, A. and Fauci, A.S. (1993) A platelet-activating factor antagonist, RP 55778, inhibits cytokine-dependent induction of human immunodeficiency virus expression in chronically infected promonocyte cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2537-2541.
90. Willey, R.L., Bonifacino, J.S., Potts, B.J., Martin, M.A. and Klausner, R.D. (1988) Biosynthesis, cleavage, and degradation of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 envelope glycoprotein gp160. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9580-9584.
91. Witvrouw, M., Pauwels, R., Vandamme, A., Schols, R., Reymen, D., Yamamoto, N., Desmyter, J. and De Clercq E. (1992) Cell type-specific anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity of the transactivation inhibitor Ro5-3335. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36, 2628-2633.
92. Woloschak, G.E., Panozzo, J., Schreck, S. and Libertin, C.R. (1995) Salicylic acid inhibits ultraviolet- and cis-platinum-induced human immunodeficiency virus expression. Cancer Res. 55, 1696-1700.