Role of dendritic cells in immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 358-367

  Weissman, Drew ^a   Fauci, Anthony S ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CELL FUNCTION; DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS; INTERDIGITATING CELL; LANGERHANS CELL; LIFE CYCLE; LYMPHOID CELL; LYMPHOID ORGAN; MEMORY CELL; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; SKIN; SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 0030964861     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.2.358-367.1997     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Ardavin, C., L. Wu, C. L. Li, and K. Shortman. 1993. Thymic dendritic cells and T cells develop simultaneously in the thymus from a common precursor population. Nature 362:761-763.
2. Ayehunie, S., R. W. Groves, A. M. Bruzzese, R. M. Ruprecht, T. S. Kupper, and E. Langhoff. 1995. Acutely infected Langerhans cells are more efficient than T cells in disseminating HIV type 1 to activated T cells following a short cell-cell contact. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 11:877-884.
3. Barker, T., D. Weissman, J. Daucher, K. M. Roche, and A. S. Fauci. 1996. Identification of multiple and distinct CD8 positive T cell suppressor activities: dichotomy between infected and uninfected individuals, evolution with progression of disease, and sensitivity to gamma irradiation. J. Exp. Med. 156:4476-4483.
4. + cytolytic T cell responses. J. Exp. Med. 182:1663-1671.
5. + T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2:797-807.
6. Blauvelt, A., M. Clerici, D. R. Lucey, S. M. Steinberg, R. Yarchoan, R. Walker, G. M. Shearer, and S. I. Katz. 1995. Functional studies of epidermal Langerhans cells and blood monocytes in HIV-infected persons. J. Immunol. 154:3506-3515.
7. Blauvelt, A., C. Chougnet, G. M. Shearez, and S. I. Katz. 1996. Modulation of T cell responses to recall antigens presented by Langerhans cells in HIV-discordant identical twins by anti-interleukin (IL)-10 antibodies and IL-12. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1550-1555.
8. Blauvelt, A., and S. I. Katz. 1995. The skin as target, vector, and effector organ in human immunodeficiency virus disease. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105: 122S-126S.
9. Borrow, P., C. F. Evans, and M. B. Oldstone. 1995. Virus-induced immunosuppression: immune system-mediated destruction of virus-infected dendritic cells results in generalized immune suppression. J. Virol. 69:1059-1070.
10. Braathen, L. R., G. Ramirez, R. O. Kunze, and H. Gelderblom. 1987. Langerhans cells as primary target cells for HIV infection. Lancet ii:1094.
11. Brookes, R., L. A. Bergmeler, E. Mitchell, J. Walker, L. Tao, L Klavinskis, N. J. Meyers, G. Layton, S. E. Adams, and T. Lehner. 1995. Generation of diversity in the hierarchy of T-cell epitope responses following different routes of immunization with simian immunodeficiency virus protein. AIDS 9:1017-1024.
12. + T cells clonal expansion. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 88:226-236.
13. + T cells. Science 257:383-387.
14. Cameron, P., M. Pope, A. Granelli-Piperno, and R. M. Steinman. 1996. Dendritic cells and the replication of HIV-1. J. Leukocyte Biol. 59:158-171.
15. + T cells during an immune response to HIV-1-pulsed dendritic cells. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10:61-71.
16. Caux, C., C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, D. Schmitt, and J. Banchereau. 1992. GM-CSF and TNF-alpha cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells. Nature 360:258-261.
17. Caux, C., Y.-J. Liu, and J. Banchereau. 1995. Recent advances in the study of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells. Immunol. Today 16:2-4.
18. + T cells and process soluble antigen. J. Immunol. 155:5427-5435.
19. + derived dendritic/Langerhans cells (D-Lc). Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:1-5.
20. Charbonnier, A. S., F. Mallet, M. M. Fiers, C. Desgranges, C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, and D. Schmitt. 1994. Detection of HIV-specific DNA sequences in epidermal Langerhans cells infected in vitro by means of a cell-free system. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 287:36-41.
21. Chehimi, J., K. Prakash, V. Shanmugam, R. Collman, S. J. Jackson, S. Bandyopadhyay, and S. E. Starr. 1993. CD4-independent infection of human peripheral blood dendritic cells with isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Gen. Virol. 74:1277-1285.
22. Chehimi, J., K. Prakash, V. Shanmugam, S. J. Jackson, S. Bandyopadhyay, and S. E. Starr. 1993. In-vitro infection of peripheral blood dendritic cells with human immunodeficiency virus-1 causes impairment of accessory functions. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 329:521-526.
23. Cheynier, R., S. Henrichwark, F. Hadida, E. Pelletier, E. Oksenhendier, B. Autran, and S. Wain-Hobson. 1994. HIV and T cell expansion in splenic white pulps is accompanied by infiltration of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cell 78:373-387.
24. Chun, T. W., D. Finzi, J. Margolick, K. Chadwick, D. Schwartz, and R. F. Siliciano. 1995. In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency. Nat. Med. 1:1284-1290.
25. Cimarelli, A., G. Zambruno, A. Marconi, G. Girolomoni, U. Bertazzoni, and A. Giannetti. 1994. Quantitation by competitive PCR of HIV-1 proviral DNA in epidermal Langerhans cells of HIV-infected patients. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 7:230-235.
26. Claydon, E. J., J. Bennett, D. Gor, and S. M. Forster. 1991. Transient elevation of serum HIV antigen levels associated with intercurrent infection. AIDS 5:113-114.
27. Crowe, S. M., and R. S. Kornbluth. 1994. Overview of HIV interactions with macrophages and dendritic cells: the other infection in AIDS. J. Leukocyte Biol. 56:215-217.
28. Delorme, P., C. Dezutter-Dambuyant A. Ebersold, C. Desgranges, J. Thivolet, and D. Schmitt. 1993. In vitro infection of epidermal Langerhans cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTLV-IIIB isolate). Res. Virol. 144:53-58.
29. Dezutter-Dambuyant, C. 1995. In vivo and in vitro infection of human Langerhans cells by HIV-1. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:447-451.
30. Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., and D. Schmitt. 1993. Epidermal Langerhans cells and HIV-1 infection. Immunol. Lett. 39:33-37.
31. Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., D. A. Schmitt, N. Dusserre, D. Hanau, H. V. Kolbe, M. P. Kieny, J. P. Cazenave, D. Schmitt, J. L. Pasquali, R. Olivier, et al. 1991. Interaction of human epidermal Langerhans cells with HIV-1 viral envelope proteins (gp 120 and gp 160s) involves a receptor-mediated endocytosis independent of the CD4 T4A epitope. J. Dermatol. 18:377-392.
32. Dusserre, N., C. Dezutter-Dambuyant, F. Mallet, P. Delorme, F. Philit, A. Ebersold, C. Desgranges, J. Thivolet, and D. Schmitt. 1992. In vitro HIV-1 entry and replication in Langerhans cells may clarify the HIV-1 genome detection by PCR in epidermis of seropositive patients. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99:995-1025.
33. Embretson, J., M. Zupancic, J. L. Ribas, A. Burke, P. Racz, K. Tenner-Racz, and A. T. Haase. 1993. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 362:359-362.
34. + T-cell immune responses induced by dendritic cells. Immunology 85:467-474.
35. Fossum, S. 1994. The life history and functional roles of accessory cells, p. 51-56. In E. Heinen, M. P. Defresne, J. Boniver, and V. Geenen (ed.), In vivo immunology: regulation processes during lymphopoiesis and immunopoiesis. Plenum Press, New York.
36. Frankel, S. S., B. M. Wenig, A. P. Burke, P. Mannan, L. D. Thompson, S. L. Abbondanzo, A. M. Nelson, M. Pope, and R. M. Steinman. 1996. Replication of HIV-1 in dendritic cell-derived syncytia at the mucosal surface of the adenoid. Science 272:115-117.
37. Fultz, P. N., J.-C. Gluckman, E. Muchmore, and M. Girard. 1992. Transient increases in numbers of infectious cells in an HIV-infected chimpanzee following immune stimulation. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 8:313-317.
38. Giannetti, A., G. Zambruno, A. Cimarelli, A. Marconi, M. Negroni, G. Girolomoni, and U. Bertazzoni. 1993. Direct detection of HIV-1 RNA in epidermal Langerhans cells of HIV-infected patients. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 6:329-333.
39. Gieseler, R. K., H. Xu, R. Schlemminger, and J. H. Peters. 1993. Serum-free differentiation of rat and human dendritic cells, accompanied by acquisition of the nuclear lamins A/C as differentiation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 329:287-291.
40. Gilks, C. F. 1993. The clinical challenge of the HIV epidemic in the developing world. Lancet 342:1037-1039.
41. Goletti, D., A. L. Kinter, E. C. Hardy, G. Poli, and A. S. Fauci. 1996. Modulation of endogenous IL-1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist results in opposing effects on HIV expression in chronically infected monocytic cells. J. Immunol. 157:1271-1278.
42. Granelli-Piperno, A., M. Pope, K. Inaba, and R. M. Steinman. 1995. Co-expression of NF-kappa B/Rel and Sp1 transcription factors in human immunodeficiency virus 1-induced, dendritic cell-T-cell syncytia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:10944-10948.
43. Guery, J. C., and L. Adorini. 1995. Dendritic cells are the most efficient in presenting endogenous naturally processed self-epitopes to class II-restricted T cells. J. Immunol. 154:536-544.
44. Ho, D. 1992. HIV-1 viraemia and influenza. Lancet 33:1549.
45. Ho, D. D., A. U. Neumann, A. S. Perelson, W. Chen, J. M. Leonard, and M. Markowitz. 1995. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373:123-126.
46. Hsia, K., V. Tsai, N. J. Zvaifler, and S. A. Spector. 1995. Low prevalence of HIV-1 proviral DNA in peripheral blood monocytes and dendritic cells from HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 9:398-399.
47. Hsu, F. J., C. Benike, F. Fagnoni, T. M. Liles, D. Czerwinski, B. Taidi, E. G. Engleman, and R. Levy. 1996. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2:52-58.
48. Inaba, K., M. Inaba, M. Naito, and R. M. Steinman. 1993. Dendritic cell progenitors phagocytose particulates, including bacillus Calmette-Guerin organisms, and sensitize mice to mycobacterial antigens in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 178:479-488.
49. Inaba, K., J. P. Metlay, M. T. Crowley, and R. M. Steinman. 1990. Dendritic cells pulsed with protein antigens in vitro can prime antigen-specific, MHC-restricted T cells in situ. J. Exp. Med. 172:631-640.
50. Jaffe, R. 1993. Review of human dendritic cells: isolation and culture from precursors. Pediatr. Pathol. 13:821-837.
51. Jiang. W., W. J. Swiggard, C. Heufler, M. Peng, A. Mirza, R. M. Steinman, and M. C. Nussenzweig. 1995. DEC-205, a receptor expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells, has ten C-type lectin domains and is involved in antigen presentation. Nature 375:151-155.
52. Kanitakis, J., C. Marchand, H. Su, J. Thivolet, G. Zambrvno, D. Schmitt, and L. Gazzolo. 1989. Immunohistochemical study of normal skin of HIV-1-infected patients shows no evidence of infection of epidermal Langerhans cells by HIV. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 5:293-302.
53. Karhumaki, E., M. E. Viljanen, M. Cottler-Fox, A. Ranki, C. H. Fox, and K. J. Krohn. 1993. An improved enrichment method for functionally competent, highly purified peripheral blood dendritic cells and its application to HIV-infected blood samples. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 91:482-488.
54. Katz, S. I., K. Tamaki, and D. H. Sachs. 1979. Epidermal Langerhans cells are derived from cells originating in bone marrow. Nature 282:324-326.
55. Knight, S. C. 1994. Infection of dendritic cells with HIV type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 10:1591-1592.
56. Knight, S. C., and S. E. Macatonia. 1988. Dendritic cells and viruses. Immunol. Lett. 19:177-181.
57. Knight, S. C., and S. E. Macatonia. 1991. Effect of HIV on antigen presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages. Res. Virol. 142:123-128.
58. Knight, S. C., S. E. Macatonia, M. Gompels, A. J. Pinching, and S. Patterson. 1992. Zidovudine reverses the defect in dendritic cells in HIV infection. AIDS 6:231-232.
59. Knight, S. C., S. E. Macatonia, and S. Patterson. 1990. HIV I infection of dendritic cells. Int. Rev. Immunol. 6:163-175.
60. Knight, S. C., S. E. Macatonia, and S. Patterson. 1993. Infection of dendritic cells with HIV1: virus load regulates stimulation and suppression of T-cell activity. Res. Virol. 144:75-80.
61. Knight, S. C., S. Patterson, and S. E. Macatonia. 1991. Stimulatory and suppressive effects of infection of dendritic cells with HIV-1. Immunol. Lett. 30:213-218.
62. Kraal, G., E. van Wilson, and J. Brevé. 1993. The phenotype of murine Langerhans cells from skin to lymph node. In Vivo 7:203-206.
63. Landor, M., Z. Harish, and A. Rubenstein. 1989. Human immunodeficiency virus transmission: is the integument a barrier? Am. J. Med. 87:489.
64. Langhoff, E., and W. A. Haseltine. 1992. Infection of accessory dendritic cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99:89S-94S.
65. Langhoff, E., E. F. Terwilliger, H. J. Bos, K. H. Kalland, M. C. Poznansky, O. M. Bacon, and W. A. Haseltine. 1991. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary dendritic cell cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7998-8002.
66. Larsen, C. P., P. J. Morris, and J. M. Austyn. 1990. Donor dendritic leukocytes migrate from cardiac allografts into recipients' spleens. Transplant. Proc. 22:1943-1944.
67. Liu, L. M., and G. G. MacPherson. 1993. Antigen acquisition by dendritic cells: intestinal dendritic cells acquire antigen administered orally and can prime naive T cells in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 177:1299-1307.
68. Macatonia, S. E., M. Gompels, A. J. Pinching, S. Patterson, and S. C. Knight. 1992. Antigen-presentation by macrophages but not by dendritic cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Immunology 75: 576-581.
69. Macatonia, S. E., R. Lau, S. Patterson, A. J. Pinching, and S. C. Knight. 1990. Dendritic cell infection, depletion and dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. Immunology 71:38-45.
70. Macatonia, S. E., S. Patterson, and S. C. Knight. 1989. Suppression of immune responses by dendritic cells infected with HIV. Immunology 67: 285-289.
71. Macatonia, S. E., S. Patterson, and S. C. Knight. 1991. Primary proliferative and cytotoxic T-cell responses to HIV induced in vitro by human dendritic cells. Immunology 74:399-406.
72. MacPherson, G. G., and L. Liu. 1993. Dendritic cells "in vivo": migration and antigen handling, p. 327-332. In E. W. A. Kamperdijk, P. Nieuwenhuis, and E. C. M. Hoefsmit (ed.), Dendritic cells in fundamental and clinical immunology. Plenum Press, New York.
73. Manca, F. 1992. Galactose receptors and presentation of HIV envelope glycoprotein to specific human T cells. J. Immunol. 148:2278-2282.
74. + T-cell lines specific for HIV gp120. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 7:15-23.
75. 74a.Martin, L. M. Personal communication.
76. + T lymphocytes in spleens of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J. Virol. 69:4737-4745.
77. McKinney, E. C., and J. W. Streilein. 1989. On the extraordinary capacity of allogeneic epidermal Langerhans cells to prime cytotoxic T cells in vivo. J. Immunol. 143:1560-1564.
78. McWilliam, A. S., D. Nelson, J. A. Thomas, and P. G. Holt. 1994. Rapid dendritic cell recruitment is a hallmark of the acute inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces. J. Exp. Med. 179:1331-1336.
79. + CTLs from naive precursors. J. Immunol. 153: 996-1003.
80. + T cell lines from naive precursors. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1206-1211.
81. Miller, C. J., N. J. Alexander, S. Sutijpto, A. A. Lackner, A. Gettie, A. G. Hendrickx, L. J. Lowenstine, M. Jennings, and P. A. Man. 1989. Genital mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus animal model for heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 63: 4277-4284.
82. Miller, C J., N. J. Alexander, P. Vogel, J. Anderson, and P. A. Marx. 1992. Mechanism of genital transmission of SIV: a hypothesis based on transmission studies and the location of SIV in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques. J. Med. Primatol. 21:64-68.
83. Miller, C. J., M. McChesney, and P. F. Moore. 1992. Langerhans cells, macrophages, and lymphocyte subsets in the cervix and vagina of rhesus macaques. Lab. Invest. 67:628-634.
84. Mosialos, G., M. Birkenbach, S. Ayehunie, F. Matsumura, G. S. Pinkus, E. Kieff and E. Langhoff. 1996. Circulating human dendritic cells differentially express high levels of a 55-kd actin-bundling protein. Am. J. Pathol. 148: 593-600.
85. Muller, H., S. Weier, G. Kojouharoff, M. Grez, S. Berger, R. Kappus, P. M. Shah, H. J. Stutte, and H. L. Schmidts. 1993. Distribution and infection of Langerhans cells in the skin of HIV-infected healthy subjects and AIDS patients. Res. Virol. 144:59-67.
86. Najar, H. M., A. C. Bru-Capdeville, R. K. Gieseler, and J. H. Peters. 1990. Differentiation of human monocytes into accessory cells at serum-free conditions. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 51:339-346.
87. Nijman, H. W., M. J. Kleijmeer, M. A. Ossevoort, V. M. Oorschot, M. P. Vierboom, M. van de Keur, P. Kenemans, W. M. Kast, H. J. Geuze, and C. J. Melief 1995. Antigen capture and major histocompatibility class II compartments of freshly isolated and cultured human blood dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med. 182:163-174.
88. Nuovo, G. J., A. Forde, P. MacConnell, and R. Fahrenwald. 1993. In situ detection of PCR-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor of cDNA in cervical tissues. Am. J. Pathol. 143:40-48.
89. O'Brien, W. A., K. Grovit-Ferbas, A. Namazi, S. Ovcak-Derzic, H.-J. Wang, J. Park, C. Yeramian, S.-H. Mao, and J. A. Zack. 1995. Human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication can be increased in peripheral blood of seropositive patients after influenza vaccination. Blood 86:1082-1089.
90. Ocklind, G., D. Friedrichs, and J. H. Peters. 1992. Expression of CD54, CD58, CD14, and HLA-DR on macrophages and macrophage-derived accessory cells and their accessory capacity. Immunol. Lett. 31:253-258.
91. O'Doherty, U., M. Peng, S. Gezelter, W. J. Swiggard, M. Betjes, N. Bhardwaj, and R. M. Steinman. 1994. Human blood contains two subsets of dendritic cells, one immunologically mature and the other immature. Immunology 82:487-493.
92. Ossevoort, M. A., M. J. Kleijmeer, H. W. Nijman, H. J. Geuze, W. M. Kast, and C. J. M. Melief. 1995. Functional and ultrastructural aspects of antigen processing by dendritic cells, p. 227-231. In J. Banchereau and D. Schmitt (ed.), Dendritic cells in fundamental and clinical immunology, vol. 2. Plenum Press, New York.
93. Ostrowaki, M. A., S. K. Stanley, J. S. Justement, K. Gantt, D. Goletti, and A. S. Fauci. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, in press.
94. Paglia, P., C. Chiodoni, M. Rodolfo, and M. P. Colombo. 1996. Murine dendritic cells loaded in vitro with soluble protein prime cytotoxic T lymphocytes against tumor antigen in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 183:317-322.
95. Pantaleo, G., C. Graziosi, J. F. Demarest, L. Butini, M. Montroni, C. H. Fox, J. M. Orenstein, D. P. Kotler, and A. S. Fauci. 1993. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 362:355-358.
96. Pantaleo, G., C. Graziosi, J. F. Demarest, O. J. Cohen, M. Vaccarezza, K. Gantt, C. Muro-Cacho, and A. S. Fauci. 1994. Role of lymphoid organs in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Immunol. Rev. 140:105-130.
97. Patterson, S., and S. C. Knight 1987. Susceptibility of human peripheral blood dendritic cells to infection by human immunodeficiency virus. J. Gen. Virol. 68:1177-1181.
98. Patterson, S., M. S. Roberts, N. R. English, S. E. Macatonia, M. N. Gompels, A. J. Pinching, and S. C. Knight. 1994. Detection of HIV DNA in peripheral blood dendritic cells of HIV-infected individuals. Res. Virol. 145:171-176.
99. Peng, H., T. A. Reinhart, E. F. Retzel, K. A. Staskus, M. Znpancic, and A. T. Haase. 1995. Single cell transcript analysis of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression in the transition from latent to productive infection. Virology 206:16-27.
100. Perelson, A. S., A. U. Neumann, M. Markowitz, J. M. Leonard, and D. D. Ho. 1996. HIV-1 dynamics, in-vivo-virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 271:1582-1586.
101. Peters, J. H., T. Borner, and J. Ruppert. 1990. Accessory phenotype and function of macrophages induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Int. Immunol. 2:1195-1202.
102. Peters, J. H., S. Ruhl, and D. Friedrichs. 1987. Veiled accessory cells deduced from monocytes. Immunobiology 176:154-166.
103. Peters, J. H., J. Ruppert, R. K. Gieseler, H. M. Najar, and H. Xu. 1991. Differentiation of human monocytes into CD14 negative accessory cells: do dendritic cells derive from the monocytic lineage? Pathobiology 59:122-126.
104. Peters, J. H., H. Xu, J. Ruppert, D. Ostermeier, D. Friedrichs, and R. K. Gieseler. 1993. Signals required for differentiating dendritic cells from human monocytes in vitro. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 329:275-280.
105. Pinchuk, L. M., P. S. Polacino, M. B. Agy, S. J. Klaus, and E. A. Clark. 1994. The role of CD40 and CD80 accessory cell molecules in dendritic cell-dependent HIV-1 infection. Immunity 1:317-325.
106. Plot, P., and M. Laga. 1994. Epidemiology of AIDS in the developing world, p. 109-132. In S. Broder, T. C. Merigan, Jr., and D. Bolognesi (ed.), Textbook of AIDS medicines. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
107. Poli, G., A. L. Kinter, E. Vicenzi, and A. S. Fauci. 1994. Cytokine regulation of acute and chronic HIV infection in vitro: from cell lines to primary mononuclear cells. Res. Immunol. 145:578-582.
108. Pope, M., M. G. Betjes, H. Hirmand, L. Hoffman, and R. M. Steinman. 1995. Both dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes emigrate from organ cultures of human skin and form distinctive dendritic-T-cell conjugates. J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:11-17.
109. Pope, M., M. G. Betjes, N. Romani, H. Hirmand, P. U. Cameron, L. Hoffman, S. Gezelter, G. Schuler, and R. M. Steinman. 1994. Conjugates of dendritic cells and memory T lymphocytes from skin facilitate productive infection with HIV-1. Cell 78:389-398.
110. Pope, M., M. G. Betjes, N. Romani, H. Hirmand, L. Hoffman, S. Gezelter, G. Schuler, P. U. Cameron, and R. M. Steinman. 1995. Dendritic cell-T cell conjugates that migrate from normal human skin are an explosive site of infection for HIV-1. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:457-460.
111. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 182:2045-2056.
112. Poznansky, M. C., B. Walker, W. A. Haseltine, J. Sodroski, and E. Langhoff. 1991. A rapid method for quantitating the frequency of peripheral blood cells containing HIV-1 DNA. J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. 4:368-373.
113. Quinn, T. C 1995. The epidemiology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the 1990s. Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am. 13:1-25.
114. Ramazzotti, EL, A. Marconi, M. C Re, G. Girolomoni, G. Cenacchi, M. Vignoli, G. Zambruno, G. Furlini, M. La Placa, and A. Glannetti. 1995. In vitro infection of human epidermal Langerhans' cells with HIV-1. Immunology 85:94-98.
115. + large low-density cells with dendritic cell features is increased in the peripheral blood of HIV+ patients. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70:190-197.
116. + progenitors in human bone marrow. J. Immunol. 49:2681-2688.
117. Reis e Sousa, C., P. D. Stahl, and J. M. Austyn. 1993. Phagocytosis of antigens by Langerhans cells in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 178:509-519.
118. Roake, J. A. 1995. Pathways of dendritic cell differentiation and development. Eye 9:161-166.
119. Roake, J. A., A. S. Rao, C. P. Larsen, D. F. Hankins, P. J. Morris, and J. M. Austyn. 1993. Cytokine mediators of non-lymphoid dendritic cell migration, p. 501-506. In E. W. A. Kamperdijk, P. Nieuwenhuis, and E. C. M. Hoefsmit (ed.), Fundamental and clinical immunology. Plenum Press, New York.
120. Roberts, M., M. Compels, A. J. Pinching, and S. C. Knight 1994. Dendritic cells from HIV-1 infected individuals show reduced capacity to stimulate autologous T-cell proliferation. Immunol. Lett. 43:39-43.
121. + hematopoietic precursor cells. Blood 87:535-544.
122. Rouse, R. J., S. K. Nair, S. L. Lydy, J. C. Bowen, and B. T. Rouse. 1994. Induction in vitro of primary cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses with DNA encoding herpes simplex virus proteins. J. Virol. 68:5685-5689.
123. Ruppert, J., D. Friedrichs, H. Xu, and J. H. Peters. 1991. IL-4 decreases the expression of the monocyte differentiation marker CD14, paralleled by an increasing accessory potency. Immunobiology 182:449-464.
124. Sala, M., G. Zambruno, J. P. Vartanian, A. Marconi, A. Giannetti, U. Bertazzoni, and S. Wain-Hobson. 1995. Discontinuous distribution of M HIV-1 quasispecies in epidermal Langerhans cells of an AIDS patient and evidence for double infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:481-483.
125. Sallusto, F., M. Cella, C. Danieli, and A. Lanzavecchia. 1995. Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products. J. Exp. Med. 182:389-400.
126. Sallusto, F., and A. Lanzavecchia. 1994. Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/ macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J. Exp. Med. 179:1109-1118.
127. Santiago-Schwarz, F., E. Belilos, B. Diamond, and S. E. Carsons. 1992. TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biol. 52:274-281.
128. Santiago-Schwarz, F., D. A. Rappa, K. Laky, and S. E. Carsons. 1995. Stem cell factor augments tumor necrosis factor-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-mediated dendritic cell hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 13: 186-197.
129. Saraya, K., and C. D. Reid. 1995. Synergistic interaction between c-kit ligand (SCF), GM-CSF and TNF promotes optimal dendritic Langerhans cell proliferation from primitive progenitors in human bone marrow. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:13-16.
130. Scheicher, C., M. Mehlig, H. P. Dienes, and K. Reske. 1995. Uptake of bead-adsorbed versus soluble antigen by bone marrow derived dendritic cells triggers their activation and increases their antigen presentation capacity. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:253-255.
131. Schmitt, D., and C. Dezutter-Dambayant. 1994. Epidermal and mucosal dendritic cells and HIV1 infection. Pathol. Res. Pract. 190:955-959.
132. smmPBj14: correlation between in vitro and in vivo events. J. Virol. 68:538-5547.
133. Soto-Ramirez, L. E., B. Renjifo, M. F. McLane, R. Marlink, C. O'Hara, R. Sutthent, C. Wasi, P. Vithayasal, V. Vithayasai, C. Apichartpiyakul, P. Auewarakul, V. P. Cruz, D.-S. Chui, R. Osathanondh, K. Mayer, T.-H. Lee, and M. Essex. 1996. HIV-1 Langerhans' cell tropism associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV. Science 271:1291-1293.
134. Spira, A. I., P. A. Marx, B. K. Patterson, J. Mahoney, R. A. Koup, S. M. Wolinsky, and D. D. Ho. 1996. Cellular targets of infection and route of viral dissemination after an intravaginal inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus into rhesus macaques. J. Exp. Med. 183:215-225.
135. Stanley, S. K., M. A. Ostrowski, J. S. Justement, K. Gantt, S. Hedayati, M. Mannix, K. Roche, D. J. Schwartzentruber, C. Fox, and A. S. Fauci. Effect of immunization with a common recall antigen on plasma viremia and in vitro virus isolation in HIV-1 infected individuals. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1222-1230.
136. Steinman, R. M. 1991. The dendritic cell system and its role in immunogenicity. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:271-296.
137. Steinman, R. M., J. C. Adams, and Z. A. Cohn. 1975. Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. IV. Identification and distribution in mouse spleen. J. Exp. Med. 141:804-820.
138. Steinman, R., L. Hoffman, and M. Pope. 1995. Maturation and migration of cutaneous dendritic cells. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105:2S-7S.
139. + bone marrow cells by c-kit-ligand, GM-CSF, and TNF alpha. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:17-20.
140. + cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization with syngeneic irradiated HIV-1 envelope derived peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Int. Immunol. 5:849-857.
141. Thomas, R., L. S. Davis, and P. E. Lipsky. 1993. Comparative accessory cell function of human peripheral blood dendritic cells and monocytes. J. Immunol. 151:6840-6852.
142. Thomas, R., and P. E. Lipsky. 1994. Human peripheral blood dendritic cell subsets. Isolation and characterization of precursor and mature antigen-presenting cells. J. Immunol. 153:4016-4028.
143. Tjoa, B., A. Boynton, G. Kenny, H. Ragde, S. L. Misrock, and G. Murphy. 1996. Presentation of prostate tumor antigens by dendritic cells stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Prostate 28:65-69.
144. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y., K. Akagawa, H. Kimoto, K. Suzuki, M. Iwasaki, S. Yasuda, G. Hausser, C. Hultgren, A. Meyerhans, and T. Takemori. 1995. Monocyte-derived cultured dendritic cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus infection and transmit virus to resting T cells in the process of nominal antigen presentation. J. Virol. 69:4544-4547.
145. Volc-Platzer, B., G. Stingl, K. Wolff, W. Hinterberg, and W. Schnedl. 1984. Cytogenetic identification of allogeneic epidermal Langerhans cells in a bone-marrow-graft recipient. N. Engl. J. Med. 310:1123-1124.
146. von Stemm, A. M., J. Ramsauer, K. Tenner-Racz, H. F. Schmidt, I. Gigli, and P. Racz. 1993. Langerhans cells and interdigitating cells in HIV-infection. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 329-539-544.
147. Warfel, A. H., G. J. Thorbecke, and D. V. Belsito. 1993. Langerhans cells as outposts of the dendritic cell system, p. 469-480. In E. W. A. Kamperdijk, P. Nieuwenhuis, and E. C. M. Hoefsmit (ed.), Dendritic cells in fundamental and clinical immunology. Plenum Press, New York.
148. Wei, X., S. K. Ghosh, M. E. Taylor, V. A. Johnson, E. A. Emini, P. Deutsch, J. D. Lifson, S. Bonhoeffer, M. A. Nowak, B. H. Hahn, M. S. Saag, and G. M. Shaw. 1995. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373:117-122.
149. Weissman, D., T. D. Barker, and A. S. Fauci. 1996. The efficiency of acute infection of CD4 positive T cells is markedly enhanced in the setting of antigen-specific immune activation. J. Exp. Med. 183:687-692.
150. Weissman, D., and A. S. Fauci. 1996. Unpublished observations.
151. Weissman, D., Y. Li, J. Ananworanich, L. J. Zhon, J. Adelsberger, T. F. Tedder, M. Baseler, and A. S. Fauci. 1995. Three populations of cells with dendritic morphology exist in peripheral blood, only one of which is infectable with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:826-830.
152. + T cells. J. Immunol. 155:4111-4117.
153. Weniger, B. G., Y. Takebe, C.-Y. Ou, and S. Yamazaki. 1994. The molecular epidemiology of HIV in Asia. AIDS 8:13S-28S.
154. Williams, L. A., W. Egner, and D. N. J. Hart. 1994. Isolation and function of human dendritic cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 153:41-103.
155. Xu, H., M. Kramer, H. P. Spengler, and J. H. Peters. 1995. Dendritic cells differentiated from human monocytes through a combination of IL-4, GM-CSF and IFN-gamma exhibit phenotype and function of blood dendritic cells. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 378:75-78.
156. Zambruno, G., A. Giannetti, U. Bertazzoni, and G. Girolomoni. 1995. Langerhans cells and HIV infection. Immunol. Today 16:520-524.
157. Zambruno, G., G. Girolomoni, M. C. Re, E. Ramazzotti, A. Marconi, G. Furlini, M. Vignoli, M. La Placa, and A. Giannetti. 1995. In vitro infection of human epidermal Langerhans cells with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Adv.
158. Zambruno, G., L. Mori, A. Marconi, N. Mongiardo, B. De Rienzo, U. Bertazzoni, and A. Giannetti. 1991. Detection of HIV-1 in epidermal Langerhans cells of HIV-infected patients using the polymerase chain reaction. J. Invest. Dermatol. 96:979-982.
159. Zhou, L. J., R. Schwarting, H. M. Smith, and T. F. Tedder. 1992. A novel cell-surface molecule expressed by human interdigitating reticulum cells, Langerhans cells, and activated lymphocytes is a new member of the Ig superfamily. J. Immunol. 149:735-742.
160. Zhou, L. J., R. Schwarting, H. M. Smith, and T. F. Tedder. 1992. A novel cell-surface molecule expressed by human interdigitating reticulum cells, Langerhans cells, and activated lymphocytes is a new member of the Ig superfamily. J. Immunol. 149:735-742.