Development and utilization of the rat lymphocyte hprt mutation assay

Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research

Volumn 387, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 69-88

  Aidoo, Anane ^a   Morris, Suzanne M ^a   Casciano, Daniel A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA adduct; HPRT; Mutation spectrum; Rat; T lymphocyte; Validation

Indexed keywords

2,4 DIAMINOTOLUENE; 4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANOL; AFLATOXIN B1; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BENZO[A]PYRENE; BETA CAROTENE; BLEOMYCIN; CARCINOGEN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DIMETHYLBENZ[A]ANTHRACENE; DNA; ETHYLNITROSOUREA; FLUORENYLACETOHYDROXAMIC ACID; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; MESYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER; METHYLNITROSOUREA; N (2 FLUORENYL)ACETAMIDE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA ADDUCT; DNA DAMAGE; GENE MUTATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SPLEEN CELL; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TISSUE SPECIFICITY; VITAMIN INTAKE;

EID: 0030864329     PISSN: 13835742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1383-5742(97)00024-0     Document Type: Article

References (155)

1. Aidoo, A., Morris, S.M., Domon, O.E., McGarrity, L.J., Kodell, R.L., Casciano, D.A., 1989. Modulation of SCE induction and cell proliferation by 2-mercaptoethanol in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated rat lymphocytes. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 3, 237-248.
2. Aidoo, A., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Morris, S.M., Kodell, R.L., Casciano, D.A., 1991a. Comparative study of intracellular glutathione content in rat lymphocyte cultures treated with 2-mercapto-ethanol and interleukin-2. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 7, 215-227.
3. Aidoo, A., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Mittelstaedt, R.A., Heflich, R.H., Casciano, D.A., 1991b. Induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in Fischer 344 rats following in vivo exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and cyclophosphamide. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 17, 141-151.
4. Aidoo, A., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Heflich, R.H., Olusegun George, E., Casciano, D.A., 1993. The effect of time after treatment, treatment schedule and animal age on the frequency of 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes induced in Fischer 344 rats by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutation Res. 298, 169-178.
5. Aidoo, A., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Lensing, S., Wamer, W., 1994. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) modulates the mutagenic effects produced by an alkylating agent in vivo. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 24, 220-228.
6. Aidoo, A., Manjanatha, M.G., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Heflich, R.H., 1995a. Dose-response and molecular analysis of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Environ, Mol. Mutagen. 25 (Suppl.), 1.
7. Aidoo, A., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Lensing, S., Wamer, W., 1995b. In vivo antimutagenic activity of beta-carotene in rat spleen lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 16, 2237-2241.
8. Aidoo, A., Feuers, R.J., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Bishop, M.E., Casciano, D.A., 1996. Characterization of rat lymphocyte primary culture for the development of an in vitro mutagenesis assay: Effect of interleukin-2 and 2-mercaptoethanol on the activities of intermediary metabolism enzymes and cell proliferation. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 12, 79-87.
9. Akiyama, M., Kyoizumi, S., Hirai, Y., Kusunoki, Y., Iwamoto, K.S., Nakamura, N., 1995. Mutation frequency in human blood cells increases with age. Mutation Res. 338 (1-6), 141-149.
10. Albertini, R.J., DeMars, R., 1973. Detection and quantification of X-ray induced mutation in cultured diploid human fibroblasts. Mutation Res. 18, 199-224.
11. Albertini, R.J., DeMars, R., 1974. Mosaicism of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations in females heterozygous for the Lesch-Nyhan mutation. Biochem. Genet. 11, 397-411.
12. Albertini, R.J., Castle, K.L., Borcherding, W.R., 1982. T-Cell cloning to detect the mutant 6-thioguanine resistant lymphocytes present in human peripheral blood. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6617-6621.
13. Albertini, R.J., 1985. Somatic gene mutations in vivo as indicated by the 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes in human blood. Mutation Res. 150, 411-422.
14. Albertini, R.J., Nicklas, J.A., O'Neill, J.P., Robinson, S.H., 1990. In vivo somatic mutations in humans: measurement and analysis. Annu. Rev. Genet. 24, 305-326.
15. Ames, B.N., 1983. Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens. Cancer 221, 1256-1264.
16. Andersson, B., Lambert, B., 1990. Mutations induced by benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide at the hprt locus in human T-lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Res. 245, 75-82.
17. Balmain, A., Brown, K., 1988. Oncogene activation in chemical carcinogenesis. Adv. Cancer Res. 51, 147-182.
18. Barbosa, A., Rosinova, E., Dempsey, J., Bonin, A.M., 1994. Determination of genotoxic and other effects in mice following short-term repeated dose and subchronic inhalation exposure to phosphine. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 24, 81-88.
19. Beranek, D.T., 1990. Distribution of methyl and ethyl adducts following alkylation with monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutation Res. 231, 11-30.
20. 2-ethyldeoxythymidines in transversion mutagenesis by ethylating agents. Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 587-594.
21. Billen, D., 1990. Spontaneous DNA damage and its significance for the "negligible dose" controversy in radiation protection. Radiat. Res. 124, 242-245.
22. Block, G., 1991. Vitamin C and cancer prevention: the epidemiologic evidence. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 270S-282S.
23. Borek, C., Ong, A., Mason, H., Onahue, L., Biaglow, J.E., 1986. Selenium and vitamin E inhibit radiogenic and chemically-induced transformation in vitro via different mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6755-6759.
24. Branda, R.F., O'Neill, J.P., Jacobson-Kram, D., Albertini, R.J., 1992. Factors influencing mutation at the hprt locus in T-lymphocytes: studies in normal women and women with benign and malignant breast masses. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 19, 274-281.
25. Branda, R.F., Albertini, R.J., 1995. Effect of dietary components on hprt mutant frequencies in human T-lymphocytes. Mutation Res. 346 (3), 121-127.
26. Brent, T.P., Dolan, M.E., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Hall, J., Karran, P., Laval, F., Margison, G.P., Montesano, R., Pegg, A.E., Potter, P.M., Singer, B., Swenberg, J.A., Yarosh, D.B., 1988. Repair of O-alkylpyrimidines in mammalian cells: a present consensus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 1759-1762.
27. Bridges, B.A., 1994. Spontaneous mutation: some conceptual difficulties. Mutation Res. 304, 13-17.
28. Bridges, B.A., Cole, J., Favor, J., Glickman, B.W., Mohrenweiser, H., Sankaranarayanan, K., Skopek, T.R., 1994. Spontaneous mutation and its place in risk assessment. Mutation Res. 304, 3-11.
29. Bronstein, S.M., Cochrane, J.E., Craft, T.R., Swenberg, J.A., Skopek, T.R., 1991. Toxicity, mutagenicity, and mutational spectra of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in human cell lines with different DNA repair phenotypes. Cancer Res. 51, 5188-5197.
30. 6-alkyl-guanine-DNA alkyl-transferase and nucleotide excision repair activities in human cells. Cancer Res. 52, 2008-2011.
31. Casciano, D.A., Chou, M., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Aidoo, A., 1996. Calorie restriction modulates chemically-induced in vivo somatic mutation frequency. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 27, 162-164.
32. Chang, M.P., Strehler, B.L., Makinodan, T., 1982. Requirements of 2-mercaptoethanol for in vitro growth factor production by T-cells and vulnerability of the response to age. Mech. Age. Dev. 20, 65-73.
33. Chen, T., Mittelstaedt, R.A., Heflich, R.H., 1997. Multiplex PCR for the analysis of deletion mutation in the rat lymphocyte hprt assay. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 29 (28), 9.
34. Chu, E.H., Malling, H.V., 1968. Mammalian cell genetics. II. Chemical induction of specific locus mutations in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 61, 1306-1312.
35. Cochrane, J.E., Skopek, T.R., 1994. Mutagenicity of butadiene and its epoxidemetabolites: II. Mutational spectra of butadiene, 1,2-epoxybutene and diexpoxybutane at the hprt locus in splenic T cell from exposed B6C3F1 mice. Carcinogenesis 15, 719-723.
36. Cole, J., Green, M.H.L., James, S.E., Henderson, L., Cole, H., 1988. A further assessment of factors influencing measurements of thioguanine-resistant mutant frequency in circulating T-lymphocytes. Mutation Res. 204, 493-504.
37. Cole, J., Waugh, A.P.W., Beare, D.M., Sala-Trepat, M., Stephens, G., Green, M.H.L., 1991. hprt mutant frequencies in circulating lymphocytes: population studies using normal donors, exposed groups and cancer-prone syndromes. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 372, 319-328.
38. Cole, J., Skopek, T.R., 1994. Somatic mutant frequency, mutation rates and mutational spectra in the human population in vivo. Mutation Res. 304, 33-105.
39. Cross, C.E., Halliwell, B., Borish, E.T., Pryor, W.A., Ames, B.N., Saul, R.L., McCord, J.M., Harman, D., 1987. Oxygen radicals and human disease (clinical conference). Ann. Intern. Med. 107 (4), 526-545.
40. Delclos, K.B., Blaydes, B., Heflich, R.H., Smith, B.A., 1996. Assessment of DNA adducts and the frequency of 6-thioguanine resistant T-lymphocytes in F344 rats fed 2,4-toluenediamine or implanted with a toluenediisocyanate-containing polyester polyurethane foam. Mutation Res. 367, 209-218.
41. Dempsey, J.L., Morley, A.A., 1986. Measurement of in vivo mutant frequency in lymphocytes in the mouse. Environ. Mutagen. 3, 385-391.
42. 4-ethylthymine and the ethylphosphotriester dTp(Et)dT are highly persistent DNA modifications in slowly dividing tissues of the ethylnitrosourea treated rat. Carcinogenesis 8, 751-757.
43. ± heterozygous mouse. Mutation Res. 351, 67-77.
44. 4-methylthymine in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 30, 7027-7033.
45. 4-ethylthymine preferentially form alkyl T:G pairs that do not block in vitro replication in a defined sequence. Carcinogenesis 14, 1915-1919.
46. Drake, J.W., 1991. Spontaneous mutation. Annu. Rev. Genet. 25, 125-146.
47. Duncan, B.K., Miller, J.H., 1980. Mutagenic deamination of cytosine residues in DNA. Nature 287, 560-561.
48. Duthie, S.J., Ross, M., Collins, A.R., 1995. The influence of smoking and diet on the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hprt) mutant frequency in circulating T-lymphocytes from a normal human population. Mutation Res. 331, 55-64.
49. Eckert, K.A., Ingle, C.A., Kleindinst, D.K., Drinkwater, N.R., 1988. Molecular analysis of mutations induced in human cells by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Mol. Carcinogen. 1, 50-56.
50. 6-Methylguanine-DNA adducts in rat lymphocytes after in vivo exposure to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 16, 583-591.
51. Fidelus, R.K., Tsan, M.F., 1986. Enhancement of intracellular glutatahione promotes lymphocyte activation by mitogen. Cell Immunol. 97, 155-163.
52. Fidelus, R.K., 1988. The generation of oxygen radicals: A positive signal for lymphocyte activation. Cell immunol. 113, 175-182.
53. Finette, B.A., Sullivan, L.M., O'Neill, J.P., Nicklas, J.A., Vacek, P.M., Albertini, R.J., 1994. Determination of hprt mutant frequencies in T-lymphocytes from a healthy pediatric population: statistical comparison between newborn, children and adult mutant frequencies, cloning efficiency and age. Mutation Res. 308, 223-231.
54. - strain of Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 209, 78-82.
55. Fong, T.C., Makinodan, T., 1989. Preferential enhancement by 2-mercaptoethanol of IL-2 responsiveness fo T blast cells from old over young mice is associated with potentiated protein kinase C translocation. Immunol. Lett. 20, 149-154.
56. Gao, N., Aidoo, A., Heflich, R.H., 1991. Analysis of rat lymphocyte activation of benzo[a]pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, and several of their metabolites to mutagenic and DNA-damaging species in vitro. Teratogen. Carcinogen. Mutagen. 11, 65-76.
57. Gaziev, A.I., Podlustsky, A.J., Panfilov, B.M., Bradbury, R., 1995. Dietary supplements of antioxidants reduce hprt mutant frequency in splenocytes of aging mice. Mutation Res. 338, 77-86.
58. Gebhart, E., Wagner, H., Griziwok, K., Behnsen, H., 1985. The action of anticlastogens in human lymphocyte cultures and their modification by rat liver S9 mix, Studies with vitamins C and E. Mutation Res. 149, 83-94.
59. Gijare, P.S., Rao, K.V.K., Bhide, S.V., 1990. Modulatory effects of snuff, retinoic acid, and beta-carotene on DMBA-induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis in relation to keratin expression. Nutr. Cancer 14, 253-258.
60. Gocke, E., Eckhart, K., King, M.T., 1983. Autographic detection of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in mice: A novel system in somatic mutagenesis. Mutation Res. 113, 455-465.
61. Gorelick, N.T., Andrews, J.L., Gu, M., Glickman, B.W., 1995. Mutational spectra in the lacI gene in skin from 7,12-dimethyl-benzanthracene-treated and untreated transgenic mice. Mol. Carcinogen. 14, 53-62.
62. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M., Cross, C.E., 1992. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: where are we now?. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 119, 598-620.
63. Harbach, P.R., Filipunas, A.L., Wang, Y., Aaron, C.S., 1992. DNA sequence analysis of spontaneous and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced hprt mutations arising in vivo in cynomolgus monkey T-lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 20, 96-105.
64. Harbach, P.R., Mattano, S.S., Zimmer, D.M., Wang, Y., Aaron, C.S., 1995. DNA sequence analysis of spontaneous hprt mutations arising in vivo in cynomolgus monkey T-lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 26 (3), 218-225.
65. Henderson, L., Cole, H., Cole, J., James, S.E., Green, M., 1986. Detection of mutations in man: evaluation of the microtiter cloning assay for T-lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 1, 195-200.
66. Heflich, R.H., Mittelstaedt, R.A., Manjanatha, M.G., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Aidoo, A., 1996. DNA sequence analysis of hprt mutations in lymphocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 28, 5-12.
67. Isaacs, J.T., 1985. Determination of the number of events required for mammary carcinogenesis in the Sprague-Dawley female rats. Cancer Res. 45, 4827-4832.
68. Jansen, J.G., Mohn, G.R., Vrieling, H., van Teijlingen, C.M.M., Lohman, P.H.M., van Zeeland, A.A., 1994a. Molecular analysis of hprt gene mutations in skin fibroblasts of rats exposed in vivo to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Res. 54, 2478-2485.
69. Jansen, J.G., van Teijlingen, C.M.M., Mohn, G.R., Tates, A.D., van Zeeland, A.A., Vrieling, H., 1994b. A:T base pairs are the main target for mutations at the hprt locus of rat skin fibroblasts exposed in vitro to the monofunctional alkylating agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutagenesis 9, 417-421.
70. Jansen, J.G., De Groot, A.J.L., Van Teijlingen, C.M.M., Lohman, P.H.M., Mohn, G.R., Vrieling, H., Van Zeeland, A.A., 1994c. Formation and persistence of DNA adducts in pouch skin fibroblasts and liver of rats exposed in vivo to the monofunctional alkylating agents N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutation Res. 307, 95-105.
71. 6-alkylguanine in hprt mutagenesis in T-lymphocytes of rats exposed in vivo to ethylmethanesulfonate, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-nitrosourea, or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer Res. 55 (9), 1875-1882.
72. 6-methylguanine in bone marrow and not in the spleen. Carcinogenesis 17, 2183-2191.
73. Jones, I.M., Burkhart-Schultz, K., Carrano, A.V., 1985. A method to quantify spontaneous and in vivo induced thioguanine-resistant mouse lymphocytes. Mutation Res. 147, 97-105.
74. Jones, I.M., Burkhart-Shultz, K., Strout, C.L., Grippen, T.L., 1987a. Factors that affect the frequency of thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in mice following exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 9, 317-329.
75. Jones, I.M., Burkhart-Schultz, K., Crippen, T.L., 1987b. Cloned mouse lymphocytes permit analysis of somatic mutations that occur in vivo. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet 13, 325-333.
76. Jones, I.M., Moore, D.H., Thomas, C.B., Thompson, C.L., Strout, C.L., Burkhart-Schultz, K., 1993. Factors affecting hprt mutant frequency in T-lymphocytes of smokers and nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2, 249-260.
77. Jones, I.M., Thomas, C.B., Tucker, B., Thompson, C.L., Pleshanov, P., Vorobtsova, I., Moore, D.H., 1995. Impact of age and environment on somatic mutation at the hprt gene of T-lymphocytes in humans. Mutation Res. 338, 129-139.
78. 60Co gamma rays. Radiat. Res. 136, 289-292.
79. Kalinina, L.M., Sardarly, G.M., Alekperov, U.K., 1979. Antimutagenic effect of α-tocopherol on the frequency of gene mutations in salmonella. Genetika 15, 1880-1888.
80. Khan, M.A., Heddle, J.A., 1991. Chemical induction of somatic gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations in lung fibroblasts of rats. Mutation Res. 263, 257-262.
81. Klarmann, B., Wixler, V., Lorenz, R., Hempel, K., 1995. Mutant frequency at the H-2K class 1 and hprt genes in T-lymphocytes from the X-ray exposed mouse. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 67 (4), 421-430.
82. 4-ethylthymine adducts in HeLa cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 4131-4137.
83. Kligerman, A.D., Nesnow, S., Erexson, G.L., Gupta, R.C., 1989. Sensitivity of rat and mouse peripheral blood lymphocytes to BaP adduction and SCE formation. Carcinogenesis 10, 1041-1045.
84. Knoll, A., Jacobson, D.P., Kretz, P.L., Lundberg, K.S., Short, J.M., Sommer, S.S., 1994. Spontaneous mutations in lacI-containing lambda lysogens derived from transgenic mice: the observed patterns differ in liver and spleen. Mutation Res. 311, 57-67.
85. Kohler, S.W., Provost, G.S., Fleck, A., Kretz, P.L., Bullock, W.O., Stroge, J.A., Putman, D.L., Short, J.M., 1991. Spectra of spontaneous and mutagen-induced mutations in the lacI gene in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7958-7962.
86. Kuroda, Y., Jaim, A.K., Tezuka, H., Kada, T., 1992. Antimutagenicity in cultured mammalian cells. Mutation Res. 267, 201-209.
87. Lambert, B., Andersson, B., Bastlova, T., Hou, S.M., Hellgren, D., Kolman, A., 1994. Mutations induced in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase gene by three urban air pollutants. Environ. Health Perspect. 102 (4), 135-138.
88. Liehr, J.G., Wheeler, W.J., 1983. Inhibition of estrogen-induced renal carcinoma in Syrian hamsters by vitamin C. Cancer Res. 43, 4638-4642.
89. Liehr, J.G., Roy, D., Gladek, A., 1989. Mechanism of inhibition of estrogen-induced renal carcinogenesis in male Syrian hamsters by vitamin C. Carcinogenesis 10, 1983-1988.
90. Loeb, L.A., 1989. Endogenous carcinogenesis: molecular oncology into the twenty-first century - presidential address. Cancer Res. 49, 5489-5496.
91. Loktionov, A., Hollstein, M., Martel, N., Galendo, D., Cabral, J.R.P., Tomatis, L., Yamasaki, H., 1990. Tissue-specific activating mutations of Ha- and Ki-ras oncogenes in skin, lung and liver tumors induced in mice following transplacental exposure to DMBA. Mol. Carcinogen. 3, 134-140.
92. Lorenz, R., Deubel, W., Leuner, K., Gollner, T., Hochhauser, E., Hempel, K., 1994. Dose and dose-rate dependence of the frequency of hprt deficient T-lymphocytes in the spleen of the Cs gamma-irradiated mouse. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 66, 319-326.
93. Loveless, A., 1969. Possible relevance of O-6 alkylation of deoxyguanosine to the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrosamines and nitrosamides. Nature 223, 206-207.
94. Lyn-Cook, L.E., Aidoo, A., Lee, M.E., Wamer, W., 1995. Vitamin C intake influences cell proliferation and mutagenicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and bleomycin (BM) in the rat. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 25 (Suppl.), 32.
95. Maher, V.M., Domoradzke, J., Bhattacharyya, N.P., Tsujimura, T., Corner, R.C., McCormick, J.J., 1990. Alkylation damage, DNA repair and mutagenesis in human cells. Mutation Res. 233, 235-245.
96. Manjanatha, M.G., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Culp, S.J., Beland, F.A., Heflich, R.H., Aidoo, A., 1996a. Lymphocyte mutant frequency in relation to DNA adduct formation in rats treated with tumorigenic doses of the mammary gland carcinogen 7,12-dimethybenz[a]anthracene. Mutation Res. 357, 89-96.
97. Manjanatha, M.G., Chen, J.B., Shaddock, J.G. Jr., Harris, A.H., Shelton, S.D., Casciano, D.A., 1996b. Molecular analysis of lacI mutations in Rat2™ cells exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: evidence for DNA sequence and DNA strand biases for mutation. Mutation Res. 357, 89-96.
98. Masoro, E.J., 1988. Food restriction in rodents: an evaluation of its role in the study of aging. J. Gerontol. 43, B59-64.
99. Mettlin, C., Graham, S., Priore, R., Marshal, J., Swanson, M., 1981. Diet and cancer of the esophagus. Nutr. Cancer 2, 143-147.
100. Mittelstaedt, R.A., Heflich, R.H., 1994. Analysis of in vivo mutation in exon 8 of the rat hprt gene. Mutation Res. 311 (1), 139-148.
101. Mittelstaedt, R.A., Smith, B.A., Heflich, R.H., 1995. Analysis of in vivo mutation induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in the hprt gene of rat lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 26, 261-269.
102. Mohrenweiser, H., 1994. Impact of the molecular spectrum of mutational lesions on estimates of germinal gene-mutation rates. Mutation Res. 304, 119-137.
103. Morley, A.A., Cox, S., Wigmore, D., Seshadri, R., Dempsey, J.L., 1982. Enumerataion of thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes using autoradiography. Mutation Res. 95, 363-375.
104. Morley, A.A., Trainor, K.J., Seshadri, R.S., Ryall, R.G., 1983. Measurement of in vivo mutations in human lymphocytes. Nature 302, 155-156.
105. Morris, S.M., Aidoo, A., Domon, O.E., McGarrity, L.J., Kodell, R.L., Schol, H.M., Hinson, W.G., Pipkin, J.L., Casciano, D.A., 1990. Effect of interleukin-2 on cell proliferation, sister-chromatid exchange induction, and nuclear stress protein phosphorylation in PHA-stimulated Fischer 344 rat spleen lymphocytes: modulation by 2-mercaptoethanol. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 15, 10-18.
106. Morris, S.M., Domon, O.E., McGarrity, L.J., Aidoo, A., Kodell, R.F., Casciano, D.A., 1994. Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle distribution of spleen lymphocytes isolated from Fischer 344 rats exposed to ethylnitrosourea. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 9, 77-84.
107. Oller, A.R., Thilly, W.G., 1992. Mutational spectra in human B-cells: Spontaneous, oxygen and hydrogen peroxide-induced mutations at the hprt gene. J. Mol. Biol. 228, 813-826.
108. O'Neill, J.P., Brimer, P.A., Machanoff, R., Hirsch, G.P., Hsie, A.W., 1977. A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the hpoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system): development and definition of the system. Mutation Res. 45, 91-101.
109. O'Neill, J.P., Schenley, R.L., Hsie, A.W., 1979. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of alkylating agents in cultured mammalian cells (CHO/HGPRT system): mutagen treatment in the presence or absence of serum. Mutation Res. 63, 381-385.
110. O'Neill, J.P., McGuinniss, M.J., Berman, J.K., Sullivan, I.M., Nicklas, J.A., Albertini, R.J., 1987. Refinement of a T-lymphocyte cloning assay to quantify the in vivo thioguanine-resistant mutant frequency in humans. Mutation Res. 2, 87-94.
111. Osaka, M., Matsuo, S., Koh, T., Liang, P., Kinoshita, H., Maeda, S., Sugiyama, T., 1995. N-ras mutation in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced erythroleukemia in Long-Evans rats. Cancer Lett. 91, 25-31.
112. Peratoni, A.O., Rice, J.M., Reed, C.D., Watatani, M., Wenk, M.L., 1987. Activated new oncogene sequences in primary tumors of peripheral nervous system induced in rats by transplacental exposure to ethylnitrosourea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 6317-6321.
113. Pipkin, J.L., Hinson, W.G., Lyn-Cook, L.E., Aidoo, A., Feuers, R.J., Anson, J.F., Casciano, D.A., 1996. Comparison of the cell cycle regulated synthesis and phosphorylation of stress proteins, actin isoforms and a novel actin-like protein following drug administration in cultured rat lymphocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 113B, 549-559.
114. Radner, B.S., Kennedy, A.R., 1986. Suppression of x-ray-induced transformation by vitamin E in mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells. Cancer Lett. 32, 25-32.
115. Rigaud, O., Laquerbe, A., Moustacchi, E., 1995. DNA sequence analysis of hprt mutants induced in human lymphoblastoid cells adapted to ionizing radiation. Radiat. Res. 144, 181-189.
116. Robinson, D.R., Goodall, K., Albertini, R.J., O'Neill, J.P., Finette, B., Sala-Trepat, M., Moustacchi, E., Tates, A.D., Beare, D.M., Green, M.H. et al., 1994. An analysis of in vivo hprt mutant frequency in circulating T-lymphocytes in the normal human population: a comparison of four datasets. Mutation Res. 313, 227-247.
117. Rouet, P., Alexandrov, K., Markovits, P., Frayssinet, C., Dansettle, P.M., 1981. Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene by brain microsomes of fetal and adult rats and mice: Induction by 5,6-benzoflavone, comparison with liver and lung microsomal activities. Carcinogenesis 2, 919-926.
118. Rudiger, H.W. (Ed.), 1990. Carcinogenic Risk by Endogenous Factors and Processes (special issue). Mutation Res. 238, 173-329.
119. Sargentini, N.J., Smith, K.C., 1981. Much of spontaneous mutagenesis in Escherichia coli is due to error-prone DNA repair: implications for spontaneous carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2, 863-872.
120. Sargentini, N.J., Smith, K.C., 1985. Spontaneous mutagenesis: the roles of DNA repair, replication, and recombination. Mutation Res. 154, 1-27.
121. Shibutani, S., Takeshita, M., Grollman, A.P., 1991. Insertion of specific bases during DNA synthesis past the oxidation-damaged base 8-oxodG. Nature 349, 431-434.
122. Skopek, T.R., Walker, V.E., Cochrane, J.E., Craft, T.R., Cariello, N.F., 1992. Mutational spectrum at the hprt locus in splenic T-cells of B6C3F1 mice exposed to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 7866-7870.
123. Skopek, T.R., Kort, K.L., Marino, D.R., 1995. Relative sensitivity of the endogenous hprt gene and lacI transgene in ENU-treated Big Blue™ B6C3F1 mice. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 26, 9-15.
124. Skopek, T.R., 1996. Of mice and mutants: target size and sensitivity. Mutation Res. 331, 225-228.
125. Smith, B.A., Fullerton, N.F., Aidoo, A., Heflich, R.H., Beland, F.A., 1993. DNA adduct formation in relation to lymphocyte mutations and lung tumor induction in F344 rats treated with the environmental pollutant 1,6-dinitropyrene. Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 277-280.
126. Smith, B.A., Fullerton, N.F., Heflich, R.H., Beland, F.A., 1995. DNA adduct formation and T-lymphocyte mutation induction in F344 rats implanted with tumorigenic doses of 1,6-dinitropyrene. Cancer Res. 55 (11), 2316-2324.
127. Smith, B.A., Manjanatha, G.M.G., Pogribny, I.P., Mittelstaedt, R.A., Chen, T., Fullerton, N.F., Beland, F.A., Heflich, R.H., 1997. Analysis of mutations in the K-ras and p53 genes of lung tumors and in the hprt gene of 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes from rats treated with 1,6-dinitropyrene. Mutation Res. 379, 61-68.
128. Smith, K.C., 1992. Spontaneous mutagenesis: experimental, genetic and other factors. Mutation Res. 277, 139-162.
129. Sprent, J. (1977) Recirculating lymphocytes. In: Marchalonis, J.J. (Ed.), The Lymphocyte: Structure and Function, Marcel Dekker, New York.
130. Strauss, G.H., Albertini, R.J., 1979. Enumeration of 6-thioguanine-resistant peripheral blood lymphocytes in man as a potential test for somatic cell mutations arising in vivo. Mutation Res. 61, 353-379.
131. 2 and selenite on DNA single strand breaks induced by sodium chromate (VI). Cancer Lett. 38, 1-7.
132. Sugiyama, M., Ando, A., Ogura, R., 1989. Effect of vitamin E on susrvival, glutathione reductase and formation of chromium (V) in Chinese hamster V-79 cells treated with sodium chromate (VI). Carcinogenesis 10, 737-741.
133. Sugiyama, M., Lin, X., Costa, M., 1991. Protective effect of vitamin E against chromosomal aberrations and mutation induced by sodium chromate in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Mutation Res. 260, 19-23.
134. Tan, R.S., Chu, E.H., Sinsheimer, J.E., 1993. Molecular analysis of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase mutants induced by glycidyl 1-naphthyl ether in mouse spleen cells in vivo. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 22, 71-77.
135. Tao, K.S., Urlando, C., Heddle, J., 1993. Comparison of somatic mutation in a transgenic versus a host locus (lacI/Dib-1/small intestine/X-rays/ethylnitroso- urea). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 10681-10685.
136. Tates, A.D., Bernini, L.F., Natarajan, A.T., Ploem, J.S., Verwoerd, N.P., Cole, J., Green, M.H.L., Arlett, C.F., Norris, P.N., 1989. Detection of somatic mutants in man: hprt mutations in lymphocytes and hemoglobin mutations in erythrocytes. Mutation Res. 213, 73-82.
137. Tates, A.D., van Dam, F.J., de Zwart, F.A., Teylingen, C.M., Natarajan, A.T., 1994. Development of a cloning assay with high cloning efficiency to detect induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant lymphocytes in spleen of adult mice following in vivo inhalation exposure to 1,3,-butadiene. Mutation Res. 309 (2), 299-306.
138. Tennant, R.W., Margolin, B.H., Shelby, M.D., Zeiger, E., Haseman, J.K., Spalding, J., Caspary, W., Resnick, M., Stasiewiez, S., Anderson, B., Minor, R., 1987. Prediction of chemical carcinogenesis in rodents from in vitro genetic toxicity assays. Science 236, 933-941.
139. Thilly, W.G., Deluca, J.G., Hoppe, H., Penman, B.W., 1978. Phenotypic lag and mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance in diploid human lymphoblasts. Mutation Res. 50, 137-144.
140. Tietze, F., 1969. Enzymatic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: applications to mammalian blood and other tissues. Anal. Biochem. 27, 502-522.
141. Tindall, K.R., Stankowski, L.F. Jr., Machanoff, R., Hsie, A.W., 1986. Analyses of mutation in pSV2gpt-transformed CHO cells. Mutation Res. 160, 121-131.
142. Tinwell, H., Lefevre, P.A., Asby, J., 1994. Mutation studies with dimethyl nitrosamine in young and old lacI transgenic mice. Mutation Res. 307, 501-508.
143. Trainor, K.J., Wigmore, D.J., Chrysostomou, A., Dempsey, J.L., Seshadri, R., Morley, A.A., 1984. Mutation frequency in human lymphocytes increases with age. Mech. Age. Dev. 27, 83-86.
144. Van Dam, F.J., Natarajan, A.T., Tates, A.D., 1992. Use of a T-lymphocyte clonal assay for determining hprt mutant frequencies in individual rats. Mutation Res. 271, 231-242.
145. Vijayalaxmi, Evans, H.J., 1984a. Induction of 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants and SCEs by 3 chemical mutagens (EMS, ENU and MMC) in cultured human blood lymphocytes. Mutation Res. 129, 283-289.
146. Vijayalaxmi, Evans, H.J., 1984b. Measurement of spontaneous and X-irradiation-induced 6-thioguanine-resistant human blood lymphocytes using a T-cell cloning technique. Mutation Res. 125, 87-94.
147. Wald, N.J., Boreham, J., Hayward, J.L., Bulbrook, R.D., 1985. Plasma retinol, bela-carotene and vitamin E levels in relation to the future risk of breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 49, 321-324.
148. Walker, V.E., Skopek, T.R., 1993. A mouse model for the study of in vivo mutational spectra: sequence specificity of ethylene oxide at the hprt locus. Mutation Res. 288, 151-162.
149. Ward, J.B. Jr., Ammenheuser, M.M., Ramanujam, V.M., Morris, D.L., Whorton, E.B. Jr., Legator, M.S., 1992. The mutagenic effects of low level sub-acute inhalation exposure to benzene in CD-1 mice. Mutation Res. 268, 49-57.
150. Wei, D., Maher, V.M., McCormick, J.J., 1995. Site-specific rates of excision repair of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide adducts in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene of human fibroblasts: correlation with mutation spectra. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2204-2208.
151. Weindruch, R., Wolford, R.L., The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. Thomas, Springfield, 1988.
152. Xu, M., Bailey, A.C., Hernaez, J.F., Taoka, C.R., Schut, H.A.J., Dashwood, R.H., 1996. Protection by green tea, black tea, and indole-3-carbinol against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-induced DNA adducts and colonie aberrant crypts in the F344 rat. Carcinogenesis 17 (7), 1429-1434.
153. Zarb, H., Sukumar, S., Arthur, A.V., Martin-Zanca, D., Barbacid, M., 1985. Direct mutagenesis of Ha-ras-1 oncogenes by N-nitroso-N-methylurea during initiation of mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Nature 315, 382-385.
154. Zimmer, D.M., Aaron, C.S., O'Neill, J.P., Albertini, R.J., 1991. Enumeration of 6-thioguanine-resistant T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of non-human primates (cynomolgus monkeys). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 18, 161-167.
155. Ziegler, R.G., 1989. A review of epidemiological evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer. J. Nutr. 119, 116-122.