메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 565-572

Family of neutral and acidic amino acid transporters: Molecular biology, physiology and medical implications

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACID PROTEIN; AMINO ACID; CARRIER PROTEIN; GLUTAMIC ACID; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; SODIUM ION;

EID: 0030858918     PISSN: 09550674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-0674(97)80035-X     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (131)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0025095302 scopus 로고
    • Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism
    • Christensen HN: Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism. Physiol Rev 1990, 70:43-77.
    • (1990) Physiol Rev , vol.70 , pp. 43-77
    • Christensen, H.N.1
  • 2
    • 0027136017 scopus 로고
    • A new family of neurotransmitter transporters: The high-affinity glutamate transporters
    • Kanai Y, Smith CP, Hediger MA: A new family of neurotransmitter transporters: the high-affinity glutamate transporters. FASEB J 1993, 7:1450-1459.
    • (1993) FASEB J , vol.7 , pp. 1450-1459
    • Kanai, Y.1    Smith, C.P.2    Hediger, M.A.3
  • 3
    • 0001985155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The high-affinity glutamate transporter family: Structure, function, and physiological relevance
    • Edited by Reith MEA. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press
    • Kanai Y, Trotti D, Nussberger S, Hediger MA: The high-affinity glutamate transporter family: structure, function, and physiological relevance. In Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function and Regulation. Edited by Reith MEA. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press; 1996:171-213. Detailed review of glutamate transporters, summarizing progress from mostly between 1992 and 1995. Readers are encouraged to refer to it for details of molecular cloning, amino acid sequence alignment, distribution of expression, and reversed glutamate transport of glutamate transporters, and of the relevance of glutamate transporters to brain ischemia and oxidative stress, which are not the main topics in the current review.
    • (1996) Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function and Regulation , pp. 171-213
    • Kanai, Y.1    Trotti, D.2    Nussberger, S.3    Hediger, M.A.4
  • 4
    • 0027327563 scopus 로고
    • Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family
    • Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Fairman WA, Wu Y-N, Murdoch GH, North RA, Amara SG: Cloning and expression of a human neutral amino acid transporter with structural similarity to the glutamate transporter gene family. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:15329-15332.
    • (1993) J Biol Chem , vol.268 , pp. 15329-15332
    • Arriza, J.L.1    Kavanaugh, M.P.2    Fairman, W.A.3    Wu, Y.-N.4    Murdoch, G.H.5    North, R.A.6    Amara, S.G.7
  • 6
    • 0029888341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-dependent neutral amino acid transporter
    • +-dependent neutral amino acid transporter. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:14883-14890. cDNA cloning and characterization of the second ASC transporter, ASCT2, that displays structural similarity to glutamate transporters. This paper contains interesting findings relevant to the mechanisms of substrate recognition and ion coupling by ASCT2; these findings seem to be quite useful for structure-function studies of the neutral and acidic amino acid transporter family.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 14883-14890
    • Utsunomiya-Tate, N.1    Endou, H.2    Kanai, Y.3
  • 7
    • 0028933597 scopus 로고
    • Expression of a novel insulin-activated amino acid transporter gene during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes
    • Liao K, Lane D: Expression of a novel insulin-activated amino acid transporter gene during differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 208:1008-1015.
    • (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.208 , pp. 1008-1015
    • Liao, K.1    Lane, D.2
  • 11
    • 0026458124 scopus 로고
    • Primary structure and functional characterization of high-affinity glutamate transporter
    • Kanai Y, Hediger MA: Primary structure and functional characterization of high-affinity glutamate transporter. Nature 1992, 360:467-471.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 467-471
    • Kanai, Y.1    Hediger, M.A.2
  • 12
    • 0029076899 scopus 로고
    • An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel
    • Fairman WA, Vandenberg PJ, Arriza JL, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG: An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel. Nature 1995, 375:599-603.
    • (1995) Nature , vol.375 , pp. 599-603
    • Fairman, W.A.1    Vandenberg, P.J.2    Arriza, J.L.3    Kavanaugh, M.P.4    Amara, S.G.5
  • 13
    • 0029891464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of L-cysteine with a human excitatory amino acid transporter
    • ••], provides clues about the mechanisms of proton coupling to glutamate transport and the role of protons in glutamate transporters.
    • (1996) J Physiol , vol.493 , pp. 419-423
    • Zerangue, N.1    Kavanaugh, M.P.2
  • 16
    • 0028958939 scopus 로고
    • Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: Quantitative and immunocytochemical observations
    • Lehre KP, Levy LM, Ottersen OP, Storm-Mathisen J, Danbolt NC: Differential expression of two glial glutamate transporters in the rat brain: quantitative and immunocytochemical observations. J Neurosci: 1995, 15:1835-1853.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 1835-1853
    • Lehre, K.P.1    Levy, L.M.2    Ottersen, O.P.3    Storm-Mathisen, J.4    Danbolt, N.C.5
  • 17
    • 0029958203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EAAT4 is a post-synaptic glutamate transporter at Purkinje cell synapses
    • Yamada K, Watanabe M, Shibata T, Tanaka K, Wada K, Inoue Y: EAAT4 is a post-synaptic glutamate transporter at Purkinje cell synapses. Neuroreport 1996, 7:2013-2017.
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 2013-2017
    • Yamada, K.1    Watanabe, M.2    Shibata, T.3    Tanaka, K.4    Wada, K.5    Inoue, Y.6
  • 18
    • 0030001740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expressed human hippocampal ASCT1 amino acid transporter exhibits a pH-dependent change in substrate specificity
    • Tamarappoo BK, McDonald KK, Kilberg MS: Expressed human hippocampal ASCT1 amino acid transporter exhibits a pH-dependent change in substrate specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996, 1279:131-136. It is shown in this paper that the neutral amino acid transporter ASCT1 is inhibited by acidic amino acids at low pH; this result is in agreement with previous observations for system ASC. The authors predict that a titrable histidine residue(s) is involved in this pH-dependent inhibition. This paper provides an important insight into the link between structurally related glutamate transporters and ASC transporters.
    • (1996) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.1279 , pp. 131-136
    • Tamarappoo, B.K.1    McDonald, K.K.2    Kilberg, M.S.3
  • 19
    • 0028846037 scopus 로고
    • +-dependent glutamate transporter GLAST-1 by site-directed mutagenesis
    • +-dependent glutamate transporter GLAST-1 by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:25207-25212.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 25207-25212
    • Conradt, M.1    Stoffel, W.2
  • 20
    • 0029120848 scopus 로고
    • +)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain
    • +)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:17093-17097.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 17093-17097
    • Pines, G.1    Zhang, Y.2    Kanner, B.I.3
  • 21
    • 0029921679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-dependent glutamate transport activity in synaptosomes, C6 glioma, and Xenopus oocytes expressing excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1)
    • +-dependent glutamate transport activity in synaptosomes, C6 glioma, and Xenopus oocytes expressing excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1). Mol Pharmacol 1996, 49:465-473.
    • (1996) Mol Pharmacol , vol.49 , pp. 465-473
    • Dowd, L.A.1    Coyle, A.J.2    Rothstein, J.D.3    Pritchett, D.B.4    Robinson, M.B.5
  • 22
    • 0028987452 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition by folded isomers of L-2(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine of glutamate uptake via the human glutamate transporter hGluT-1
    • Yamashita H, Kawakami H, Zhang YX, Hagiwara T, Tanaka K, Nakamura S: Inhibition by folded isomers of L-2(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine of glutamate uptake via the human glutamate transporter hGluT-1. Eur J Pharmacol 1995, 289:387-390.
    • (1995) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.289 , pp. 387-390
    • Yamashita, H.1    Kawakami, H.2    Zhang, Y.X.3    Hagiwara, T.4    Tanaka, K.5    Nakamura, S.6
  • 23
    • 0029023101 scopus 로고
    • Constitutive ion fluxes and substrate binding domains of human glutamate transporters
    • Vandenberg RJ, Arriza JL, Amara SG, Kavanaugh MP: Constitutive ion fluxes and substrate binding domains of human glutamate transporters. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:17668-17671.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 17668-17671
    • Vandenberg, R.J.1    Arriza, J.L.2    Amara, S.G.3    Kavanaugh, M.P.4
  • 24
    • 0026463206 scopus 로고
    • The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransport pH-changing anions
    • Bouvier M, Szatkowski M, Amato A, Attwell D: The glial cell glutamate uptake carrier countertransport pH-changing anions. Nature 1992, 360:471-474.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 471-474
    • Bouvier, M.1    Szatkowski, M.2    Amato, A.3    Attwell, D.4
  • 25
    • 0029860263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter
    • +-coupling stoichiometry in this paper and others which studied direct flux comparison (e.g. [27]) has to be resolved.
    • (1996) Nature , vol.383 , pp. 634-637
    • Zerangue, N.1    Kavanaugh, M.P.2
  • 26
    • 0028048581 scopus 로고
    • +)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain
    • +)-coupled glutamate transporter from rat brain. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:19573-19577.
    • (1994) J Biol Chem , vol.269 , pp. 19573-19577
    • Zhang, Y.1    Pines, G.2    Kanner, B.I.3
  • 27
    • 0029035583 scopus 로고
    • Electrogenic properties of the epithelial and neuronal high affinity glutamate transporter
    • Kanai Y, Nussgerger S, Romero M, Boron W, Hebert S, Hediger M: Electrogenic properties of the epithelial and neuronal high affinity glutamate transporter. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:16561-16568.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 16561-16568
    • Kanai, Y.1    Nussgerger, S.2    Romero, M.3    Boron, W.4    Hebert, S.5    Hediger, M.6
  • 28
    • 0029041792 scopus 로고
    • Conformational changes monitored on the glutamate transporter GLT-1 indicate the existence of two neurotransmitter-bound states
    • Grunewald M, Kanner B: Conformational changes monitored on the glutamate transporter GLT-1 indicate the existence of two neurotransmitter-bound states. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:17017-17024.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 17017-17024
    • Grunewald, M.1    Kanner, B.2
  • 29
    • 0029142729 scopus 로고
    • Ion fluxes associated with excitatory amino acid transport
    • Wadiche JI, Amara SG, Kavanaugh MP: Ion fluxes associated with excitatory amino acid transport. Neuron 1995, 15:721-728.
    • (1995) Neuron , vol.15 , pp. 721-728
    • Wadiche, J.I.1    Amara, S.G.2    Kavanaugh, M.P.3
  • 31
    • 13344286293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate
    • Rothstein JD, Dykes-Hoberg M, Pardo CA, Bristol LA, Jin L, Kuncl RW, Kanai Y, Hediger MA, Wang Y, Schielke JP, Welty DF: Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 1996, 16:675-686. The knockout of glutamate transporters by using antisense oligonucleotides is described in this paper. The knockout of the glial glutamate transporters GLT-1 or GLAST caused neurodegeneration, whereas loss of a neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1, induced convulsion. This paper provides direct evidence for the role of glial glutamate transporters in protecting neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity by maintaining the extracellular glutamate concentration.
    • (1996) Neuron , vol.16 , pp. 675-686
    • Rothstein, J.D.1    Dykes-Hoberg, M.2    Pardo, C.A.3    Bristol, L.A.4    Jin, L.5    Kuncl, R.W.6    Kanai, Y.7    Hediger, M.A.8    Wang, Y.9    Schielke, J.P.10    Welty, D.F.11
  • 32
    • 0028061339 scopus 로고
    • Block of glutamate transporters potentiates postsynaptic excitation
    • Tong G, Jahr CE: Block of glutamate transporters potentiates postsynaptic excitation. Neuron 1994, 13:1195-1203.
    • (1994) Neuron , vol.13 , pp. 1195-1203
    • Tong, G.1    Jahr, C.E.2
  • 33
    • 0001047737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of synthesis of EAAC1 glutamate transporter alters γ-aminobutyric acid levels in discrete brain regions
    • Eccles CU, Dykes-Hoberg M, Rothstein JD: Inhibition of synthesis of EAAC1 glutamate transporter alters γ-aminobutyric acid levels in discrete brain regions [abstract]. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996, 22:1570.
    • (1996) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.22 , pp. 1570
    • Eccles, C.U.1    Dykes-Hoberg, M.2    Rothstein, J.D.3
  • 35
    • 0030036982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-dependent L-glutamate transport activity in C6 glioma cells by phorbol ester
    • +-dependent L-glutamate transport activity in C6 glioma cells by phorbol ester. J Neurochem 1996, 67:508-516.
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.67 , pp. 508-516
    • Dowd, L.A.1    Robinson, M.B.2
  • 36
    • 0029912001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of protein kinase Cε in the stimulation of anionic amino acid transport in cultured human fibroblasts
    • Franchi-Gazzola R, Visigalli R, Bussolati O, Gazzola GC: Involvement of protein kinase Cε in the stimulation of anionic amino acid transport in cultured human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:26124-26130.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 26124-26130
    • Franchi-Gazzola, R.1    Visigalli, R.2    Bussolati, O.3    Gazzola, G.C.4
  • 37
    • 0028208495 scopus 로고
    • Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes
    • Volterra A, Trotti D, Tromba C, Floridi S, Racagni G: Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes. J Neurosci 1994, 14:2924-2932.
    • (1994) J Neurosci , vol.14 , pp. 2924-2932
    • Volterra, A.1    Trotti, D.2    Tromba, C.3    Floridi, S.4    Racagni, G.5
  • 38
    • 0029868452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peroxynitrite inhibits glutamate transporter subtypes
    • max of transport. It is suggested that glutamate transporters contain conserved sites that confer their vulnerability to radicals. To determine the amino acid residues affected by those radicals would provide information on the structures essential to transporter function.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 5976-5979
    • Trotti, D.1    Rossi, D.2    Gjesdal, O.3    Levy, L.M.4    Racagni, G.5    Danbolt, N.C.6    Volterra, A.7
  • 39
    • 0028911077 scopus 로고
    • Differential modulation of human glutamate transporter subtypes by arachidonic acid
    • Zarangue N, Arriza JL, Amara SG, Kavanaugh MP: Differential modulation of human glutamate transporter subtypes by arachidonic acid. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:6433-6435.
    • (1995) J Biol Chem , vol.270 , pp. 6433-6435
    • Zarangue, N.1    Arriza, J.L.2    Amara, S.G.3    Kavanaugh, M.P.4
  • 41
    • 0029889640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-dependent glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures
    • +-dependent glutamate uptake in rat hippocampal astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem 1996, 67:277-286. Amyloid β peptide is shown to inhibit astrocyte glutamate uptake through free radical formation. The results from this paper and the previous one [40] lead to a revised hypothesis of the roles of excitotoxicity/free radicals in amyloid β peptide toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. In this hypothesis, the neurodegeneration is caused by inhibition of astrocyte glutamate transporters.
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.67 , pp. 277-286
    • Harris, M.E.1    Wang, Y.2    Pedigo, N.W.J.3    Hensley, K.4    Butterfield, D.A.5    Carney, J.6
  • 42
    • 0029943301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia
    • Fine SM, Angel RA, Perry SW, Epstein LG, Rothstein JD, Dewhurst S, Gelbard HA: Tumor necrosis factor a inhibits glutamate uptake by primary human astrocytes. Implications for pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:15303-15306. This paper shows that TNFα, produced by HIV-1-infected macrophages and microglia, inhibits glutamate uptake in astrocytes. The results from this paper link HIV-1-induced neurodegeneration to astrocyte glutamate transporter inhibition through TNFα.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 15303-15306
    • Fine, S.M.1    Angel, R.A.2    Perry, S.W.3    Epstein, L.G.4    Rothstein, J.D.5    Dewhurst, S.6    Gelbard, H.A.7
  • 43
    • 0029910823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain glutamate transporter proteins form homomultimers
    • Haugeto O, Ullensvang K, Levy LM, Chaudhry FA, Honore T, Nielsen M, Lehre KP, Danbolt NC: Brain glutamate transporter proteins form homomultimers. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:27715-27722. By chemical cross-linking and radiation inactivation analysis, the authors of this paper revealed that the functional complex of glutamate transporters is either a dimer or a trimer. This is the first reliable evidence that glutamate transporters work by forming homomultimers.
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 27715-27722
    • Haugeto, O.1    Ullensvang, K.2    Levy, L.M.3    Chaudhry, F.A.4    Honore, T.5    Nielsen, M.6    Lehre, K.P.7    Danbolt, N.C.8
  • 45
    • 0029865144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic changes in expression of glutamate transporter mRNAs in developing brain
    • •] report dynamic changes in expression of the glutamate transporters GLAST, GLT-1 and EAAC1 throughout mouse development. GLT-1 and GLAST are predominantly expressed in the ventricular proliferating zone in the embryo and their expression is dramatically increased in the mantle layer after birth; this increase coincided with the rapid development of glutamatergic transmission, which is of interest in view of the regulation of GLAST and GLT-1 gene expression.
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 705-709
    • Shibata, T.1    Watanabe, M.2    Tanaka, K.3    Wada, K.4    Inoue, Y.5
  • 46
    • 0029119884 scopus 로고
    • Down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters after glutamatergic denervation in the rat brain
    • Levy LM, Lehre KP, Walaas SI, Storm-Mathisen J, Danbolt NC: Down-regulation of glial glutamate transporters after glutamatergic denervation in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 1995, 7:2036-2041.
    • (1995) Eur J Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 2036-2041
    • Levy, L.M.1    Lehre, K.P.2    Walaas, S.I.3    Storm-Mathisen, J.4    Danbolt, N.C.5
  • 47
    • 0028822475 scopus 로고
    • Regional deafferentation down-regulates subtypes of glutamate transporter proteins
    • Ginsberg SD, Martin U, Rothstein JD: Regional deafferentation down-regulates subtypes of glutamate transporter proteins. J Neurochem 1995, 65:2800-2803.
    • (1995) J Neurochem , vol.65 , pp. 2800-2803
    • Ginsberg, S.D.1    Martin, U.2    Rothstein, J.D.3
  • 48
    • 0029795954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fimbria-fornix transactions selectively down-regulate subtypes of glutamate transporter and glutamate receptor proteins in septum and hippocampus
    • Ginsberg SD, Rothstein JD, Price DL, Martin LJ: Fimbria-fornix transactions selectively down-regulate subtypes of glutamate transporter and glutamate receptor proteins in septum and hippocampus. J Neurochem 1996, 67:1208-1216. This paper describes the destruction of afferent fibers, which induces a decrease in levels of the glial glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST. These levels return to normal when injured fibers regenerate. This suggests that astrocytes somehow sense glutamatergic transmission and maintain expression levels of glutamate transporters.
    • (1996) J Neurochem , vol.67 , pp. 1208-1216
    • Ginsberg, S.D.1    Rothstein, J.D.2    Price, D.L.3    Martin, L.J.4
  • 49
    • 0029984610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rat C6 and human astrocytic tumor cells express a neuronal type of glutamate transporter
    • Palos TP, Ramachandran B, Boado R, Howard BD: Rat C6 and human astrocytic tumor cells express a neuronal type of glutamate transporter. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1996, 37:297-303.
    • (1996) Brain Res Mol Brain Res , vol.37 , pp. 297-303
    • Palos, T.P.1    Ramachandran, B.2    Boado, R.3    Howard, B.D.4
  • 51
    • 13344275855 scopus 로고
    • Nerve injury enhances rat neuronal glutamate transporter expression: Identification by differential display PCR
    • Kiryu S, Yao GL, Morita N, Kato H, Kiyama H: Nerve injury enhances rat neuronal glutamate transporter expression: identification by differential display PCR. J Neurosci 1995, 15:7872-7878.
    • (1995) J Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 7872-7878
    • Kiryu, S.1    Yao, G.L.2    Morita, N.3    Kato, H.4    Kiyama, H.5
  • 52
    • 0029893179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST/GluT-1) mRNA expression following facial nerve transaction
    • Yamashita T, Kohmura E, Yuguchi T, Shimada S, Tanaka K, Hayakawa T, Tohyama M: Changes in glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST/GluT-1) mRNA expression following facial nerve transaction. Mol Brain Res 1996, 38:294-299.
    • (1996) Mol Brain Res , vol.38 , pp. 294-299
    • Yamashita, T.1    Kohmura, E.2    Yuguchi, T.3    Shimada, S.4    Tanaka, K.5    Hayakawa, T.6    Tohyama, M.7
  • 53
    • 0028785264 scopus 로고
    • Regional expression and dietary regulation of rat small intestine peptide and amino acid transporter mRNAs
    • Erickson RH, Gum JR Jr, Lindstrom MM, McKean D, Kim YS: Regional expression and dietary regulation of rat small intestine peptide and amino acid transporter mRNAs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995, 216:249-257.
    • (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.216 , pp. 249-257
    • Erickson, R.H.1    Gum J.R., Jr.2    Lindstrom, M.M.3    McKean, D.4    Kim, Y.S.5
  • 54
    • 0029586025 scopus 로고
    • Neuronal high-affinity glutamate transport in the rat central nervous system
    • Kanai Y, Bhide PG, DiFiglia M, Hediger MA: Neuronal high-affinity glutamate transport in the rat central nervous system. Neuroreport 1995, 6:2357-2362.
    • (1995) Neuroreport , vol.6 , pp. 2357-2362
    • Kanai, Y.1    Bhide, P.G.2    DiFiglia, M.3    Hediger, M.A.4
  • 55
    • 0030014686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic organization, promoter analysis, and chromosomal localization of the gene for the mouse glial high-affinity glutamate transporter Slc1a3
    • Hagiwara T, Tanaka K, Takai S, Maeno-Hikichi Y, Mukainaka Y, Wada K: Genomic organization, promoter analysis, and chromosomal localization of the gene for the mouse glial high-affinity glutamate transporter Slc1a3. Genomics 1996, 33:508-515. This paper includes the first description of promoter analysis of the glutamate transporter gene encoding GluT-1 (GLAST). The presence of negative regulatory elements in the 5′-flanking region of the mouse GLAST gene wa suggested.
    • (1996) Genomics , vol.33 , pp. 508-515
    • Hagiwara, T.1    Tanaka, K.2    Takai, S.3    Maeno-Hikichi, Y.4    Mukainaka, Y.5    Wada, K.6
  • 56
    • 0029030610 scopus 로고
    • Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    • Rothstein JD, Kammen MV, Levey AI, Martin L, Kuncl RW: Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:73-84.
    • (1995) Ann Neurol , vol.38 , pp. 73-84
    • Rothstein, J.D.1    Kammen, M.V.2    Levey, A.I.3    Martin, L.4    Kuncl, R.W.5
  • 57
    • 0029884012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate transporter gene expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex
    • Bristol LA, Rothstein JD: Glutamate transporter gene expression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor cortex. Ann Neurol 1996 39:676-679.
    • (1996) Ann Neurol , vol.39 , pp. 676-679
    • Bristol, L.A.1    Rothstein, J.D.2
  • 58
    • 0027483397 scopus 로고
    • Expression cloning of a rat glutamate transporter
    • Tanaka K: Expression cloning of a rat glutamate transporter. Neurosci Res 1993, 16:149-153.
    • (1993) Neurosci Res , vol.16 , pp. 149-153
    • Tanaka, K.1
  • 59
    • 0028217120 scopus 로고
    • Assignment of the gene coding for the human high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 to 9p24: Potential role in dicarboxylic aminoaciduria and neurodegenerative disorders
    • Smith CP, Weremowicz S, Kanai Y, Stelzner M, Morton CC, Hediger MA: Assignment of the gene coding for the human high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 to 9p24: potential role in dicarboxylic aminoaciduria and neurodegenerative disorders. Genomics 1994, 20:335-336.
    • (1994) Genomics , vol.20 , pp. 335-336
    • Smith, C.P.1    Weremowicz, S.2    Kanai, Y.3    Stelzner, M.4    Morton, C.C.5    Hediger, M.A.6
  • 60
    • 0030064496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Localization of the gene encoding the human L-glutamate transporter (GLT-1) to 11p11.2-p13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization
    • Takai S, Kawakami H, Nakayama T, Yamada K, Nakamura S: Localization of the gene encoding the human L-glutamate transporter (GLT-1) to 11p11.2-p13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet1 996, 97:387-389.
    • (1996) Hum Genet , vol.97 , pp. 387-389
    • Takai, S.1    Kawakami, H.2    Nakayama, T.3    Yamada, K.4    Nakamura, S.5
  • 61
    • 0030011331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • +-dependent L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST-1 EAAT-D: Gene structure and localization to chromosome 5p11-p12
    • +-dependent L-glutamate/L-aspartate transporter GLAST-1 (EAAT-D: gene structure and localization to chromosome 5p11-p12. FEBS Lett 1996, 386:189-193.
    • (1996) FEBS Lett , vol.386 , pp. 189-193
    • Stoffel, W.1    Sasse, J.2    Duker, M.3    Muller, R.4    Hofmann, K.5    Fink, T.6    Lichter, P.7
  • 62
    • 0028136582 scopus 로고
    • Localization of the gene encoding a neutral amino acid transporter-like protein to human chromosome band 19q13.3 and characterization of a simple sequence repeat DNa polymorphism
    • Jones EM, Menzel S, Espinosa R III, Le-Beau MM, Bell GI, Takeda J: Localization of the gene encoding a neutral amino acid transporter-like protein to human chromosome band 19q13.3 and characterization of a simple sequence repeat DNA polymorphism. Genomics 1994, 23:490-491.
    • (1994) Genomics , vol.23 , pp. 490-491
    • Jones, E.M.1    Menzel, S.2    Espinosa R. III3    Le-Beau, M.M.4    Bell, G.I.5    Takeda, J.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.