Mozambique between two elections: A political economy of transition

Democratization

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 166-180

  Harrison, Graham ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0004575098     PISSN: 13510347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13510349908403637     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. R. Haines and G. Wood, The 1994 Election and Mozambiques Democratic Transition, Démocratisation, Vol.2, No.3 (1995), p.362.
2. It is still unclear exactly when the elections will take place. It is possible that they will be delayed until early 2000.
3. See G. White, Building a Democratic Development State, Démocratisation, Vol.5, No.3 (1998), pp. 1-32 and his critical review of these associations.
4. J. Hanlon, Peace without Profit:. How the IMF Blocks Rebuilding in Mozambique (Oxford: James Currey, 1996).
5. T. Young, "A Project yet to be Realised": Global Liberalism in Contemporary Africa, Millennium, Vol.24, No.3 (1995). This contains within it a case study of Mozambiques elections.
6. In addition to Haines and Wood, op. cit.: Southern Africa Report, special issue, Mozambique: the Peace Election (1994), Vol.10, No.2;
7. G. Harrison, Elections in Mozambique, Review of African Political Economy, Vol.22, No.63 (1995), pp.115-18;
8. B. Mazula (éd.), Mozambique: Elections Democracy and Development (Maputo: Inter African Group, 1996). .
9. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report, Mozambique and Malawi, 4th Quarter (London: EIU, 1998), p.6. This is hardly a definitive figure. The EIU retrospectively revises its figures, and methodologies of accounting are far from watertight. See, for example, S. Berry, The Food Crisis and Agrarian Change in Africa, African Studies Review, Vol.27, No.2 (1984), pp.59-62.
10. On Renamos transition to a political party, see C. Manning, Constructing Opposition in Mozambique: Renamo as a Political Party, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol.24, No.l (1998), pp.161-91;
11. M. Cahen, "Entrons das la nation" Notes pour une étude du discours politique de la marginalité: le cas de la RENAMO du Mozambique, Politique Africaine, Vol.67 (1997), pp.70-88.
12. On the processes of conflict resolution and demobilization, see J. Schafer "A Baby who does not Cry will no be Suckled": AMODEG and the Reintegration of Demobilised Soldiers, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol.24, No.l (1998), pp.207-23;
13. J. Armon, D. Hendrickson and A. Vines (eds.), The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective, Accord (1998) Issue 3.
14. J. Marshall, War, Debt and Structural Adjustment in Mozambique: the Social Impact (Ottawa, 1992);
15. B. OLaughlin, From Basic Needs to Safety Nets: the Rise and Fall of Urban Food-Rationing in Mozambique, European Journal of Development Research, Vol.8, No.l (1996), pp.200-23;
16. M. Bowen, Beyond Reform: Adjustment and Political Power in Contemporary Mozambique, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.30, No.2 (1992), pp.355-79;
17. S. Willctt, Ostriches, Wise Old Elephants and Economic Reconstruction in Mozambique, International Peacekeeping. Vol.2, No.l (1995), pp.34-55.
18. Most importantly retrenchment in the wage sector and a general increase in the prices of basic producer and consumer goods. The main Mozambican union confederation, OTM (Mozambican Workers Organisation) estimates that 100,000 have lost their jobs since 1988 (AIM Reports, 4 Aug. 1998). See also sources in note 9.
19. G. Harrison, Corruption as "Boundary Politics": The State, Démocratisation, and Mozambiques Liberalisation, Third World Quarterly, Vol.20, No.3 (1990), pp.523-36.
20. World Bank, World Development Report (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1996).
21. R. Herbold Green and M. Mavie, From Survival to Livelihood in Mozambique, IDS Bulletin, Vol.25, No.4 (1994), pp.77-84.
22. A. Vines, No Democracy without Money: The Road to Peace in Mozambique (1989-1992) (London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1994). See also A. Vines, The Business of Peace: Tiny Rowland, Financial Incentives and the Mozambican Settlement, in Armon, Hendrickson and Vines op. cit.
23. Christian Michelsen Institute, Evaluation ofNonvegian Assistance to Peace, Reconciliation, and Rehabilitation in Mozambique (Oslo: Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1997), p.I12.
24. Facts and Reports (Holland), 10 March 1995; Mozambiqueflle (Maputo), April 1995.
25. Facts and Reports, 29 Sept. 1995.
26. Mozambiquefile, Sept. 1995.
27. Mozambiquefile, June 1995.
28. Mozambiquefile, May 1998.
29. Various personal communications with this author during four visits to Mozambique from 1995 to 1998.
30. Savana (Maputo) 3 March 1995; Savana 10 March 1995.
31. Mozambiquefile, July 1988.
32. Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin (the Netherlands/Maputo) 21 July 1998.
33. P. Cammack. Capitalism and Democracy in the Tliird World: The Doctrine for Political Development (London: Leicester University Press, 1997).
34. J. Saul, "For Fear of being Condemned as Old Fashioned": Liberal Democracy vs. Popular Democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa, Review of African Political Economy, Vol.24, No.73 (1997), pp.339-53.
35. A good critical case study of the limits of elite-based democracy is K. Good, Enduring Elite Democracy in Botswana, Demoralization, Vol.6, No.l (1999), pp.50-66;
36. and K. Good, Authoritarian Liberalism: A Defining Characteristic of Botswana, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.14, No.l (1996), pp.29-53.
37. B. Gills, J. Rocamora and R. Wilson (eds.). Low Intensity Democracy: Political Power in the New World Order (London: Pluto Press, 1993).
38. C. Baylies & M. Szeftel, The 1996 Zambian Elections: Still awaiting Democratic Consolidation, Review of African Political Economy, Vol.24, No.71 (1997), p.121, Table 3.
39. G. Harrison, Understanding Democracy in Mozambique (1992-1996). The Social Dynamics of Political Liberalisation, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, (Staffordshire University, 1996), pp.235-40.
40. More extreme anti-statist formulations have been replaced by a concern to reconfigure as well as roll back the state in recent World Bank publications, but the underlying premise of market over government remains sacrosanct.
41. Savana, 10 April 1998.
42. Savana, 31 March 1995; Savana, 2 Feb. 1996; Savana, 22 March 1996; Savana, 8 Nov. 1996.
43. Liga de Direitos Humanos (LDH). A Sitiiaçâo dos Direitos Humanos em Moçambiqiie e a Actividade da LDH (Maputo: no pub., 1995).
44. This question is addressed in G. Harrison, Democralization, Liberalization, and Rural Politics in Mozambique (forthcoming).
45. V. Ginja A Sustetabilidade das Organizacöes Näo Governamentais Mocambicanas: Aspcctos para Reflexäo, in A.P. Monteiro and A. Jo, (eds.). Faces e Contra Faces na Idenlidade Civil Moçambicana (Maputo: Arles Grâficas, 1995) p.73.
46. So-called suitcase NGOs which are the inventions of political entrepreneurs which wish to gain access to western funds.
47. Little research has been done on the internal workings of NGOs, but see R. Charlton and R. May, NGOs, Politics, Projects and Probity: A Policy Implementation Perspective, Third World Quarterly,Vo\.\6, No.2, (1995), pp.237-55.
48. D. Plank, Aid, Debt and the End of Sovereignty: Mozambique and its Donors, Journal of Modem African Studies, Vol.31, No.3 (1993), pp.407-30;
49. J. Hanlon, Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots? (London: James Currey, 1991);
50. J. Hanlon, Its the IMF that Runs Mozambique, in D. Sogge (éd.), Mozambique: Perspectives on Aid and the Civil Sector (Oegstgeest: COM, 1997).
51. Mozambiqtiefile, Jan. 1995.
52. Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin, Dec. 1995.
53. AWEPA (European Parliamentarians for Southern Africa), Mozambique Peace Process Bulletin (1995) Issue 16, pp.9-10.
54. Cashew is Mozambiques second highest export earner.
55. Metical, 3 June 1998.
56. Metical, 15 March 1999; Metical, 16 March 1999.
57. Metical, 26 March 1999.
58. White, op. cit., page 12.
59. Oxfam International, Debt Relief for Mozambique: Investing in Peace (Washington: Oxfam, 1997), p.3.
60. C. Wieland, Economic Policy Reform and Political Transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa, Dcmocratization, Vol.5, No.3 (1998), pp.I27-55.
61. Briefly: Ghana, Tanzania, and Zambias economic recoveries (such as they are) are substantially underpinned by large amounts of Western funding which have made all of these countries more indebted than when they started adjusting. Wieland does not deal with donor/creditor-state relations at all. Nor does she engage with the research that has been done on the social impact of structural adjustment programmes. To take the example of Tanzania (one of her chosen cases), see the meticulous analysis of M. Messkoub, The Social Impact of Adjustment in Tanzania in the 1980s: Economic Crisis and Household Survival Strategies, Internet Journal of African Studies, No.l (1996).
62. Empirically, parts of the analysis are sketchy: for example, Wieland states that the mining has been a winner in Tanzania, but does not mention the fact that small-scale miners have suffered greatly, leading P. Raikes and P. Gibbon to state that the mining areas are probably the only parts of the country where there has been large scale popular hostility to structural adjustment, in P. Engberg et al. (eds.), Limits of Adjustment in Africa (Oxford: James Currey, 1996), p.277. Methodologically, the idea that one can politically account winners and losers from adjustment through an analysis of relative price changes is extremely problematic because it ignores many vital aspects of many African countries political economies; for example the necessary structural transformation of national economies, the institutional forms of rural market exchange, and the impact of powerful global forces on weak national economies.
63. M. Cahen, Le Mozambique: une nation africaine de langue officielle portugaise?, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.24, No.3 (1990), pp.315-47;
64. H. Abrahamsson and A. Nilsson, Mozambique: the Troubled Transition (London: Zed Press, 1995).
65. Much of the change in mood is reflected in E. Osaghae, Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol.17, No.l (1999), pp.5-29.
66. See also T. Young Elections and Electoral Politics in Africa, Africa, Vol.63, No.3 (1993), pp.299-313;
67. R. Sandbrook, Democracy and the Implementation of Economic Reform in Africa, Journal of International Development, Vol.8, No.ll (1996), pp.1-21.
68. See especially, B. Munslow, Democracy in Africa, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol.46, No.4 (1993), pp.478-92.