Photorefraction and complementary grating competition in bipolar transport molecular material

Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

Volumn 62, Issue 8, 2000, Pages 4973-4984

  Wang, Liming ^a   Ng, Man Kit ^a   Yu, Luping ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001145895     PISSN: 10980121     EISSN: 1550235X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.4973     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications, edited by P. Günter and J. P. Huignard (Springer, New York, 1988), Vols. 1 and 2.
2. P. Günter, Phys. Rep. 93, 199 (1982).
3. W. E. Moerner and S. M. Silence, Chem. Rev. 94, 127 (1994).
4. W. E. Moerner, A. Grunnet-Jepsen, and C. L. Thompson, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 27, 585 (1997).
5. L. P. Yu, W. K. Chen, Z. H. Peng, and A. R. Gharavi, Acc. Chem. Res. 29, 13 (1996).
6. S. Ducharme, J. C. Scott, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1846 (1991).
7. K. Meerholz, B. L. Volodin, Sanalphon, B. Kippelen, and N. Peyghambarian, Nature (London) 371, 497 (1994).
8. B. Kippelen, S. R. Marder, E. Hendrichy, J. L. Maldonado, G. Guillemet, B. L. Volodin, D. D. Steele, Y. Edami, Sanalphon, Y. J. Yao, J. F. Wang, H. Röchel, L. Erskine, and N. Peyghambariam, Science 279, 54 (1998).
9. A. M. Cox, R. D. Blackburn, D. P. West, T. A. King, F. A. Wade, and D. A. Leigh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2801 (1996).
10. E. Hendrickx, J. Herlocker, J. L. Maldonado, S. R. Marder, B. Kippelen, A. Persoons, and N. Peyghambarian, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1679 (1998).
11. A. Grunnet-Jepsen, C. L. Thompson, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 1515 (1997).
12. P. M. Lundquist, R. Wortmann, C. Geletneky, R. J. Twieg, M. Jurich, V. Y. Lee, C. R. Moylan, and D. M. Burland, Science 274, 1182 (1996).
13. Z. Peng, A. R. Gharavi, and L. Yu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 4002 (1996).
14. Qing Wang, Liming Wang, Haythem Saadeh, and Luping Yu, Chem. Commun. (Cambridge) 17, 1689 (1999).
15. W. J. Li, A. Gharavi, Q. Wang, and P. L. Yu, Adv. Mater. 10, 927 (1998).
16. K. Ogino, S. H. Park, and H. Sato, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 3936 (1999).
17. L. Wang, Y. Zhang, T. Wada, and H. Sasabe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 728 (1996).
18. S. Schloter, A. Schreiber, M. Grasruck, A. Leopold, M. Kol’chenko, J. Pan, C. Hohl, P. Strohriegl, S. J. Zilker, and D. Haarer, Appl. Phys. B: Photophys. Laser Chem. 68, 899 (1999).
19. A. Grunnet-Jepsen, C. L. Thompson, R. J. Twieg, and W. E. Moerner, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 901 (1998).
20. P. M. Lundguist, C. Popa, R. G. DeVoe, Y. Jia, and W. E. Moerner, Opt. Lett. 21, 890 (1996).
21. B. L. Volodin, B. Kippelen, K. Meerholz, B. Javidi, and N. Peyghambarian, Nature (London) 383, 58 (1996).
22. By “standard model of photorefraction,” we refer to the model that initially was developed by Kukhtarev and coworkers [N. V. Kukhtarev, V. B. Markov, and S. G. Odulov, Opt. Commun. 23, 338 (1977).
23. N. V. Kukhtarev, V. B. Markov, S. G. Odulov, M. S. Soskin, and V. L. Vinetskii, Ferroelectrics 22, 949 (1979).
24. FerroelectricsN. V. KukhtarevV. B. MarkovS. G. OdulovM. S. SoskinV. L. Vinetskii22, 961 (1979).
25. N. V. Kukhtarev, Sov. Tech. Phys. Lett. 2, 438 (1976)] and later modifications. The model considered the monopolar band transport and one-trap level. The expansions of the model that consider such effects as multiple trap levels and simultaneous electron and hole transporting are not included. A good summary of these models has been given in Ref. 2.
26. K. Okamoto, T. Nomura, S. H. Park, K. Ogino, and H. Sata, Chem. Mater. 11, 3279 (1999).
27. C. Hohle, U. Hofmann, S. Schloter, M. Thelakkat, P. Strohriegl, D. Haarer, and S. J. Zilker, J. Mater. Chem. 9, 2205 (1999).
28. S. Schloter, A. Schreiber, M. Grasrunck, A. Leopold, M. Kol’chenko, J. Pan, C. Hohle, P. Strohriegl, S. J. Zilker, and D. Haarer, Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 68, 899 (1999).
29. R. Bitter, C. Bräuchle, and K. Meerholz, Appl. Opt. 37, 2843 (1998).
30. F. Wütthner, R. Wortmann, R. Matschiner, K. Lukaszuk, K. Meerholz, Y. DeNardin, R. Bittner, C. Bräuchle, and R. Sens, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36, 2765 (1997).
31. F. Nishida and Y. Tomita, J. Appl. Phys. 7, 55 (1997).
32. Q. Wang, L. Wang, and L. P. Yu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 12 860 (1998).
33. S. Ducharme, B. Jones, J. M. Takacs, and L. Zhang, Opt. Lett. 18, 152 (1993).
34. S. M. Silence, R. J. Twieg, G. C. Bjorklund, and W. E. Moerner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2047 (1994).
35. S. M. Silence, C. A. Walsh, J. C. Scott, T. J. Matray, R. J. Twieg, F. Hache, G. C. Bjorklund, and W. E. Moerner, Opt. Lett. 17, 1107 (1992).
36. E. Krätzig, Ferroelectrics 21, 635 (1978).
37. R. Orlowski and E. Krätzig, Solid State Commun. 27, 1351 (1978).
38. X. Xue, E. Krätzig, and R. Rupp, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 2383 (1998).
39. N. Barry, L. Duffault, R. Troth, R. Ramos-Garcia, and M. Damzen, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 1758 (1994).
40. M. Miteva and L. Nikolova, Opt. Commun. 67, 192 (1988).
41. S. Zhivkova and M. Miteva, J. Appl. Phys. 68, 3099 (1990).
42. E. Rickerman, S. Riehemann, K. Buse, D. Dirksen, and G. von Bally, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2299 (1996).
43. S. G. Odoulov, A. N. Shumelyuk, U. Hellwig, R. A. Rupp, A. A. Grabar, and I. M. Stoyka, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2352 (1996).
44. M. C. Bashaw, T.-P. Ma, R. C. Baker, S. Mroczkowski, and R. R. Dube, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 2329 (1990).
45. M. C. Bashaw, T.-P. Ma, R. C. Baker, S. Mroczkowski, and R. R. Dube, Phys. Rev. B 42, 5641 (1990).
46. G. C. Valley, J. Appl. Phys. 59, 3363 (1986).
47. E. Strohkendl, J. Jonathan, and R. W. Hellwarth, Opt. Lett. 11, 312 (1986).
48. M. C. Bashaw, M. Jeganathan, and L. Hesselink, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 1743 (1994).
49. W. E. Moerner, S. M. Silence, F. Hache, and G. C. Bjorklund, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 320 (1994).
50. K. Sutter and P. Günter, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 2274 (1990).
51. For a recent review, see P. M. Borsenberger and D. S. Weiss, in Organic Photoreceptors for Xerography, edited by B. J. Thompson (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998).
52. X. Yue, J. Xu, F. Mersch, R. Rupp, and E. Krätzig, Phys. Rev. B 55, 192 (1988).
53. W. D. Gill, J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5033 (1972).
54. M. Stoka, J. F. Yanus, and D. M. Pai, J. Phys. Chem. 88, 4707 (1984).
55. J. Mort, G. Pfister, and S. Grammatica, Solid State Commun. 18, 693 (1976).
56. L. Onsager, Phys. Rev. 54, 554 (1938).
57. H. Meng, W. L. Yu, and W. Huang, Macromolecules 32, 8841 (1999).
58. J. D. Anderson, E. M. Mconald, P. A. Lee, M. L. Anderson et. al J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 9646 (1998).
59. W. C. Barrette, Jr., H. W. Johnson, and D. T. Sawyer, Anal. Chem. 56, 1890 (1984).
60. H. Reiss and A. Heller, J. Phys. Chem. 89, 4207 (1985).
61. M. C. Bashaw, T.-P. Ma, and R. C. Baker, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1666 (1992), and references cited therein.
62. M. B. Klein and G. C. Valley, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4901 (1985).
63. D. Rytz, B. A. Wechsler, M. H. Garrett, C. C. Nelson, and R. N. Schwartz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 7, 2245 (1990).
64. L. M. Bernardo, J. C. Lopez, and O. C. Soares, Appl. Opt. 29, 12 (1990).
65. G. C. Valley and M. B. Klein, Opt. Eng. (Bellingham) 22, 704 (1983).
66. Y. Zhang, C. A. Spencer, S. Ghosal, M. K. Casstevens, and R. Burzynski, J. Appl. Phys. 76, 671 (1994).
67. D. Wright, M. A. Díaz-García, J. D. Casperson, M. DeClue, W. E. Moerner, and R. J. Twieg, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 1490 (1998).
68. J. W. Wu, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 8, 142 (1991).
69. G. Pfister, Phys. Rev. B 16, 3676 (1977).
70. P. Tayebati, J. Appl. Phys. 70, 4082 (1991).
71. J. P. Partanen, J. M. Jonathan, and R. W. Hellwarth, Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 2404 (1990).
72. J. P. Partanen, P. Nouchi, J. M. Jonathan, and R. W. Hellwarth, Phys. Rev. B 44, 1487 (1991).
73. G. G. Mailliaras, V. V. Krasnikov, H. J. Bolink, and G. Hadziioannou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 455 (1995).