Public nutrition in complex emergencies

Lancet

Volumn 364, Issue 9448, 2004, Pages 1899-1909

  Young, Helen ^a,c   Borrel, Annalies ^a   Holland, Diane ^a   Salama, Peter ^b  

^a Friedman Sch Nutr Sci Plcy T   (United States)

^b UNICEF   (United States)

^c USA ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASCORBIC ACID; FOLIC ACID; IODINE; IRON; MINERAL; NICOTINIC ACID; POTASSIUM; RETINOL; RIBOFLAVIN; SODIUM; THIAMINE; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D;

ANTHROPOMETRY; BERIBERI; BREAST FEEDING; DECISION MAKING; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LACTATION; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PELLAGRA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

EID: 8844263888     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17447-3     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Black M. A cause for our times: Oxfam the first 50 years. 1992;Oxfam, Oxford
2. Davis LE. Epidemiology of famine in the Nigerian crisis: rapid evaluation of malnutrition by height and arm circumference in large populations. Am J Clin Nutr. 24:1971;358-364
3. Rivers JPW, Holt JFJ, Seaman JA, Bowden MR. Lessons for epidemiology from the Ethiopian Famines. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 56:1976;345-357
4. Seaman J, Holt J. The Ethiopian Famine of 1973-74. 1. Wollo Province. Proc Nutr Soc. 34:1975;114A-115A
5. Toole MJ, Nieburg P, Waldman RJ. The association between inadequate rations, undernutrition prevalence and mortality in refugee camps: case studies of refugee populations in eastern Thailand, 1979-1980, and Eastern Sudan, 1984-1985. J Trop Ped. 34:1988;218-224
6. de Ville de Goyet C, Seaman J, Geijer U. The management of nutritional emergencies in large populations. 1978;World Health Organization, Geneva
7. Peel S. Selective feeding procedures. Oxfam Practical Guide No 1. 1977;Oxfam, Oxford
8. Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. Guide to emergency feeding. 1974;Ethiopian Nutrition Institute, Addis Ababa
9. Protein Calorie Advisory Group of the UN. A guide to food and health relief operations for disasters. 1977;United Nations, New York
10. Young H. Public nutrition in emergencies: an overview of debates, dilemmas and decision-making. Disasters. 23:1999;277-292
11. UNICEF. Strategy for improved nutrition of children and women in developing countries. A UNICEF Policy Review. 1990;UNICEF, New York
12. ACC/Sub-Committee on Nutrition of the United Nations. Reports on the nutrition situation of refugees and displaced populations. 1993-2004.
13. Macrae J, Harmer A. Humanitarian action and the 'war on terror': a review of issues, in humanitarian action and the 'global war on terror': a review of trends and issues, Humanitarian Policy Group Report 14. 2003;Overseas Development Institute, London
14. Macrae J, ed. The new humanitarianisms: a review of trends in global humanitarian action. Humanitarian Policy Group Report 11. London: Overseas Development Institute, 2002.
15. Weise Prinzo Z, de Benoist B. Meeting the challenges of micronutrient deficiencies in emergency affected populations. Proc Nutr Soc. 61:2002;251-257
16. WHO. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. Report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 854. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.
17. WHO. Field guide on rapid nutritional assessment in emergencies. World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, 1995.
18. Yip R, Scanlon K. The burden of malnutrition: a population perspective. J Nutr. 124:1994;2043S-2046S
19. Young H, Jaspars S. Nutritional assessments, food security and famine. Disasters. 19:1995;26-36
20. Golden MHN, Grellety Y. Population nutritional status during famine Annex 6: proceedings of the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) Workshop, July 23-26, 2002. Washington DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance, Academy for Educational Development, 2002.
21. Bern C, Nathanail L. Is mid-upper-arm circumference a useful tool for screening in emergency settings? Lancet. 345:1995;631-633
22. Briend A, Golden MH, Grellety Y, Prudhon C, Hailey P. Use of mid-upper-arm circumference for nutritional screening of refugees. Lancet. 345:1995;1119-1120
23. Nabeth P, Michelet MJ, Le Gallais G, Claus W. Demographic and nutritional consequences of civil war in Liberia. Lancet. 349:1997;59-60
24. Mei Z, Yip R, Grummer-Strawn LM, Trowbridge FL. Development of a research child growth reference and its comparison with the current international growth reference. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 152:1998;471-479
25. de Onis M, Habicht JP. Anthropometric reference data for international use: recommendations from a World Health Organization Expert Committee. Am J Clin Nutr. 64:1996;650-658
26. Briend A, Garenne M, Maire B, Fontaine O, Dieng K. Nutritional status, age and survival: the muscle mass hypothesis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 43:1989;715-726
27. Collins S, Duffield, A., Myatt, M. Adults. Assessment of nutritional status in emergency-affected populations. Geneva: Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Nutrition, 2000.
28. Salama P, Collins S. An ongoing omission; adolescent and adult malnutrition in famine situations. ENN Field Exchange 2000; 18.
29. Woodruff BA, Duffield A. Adolescents. Assessment of nutritional status in emergency-affected populations. Geneva: Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Coordination, 2000.
30. Collins S. Using middle upper arm circumference to assess severe adult malnutrition during famine. JAMA. 276:1996;391-395
31. Appleton J, Borrel A, Duffield A, et al. Chapter 5: Nutrition of refugees and displaced populations. Geneva: UN Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Nutrition (ACC/SCN) with International Food Policy Research Institute, 2000.
32. FANTA. Proceedings of the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) Workshop, July 23-26, 2002. Washington DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2002.
33. WHO. The management of nutrition in major emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Food Programme, 2000.
34. Centers for Disease Control. Famine-affected, refugee, and displaced populations: Recommendations for public health issues. MMWR Recomm Rep. 41:1992;1-76
35. Binkin N, Sullivan K, Staehling N, Nieburg P. Rapid nutrition surveys: how many clusters are enough? Disasters. 16:1991;97-103
36. Emergency Nutrition Coordination Unit-led Nutrition Working Group. National Nutrition Survey Guidelines. 2002;Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission, Addis Ababa
37. Spiegel P, Salama P, Maloney S, Van der Veen A. Quality of malnutrition assessment surveys conducted during famine in Ethiopia. JAMA. 292:2004;613-618
38. UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. Food and nutrition needs in emergencies. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Children's Fund, World Food Programme, World Health Organization, 2002.
39. Mardel S, Hailey PC, Mahmutovic A, et al. Micronutrient status of the besieged residents of Sarajevo: May 1993. Eur J Clin Nutr. 49:1995;S46-S61
40. Médecins Sans Frontères. Nutrition Guidelines. 1995;Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France
41. Unicef. The State of the World's Children. 2000;2000 Unicef, New York
42. Borrel A, Long J, Shoham J, Kelly M. Report of a workshop on selective feeding programmes. 1997;Dublin
43. Young H, Jaspars S. Nutrition matters-people, food and famine. 1995;IT Publications, London
44. Jaspars S. Responding to the crisis in Congo-Zaire: emergency feeding of Rwandan refugees May-July 1997. Field Exchange 1998.
45. Jaspars S, Young H. General food distribution in emergencies: from nutritional needs to political priorities. Good practice review 3. London: Relief and Rehabilitation Network, Overseas Development Institute, 1995.
46. Seaman J, Rivers J. Strategies for the distribution of relief food. JR Statist Soc. 151:1988;464-472
47. US Agency for International Development. Nutrition in times of disaster. Report of an international conference, World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva 27 September 1988: ACC/SCN, INPF, USAID, 1989.
48. Schofield C, Mason J. Setting and evaluating the energy content of emergency rations. Disasters. 20:1996;248-260
49. Mason J. Lessons on nutrition of displaced people. J Nutr. 132:2002;2096S-2103S
50. Mason F, Taylor A. A review of the advances and challenges in nutrition in conflicts and crises over the last 20 years. SCN News. 24:2002;21-27
51. Anonymous. How safe is GM food? Lancet. 360:2002;1261
52. Integrated Regional Information Network UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Zambia: Govt completes GM guidelines. www.reliefweb.int (accessed Jan 8, 2003).
53. Ingham R. GM food row clouds famine relief effort in Africa. www.afp.com (accessed Nov 17, 2002).
54. Sklaver B. Humanitarian daily rations: the need for evaluation and guidelines. Disasters. 27:2003;259-271
55. Jaspars S, Shoham J. Targeting the vulnerable: a review of the necessity and feasibility of targeting vulnerable households. Disasters. 23:1999;359-372
56. Clay D, Molla D, Habtewold D. Food aid targeting in Ethiopia: a study of who needs it and who gets it. Food Policy. 24:1999;391-409
57. Hilderbrand K, Boelaert M, Van Damme W, Van der Stuyft P. Food rations for refugees. Lancet. 351:1998;1213-1214
58. Toole M, Bhatia R. A case-study of Somali refugees in Hartisheik A camp, Eastern Ethiopia: Health and Nutrition Profile, July 1998-June 1990. J Refug Stud. 5:1992;313-326
59. Malfait P, Moren A, Dillon JC, et al. An outbreak of pellagra related to changes in dietary niacin among Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Int J Epidemiol. 22:1993;504-511
60. US Agency for International Development. American food aid pledges top one million tons for the Ethiopian humanitarian crisis. www.usaid.gov/press/ releases/2003/pr030702.html (accessed July 02, 2003).
61. Pelletier DL, Deneke K, Kidane Y, Haile B, Negussie F. The food-first bias and nutrition policy: lessons from Ethiopia. Food Policy. 20:1995;279-298
62. Lautze S, Aklilu Y, Raven-Roberts A, Young H, Kebede G, Leaning J. Risk and vulnerability in Ethiopia: learning from the past, responding to the present, preparing for the future. Boston: Feinstein International Famine Center, Tufts University and Inter-University Initiative on Humanitarian Studies and Field Practice, 2003.
63. Pelletier DL, Frongillo EA, Schroeder DG, Habicht JP. The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 73:1995;443-448
64. UNHCR/WFP. UNHCR/WFP Guidelines for selective feeding in emergency situations: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, World Food Programme, 1999.
65. Sphere. Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in disaster response. 2001;The SPHERE Project, Geneva
66. Shoham J. Good practice review 2. Emergency supplementary feeding programmes: relief and rehabilitation network. Overseas Development Institute, 1995.
67. Stefanak MA, Jarjoura D. Weight gain in supervised and take-home feeding programmes in Chad. J Trop Ped. 35:1989;214-217
68. Vautier F, Hildebrand K, Dedeurwaeder M, Herp M. Dry supplementary feeding programmes: an effective short-term strategy in food crisis situations. Trop Med Int Health. 4:1999;875-879
69. Gibb C. A review of feeding programmes in refugee reception centres in Eastern Sudan, October 1995. Disasters. 10:1986;17-24
70. Beaton GH, Ghassemi H. Supplementary feeding programs for young children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 35:1982;864-916
71. Dick B. Supplementary feeding for refugees and other displaced communities-questioning current orthodoxy. Disasters. 10:1986;53-64
72. Munro LT. Zimbabwe's child supplementary feeding programme: a re-assessment using household survey data. Disasters. 26:2002;242-261
73. Curdy A. The relevance of supplementary feeding programmes for refugees, displaced or otherwise affected populations. Workshop on the improvement of the nutrition of refugees and displaced people in Africa. Kenya, 1994.
74. Ashworth A, Schofield C. Latest developments in the treatment of severe malnutrition in children. Nutrition. 14:1998;244-245
75. WHO. Management of severe malnutrition, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 1999;World Health Organization
76. Golden BE, Corbett M, McBurney R, Golden MH. Malnutrition: trials and triumphs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 94:2000;12-13
77. Prudhon C, Golden MH, Briend A, Mary JY. A model to standardise mortality of severely malnourished children using nutritional status on admission to therapeutic feeding centres. Eur J Clin Nutr. 51:1997;771-777
78. Golden MHN. Severe malnutrition. 1996;Oxford University Press, Oxford
79. Prudhon C. Assessment and treatment of malnutrition in emergency situations: manual of therapeutic care and planning for a nutritional programme. 2002;Action contre la Faim, Paris
80. Médecins Sans Frontières. Nutrition Guidelines Revised Draft March 2002. Médecins Sans Frontières, 2002.
81. Collins S, Myatt M, Golden B. Dietary treatment of severe malnutrition in adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 68:1998;193-199
82. Collins S. The limit of human adaptation to starvation. Nat Med. 1:1995;810-814
83. Collins S. Changing the way we address severe malnutrition during famine. Lancet. 358:2001;498-501
84. Ashworth A, Khanum S. Cost-effective treatment for severely malnourished children: What is the best approach? Health Policy Plan. 12:1997;115-121
85. Salama P, Assefa F, Talley L, Spiegel P, van der Veen A, Gotway C. Malnutrition, measles, mortality, and the humanitarian response during a famine in Ethiopia. JAMA. 286:2001;563-571
86. Khanum S, Ashworth A, Huttly SR. Controlled trial of three approaches to the treatment of severe malnutrition. Lancet. 344:1994;1728-1732
87. Diop el H, Dossou N, Ndour M, Briend A. Comparison of the efficacy of a solid ready-to-use food and a liquid, milk-based diet for the rehabilitation of severely malnourished children: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 78:2003;302-307
88. Collins S, Sadler. K. Outpatient care for severely malnourished children in emergency relief programmes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 360:2002;1824-1830
89. Isaack H, Mbise RL, Hirji KF. Nosocomial bacterial infections among children with severe protein energy malnutrition. East Afr Med J. 69:1992;433-436
90. Cotton MF, Burger PJ, Bodenstein WJ. Bacteraemia in children in the south-western Cape. A hospital based survey. S Afr Med J. 81:1992;87-90
91. Friedland IR. Bacteraemia in severely malnourished children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 12:1992;433-440
92. Michaelsen KF, Clausen T. Inadequate supplies of potassium and magnesium in relief food-implications and counter-measures. Lancet. 1:1987;1421-1423
93. Beaton GH. Fortification of foods for refugee feeding: report to the Canadian International Development Agency, 1995.
94. Opportunities for Micronutrient Interventions. Micronutrient fortification and enrichment of PL480 Title II commodities, 1994.
95. World Food Programme. Food and Nutrition Handbook. 2000;World Food Programme, Rome
96. Codex Alimentarius. Guidelines on formulated supplementary foods for older infants and young children CAC/GL08-1991. Rome: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1991.
97. Mears C, Young H. Acceptability and use of cereal-based foods in refugee camps. Case-studies from Nepal, Ethiopia and Tanzania. 1998;Oxfam, An Oxfam Working Paper
98. Henry CJK, Seaman J. The micronutrient fortification of refugee rations to prevent nutritional deficiencies in refugee diets. J Refug Stud. 5:1992;359-367
99. Reed B, Habicht JP. Sales of food as sign of distress, not excess. Lancet. 351:1998;128-130
100. The Sphere Project. Humanitarian charter and minimum standards in disaster response. 2004 Edition. Geneva: The Sphere Project, 2004.
101. Ayalew W, Wolde Gebriel Z, Kassa H. Reducing vitamin A deficiency in Ethiopia: linkages with a women focused dairy goat farming project. 1999;International Center for Research for Women (ICRW), Washington
102. Aklilu Y, Wekese M. Livestock and livelihoods in emergencies: lessons learnt from the 1999-2000 emergency response in the pastoral sector in Kenya. 2001;Feinstein International Famine Center, Medford
103. Nieburg P, Waldman RJ, Leavell R, Sommer A, DeMaeyer EM. Vitamin A supplementation for refugees and famine victims. Bull World Health Organ. 66:1988;689-697
104. Baquet S. Compliance problems with vitamin pill distributions. Field Exchange. 10:2000;6
105. Cheung E, Mutahar R, Assefa F, et al. An epidemic of scurvy in afghanistan: assessment and response. Food Nutr Bull. 24:2003;247-255
106. Hussein K. The nutrition crisis among Mozambican refugees in Malawi: an analysis of the response of international agencies. J Refug Stud. 8:1995;26-41
107. Anonymous. The Innocenti Declaration: progress and achievements, Part I. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 73:1998;25-32
108. Anonymous. The Innocenti Declaration: progress and achievements, Part II. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 73:1998;91-94
109. Anonymous. The Innocenti Declaration: monitoring implementation in Europe, Part III. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 73:1998;139-144
110. WHO. Infant and young child nutrition. Global strategy on infant and young child feeding. Fifty-fifth World Health Assembly A55/15 16 April 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
111. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. Lancet 2000; 355: 451-55.
112. The Sphere Project. Nutrition Minimum Standards. In the Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards of Disaster Response (revised edition). Oxford: Oxfam GB, in press.
113. WHO. Guiding principles for feeding infants and young children in emergencies. Annex 6 in the management of nutrition in major emergencies. 2000;World Health Organization, Geneva
114. WHA. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly A54/INF.DOC./4 2001, Geneva.
115. Borrel A, Taylor A, McGrath M, et al. From policy to practice: challenges in infant feeding in emergencies during the Balkan crisis. Disasters. 25:2001;149-163
116. Seal A, Taylor A, Gostelow L. Review of policies and guidelines on infant feeding in emergencies: Common ground and Gaps. Disasters. 25:2001;136-148
117. Kelly M. Infant feeding in emergencies. Disasters. 17:1993;110-121
118. WHA. Infant and young child nutrition. WHA Resolution 47.5. Forty-seventh World Health Assembly. 1994.
119. WHO. International code of marketing of breastmilk substitutes. 1981;World Health Organization, Geneva
120. Phelps L, Wilkinson C. Infant feeding practices: Observations from Macedonia and Kosovo. The Field Exchange, Emergency Nutrition Network 1999 (8): 7.
121. Dowell SF, Toko A, Sita C, Piarroux R, Duerr A, Woodruff BA. Health and nutrition in centers for unaccompanied refugee children. Experience from the 1994 Rwandan refugee crisis. JAMA. 273:1995;1802-1806
122. UNICEF. Infant feeding and mother-to-child transmission of HIV technical guidance note. 2002;UNICEF, New York
123. UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/UNAIDS Interagency Task Team on MTCT. New data on the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV and their policy implications. Geneva: Switzerland, 2000.
124. WHO. HIV and Infant Feeding. Framework for Priority Action. Geneva: UNAIDS, FAO, UNHCR, Unicef, WHO, WFP, World Bank, UNFPA, IAEA, 2003.
125. Leyenaar J. Human immunodeficiency virus and infant feeding in complex humanitarian emergencies: priorities and policy considerations. Disasters (in press).
126. Ververs MT. Nutrition interventions for pregnant and lactating women in relief situations; the assessment of needs and impact. Field Exchange, Emergency Nutrition Network 1997; 7.
127. Peachey K. Ageism: a factor in the nutritional vulnerability of older people? Disasters. 23:1999;350-358
128. Vespa J, Watson F. Who is nutritionally vulnerable in Bosnia-Hercegovina? BMJ. 311:1995;652-654
129. Pieterse S, Ismail S. Nutritional risk factors for older people. Disasters. 27:2003;16-36
130. Charlton KE, Rose D. Nutrition among older adults in Africa: the situation at the beginning of the millennium. J Nutr. 131:2001;2424S-2428S
131. Borrel A. Addressing the nutritional needs of older people in emergency situations. HelpAge International and Africa Regional Development Center, 2000.
132. UNAIDS/WHO. Aids Epidemic Update: UNAIDS/WHO, 2002: 17-20, 30-34.
133. de Waal A, Whiteside A. New variant famine: AIDS and food crisis in southern Africa. Lancet. 362:2003;1234-1238
134. FANTA. HIV/AIDS: a guide for nutrition, care and support. Washington: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development, 2001.
135. WHO. Report of a technical consultation. 2003;WHO, Geneva
136. FANTA. Potential uses of food aid to support HIV/AIDS mitigation activities in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance, Academy for Educational Development, 2000: 1-15.