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Acknowledgements. We thank Cambridge University Press for permission to reproduce this paper. TVC and MJ gratefully acknowledge the grant from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency that allowed them to participate in ACIA. We also thank the participants reviewers and particularly the leaders of the ACIA process for their various contributions to this study. Anders Michelsen kindly provided information on mycorrhizal fungi. Participation of K. Laine and E. Taulavuori have been facilitated by financial support from the Academy of Finland and Thule Institute, University of Oulu. Phycology research in the Arctic by J. Elster and colleagues has been sponsored by two grants; the Natural Environment Research Council (LSF-82/2002), and the Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic (KONTAKT - ME 576).
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