Life on the edge: Insect ecology in Arctic environments

Annual Review of Entomology

Volumn 43, Issue , 1998, Pages 85-106

  Strathdee, A T ^a   Bale, J S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adaptations; Distribution; Diversity; Ecophysiology; Stresses

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031936148     PISSN: 00664170     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.85     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Addison JA. 1977. Population dynamics and biology of Collembola on Truelove Lowland. In Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada: A High Arctic Ecosystem, ed. LC Bliss, pp. 363-82. Edmonton: Univ. Alberta Press
2. Andrewartha HG, Birch LC. 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. London: Chapman
3. Aunaas T, Baust JG. Zachariassen KE. 1983. Ecophysiological studies on arthropods from Spitsbergen. Polar Res. 1:235-40
4. Bale JS. 1987. Insect cold-hardiness: freezing and supercooling - an ecophysiological perspective. J. Insect Physiol. 33:899-908
5. Bale JS. 1989. Cold hardiness and overwintering of insects. Agric. Zool. Rev. 3:157-92
6. Bale JS. 1991. Insects at low temperature: a predictable relationship? Fund. Ecol. 5:291-98
7. Bale JS. 1993. Classes of insect cold hardiness. Funct. Ecol. 7:751-53
8. Bale JS. 1996. Insect cold hardiness: a matter of life and death. Eur. J. Entomol. 93:369-82
9. Bale JS, Harrington R, Clough M. 1988. Low temperature mortality of the peachpotato aphid Myzus persicae. Ecol. Entomol. 13:121-29
10. Bale JS, Strathdee AT, Strathdee FC. 1994. Effects of low temperature on the Arctic aphid Acyrthosiphon brevicorne. Funct. Ecol. 8:621-26
11. Bale JS, Hodkinson ID, Block W, Webb NR, Strathdee AT, Coulson SJ. 1997. Life strategies of Arctic terrestrial arthropods. Br. Ecol. Soc. Spec. Symp.: The Ecology of Arctic Environments, Aberdeen, ed. SJ Woodin, M Marquiss, Spec. Publ. Ser. No. 13, pp. 137-65. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Sci.
12. Barry RG, Courtin GM, Labine C. 1981. Tundra climates. In Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis, ed. LC Bliss, OW Heal, JJ Moore, pp. 81-114. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
13. Baust JG. 1973. Mechanisms of cryoprotection in freezing tolerant insect systems. Cryobiol. 10:197-205
14. Bergmann C. 1947. Über die Verhältnisse der Wärmeökonomie der Tiere zu ihrer Gröe. Gött. Stud. 1:595-708
15. Block W, Webb NR, Coulson S, Hodkinson ID, Worland MR. 1994. Thermal adaptation in the Arctic collembolan Onychiurus arcticus (Tullberg). J. Insect Physiol. 40:715-22
16. Block W, Young SR. 1978. Metabolic adaptations of Antarctic terrestrial microarthropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61: 363-68
17. Böcher J. 1988. The Coleoptera of Greenland. Meddr. Grønl. Biosci. 26:1-100
18. Bruggerman PF. 1958. Insects and environments of the arctic. Proc. Tenth Int. Congr. Entomol. Montreal 1956. 1:695-702
19. Butler MG. 1982. A 7-year life cycle for two Chironomus species in arctic Alaskan tundra ponds (Diptera: Chironomidae). Can. J. Zool. 60:58-70
20. Carlsson G. 1962. Studies on Scandinavian black flies. Opusc. Entomol. Suppl. 21:1-280
21. Church NS. 1960. Heat loss and the body temperatures of flying insects. Part II. J. Exp. Biol. 37:186-212
22. Clarke A. 1993. Seasonal acclimatization and latitudinal compensation in metabolism: Do they exist? Funct. Ecol. 7:139-49
23. Close RC, Tomlinson AI. 1975. Dispersal of the grain aphid Macrosiphum miscanthi from Australia to New Zealand. N. Z. Entomol. 6:62-65
24. Conradi-Larsen EM, Sømme L. 1973. Anaerobisis in the overwintering beetle Pelophila borealis. Nature 245:388-90
25. Cook FA. 1955. Near surface soil temperature measurements at Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories. Arctic 8:237-49
26. Corbet PS. 1967. Facultative autogeny in arctic mosquitoes. Nature 215:662-63
27. Coulson SC, Hodkinson ID, Strathdee A, Bale JS, Block W, et al. 1993. Simulated climate change: the interaction between vegetation type and microhabitat temperature at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Polar Biol. 13:67-70
28. Coulson SJ, Hodkinson ID, Webb NR, Block W, Worland MR, et al. 1996. Effects of experimental temperature elevation on high Arctic soil microarthropod populations. Polar Biol. 16:147-53
29. Coulson SJ, Hodkinson ID, Strathdee AT, Block W, Webb NR, et al. 1995. Thermal environments of arctic soil organisms during winter. Arctic Alpine Res. 27:365-71
30. Currie DJ, Fritz JT. 1993. Global patterns of animal abundance and species energy use. Oikos 67:56-68
31. Cushman JH, Lawton JH, Manly BFJ. 1993. Latitudinal patterns in European ant assemblages: variation in species richness and body size. Oecologia 95:30-37
32. Danks HV. 1981. Arctic Arthropods. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottowa.
33. Danks HV, Kukal O, Ring RA. 1994. Insect cold-hardiness: insights from the Arctic. Arctic 47:391-404
34. Dixon AFG, Kindlmann P, Leps J, Hoiman J. 1987. Why are there so few species of aphids, especially in the tropics? Am. Nat. 129:580-92
35. Downes JA. 1962. What is an Arctic insect? Can. Entomol. 94:143-162
36. Downes JA. 1965. Adaptations of insects in the Arctic. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 10:280-307
37. Dreisig H. 1981. Daily flight activity of moths in continuous daylight of the Arctic summer. Holarctic Ecol. 4:36-42
38. Edwards JS. 1986. How small ectotherms thrive in the cold without really trying. Cryo-Lett 6:388-90
39. Edwards JS. 1987. Arthropods of alpine aeolian ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 32:163-79
40. Edwards JS. 1988. Life in the allobiosphere. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3:111-14
41. Edwards JS, Crawford RL, Sugg PM, Peterson MA. 1986. Arthropod recolonisation in the blast zone of Mount St. Helens. In Mount St. Helens: Five Years Later, ed. SAK Keller, pp. 329-33. Spokane, WA: Eastern Wash. Univ. Press
42. Ehrlich PR. 1956. Ecological observations on Erebia (Lepidoptera:Satyridae) in north-western America. Entomol. News 67:29-36
43. Einarsson E. 1992. Vascular plants of the Thingvallavatn area. Oikos 64:117-20
44. Elton CS. 1925. The dispersal of insects to Spitsbergen. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1925, pp. 289-99
45. Franks F. 1985. Biophysics and Biochemistry at Low Temperatures. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
46. Gaston KJ, Lawton JH. 1988. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331:709-12
47. Gunnarsson B. 1991. Fractal dimension of plants and body size distribution in spiders. Funct. Ecol. 6:636-41
48. Hemmingsen AM, Jensen B. 1957. The occurrence of Tipula (Vestiplex) arctica Curtis) in Greenland and its decreasing body length with increasing latitude. Meddr. Grønl. 159:1-20
49. Hille Ris Lambers D. 1955. Hemiptera: Aphididae. In The Zoology of Iceland III, 52a:1-29. Copenhagen; Reykjavik: Ejnar Munksgaard
50. Hille Ris Lambers D. 1955. The aphis fauna of Greenland. Meddr. Grønl 136:1-33
51. Hille Ris Lambers D. 1960. Additions to the aphid fauna of Greenland. Meddr. Grønl. 159:1-7
52. Hodkinson ID, Healey V, Coulson SJ. 1994. Moisture relationships of the high arctic collembolan Onuchiurus arcticus. Physiol. Entomol. 19:109-14
53. Hocking B, Sharplin CD. 1965. Flower basking by Arctic insects. Nature 215:4980
54. Hutchinson LA, Bale JS. 1994. Effects of sub-lethal cold stress on the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. J. Appl. Ecol. 31:102-8
55. Johansen F. 1911. The insects of the 'Danmark' expedition. 1. General remarks on the life of insects and arachnids in northeast Greenland. Meddr. Grønl. 43:35-54
56. Kaufmann T. 1971. Hibernation in the arctic beetle Pterostichus brevicornis in Alaska. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 44:81-92
57. 2-induced climatic warming on forest growth and the forest sector. A. Productivity reactions of northern boreal forests. Assessments in Cool Temperate and Cold Regions. The Impact of Climatic Variations on Agriculture, ed. ML Parry, TR Carter, NT Konijn, 1:183-95. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad.
58. Kevan PG. 1975. Sun-tracking solar furnaces in high arctic flowers: significance for pollination and insects. Science 189: 723-26
59. Kevan PG, Jensen TS, Shorthouse JD. 1982. Body temperatures and behavioural thermoregulation of high arctic woolly-bear caterpillars and pupae (Gynaephora rossii, Lymantriidae:Lepidoptera) and the importance of sunshine. Arctic Alpine Res. 14:125-36
60. Kingsolver JG. 1983. Thermoregulatory strategies in Colias butterflies. 1. The determinants of body temperature and flight activity: elevational patterns and mechanistic limitations. Ecology 64:534-46
61. Kingsolver JG. 1985. Butterfly thermoregulation: organismic mechanisms and population consequences. J. Res. Lep. 24:1-20
62. Kingsolver JG. 1987. Evolution and coadaptation of thermoregulatory behaviour and wing pigmentation in pierid butterflies. Evolution 41:472-90
63. Kjellberg B, Karlsson S, Kerstensson I. 1982. Effects of heliotropic movements of flowers of Dryas octopetala L. on gynoecium temperature and seed development. Oecologia 54:10-13
64. Knight CA, Duman JG. 1986. Inhibition of recrystallization of ice by insect thermal hysteresis proteins: a possible cryoprotective role. Cryobiology 23:256-62
65. Knight CA, DeVries AL, Oolman LD. 1984. Fish antifreeze protein and the freezing and recrystalization of ice. Nature 308:295-96
66. Krog J. 1955. Notes on temperature measurements indicative of special organisation in arctic and subarctic plants for utilization of radiated heat from the sun. Physiol. Plant. 8:836-39
67. Kukal O. 1991. Behavioral and physiological adaptations to cold in a freeze tolerant Arctic insect. In Insects at Low Temperature, ed. RE Lee, DL Denlinger, pp. 276-300. New York: Chapman & Hall
68. Kukal O, Kevan PG. 1987. The influence of parasitism on the life history of a high arctic insect, Gynaephora groenlandica (Wöcke) (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae). Can. J. Zool. 65:156-63
69. Kukal O, Heinrich B, Duman JG. 1988. Behavioural thermoregulation in the freeze tolerant arctic caterpillar, Gynaephoragroenlandica. J. Exp. Biol. 138: 181-93
70. 13C NMR study. J. Comp. Physiol. 158:175-83
71. Kukal O, Ayres MP, Scriber JM. 1991. Cold tolerance of the pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies. Can. J. Zool. 69:3028-37
72. Lamb RJ, Turnock WJ, Hayhoe HN. 1985. Winter survival and outbreaks of bertha armyworm Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on canola. Can. Entomol. 117:727-36
73. Leech RE. 1966. The spiders (Araneida) of Hazen Camp 81°49′N, 71°18′W. Quest Entomol. 2:153-212
74. Leinaas HP, Sømme L. 1984. Adaptations of Xenylla maritima and Anurophorus laricis (Collembola) to lichen habitats on alpine rocks. Oikos 43:197-206
75. Lindsey CC. 1966. Body sizes of poikilotherm vertebrates at different latitudes. Evolution 20:456-65
76. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
77. MacLean SF Jr. 1975. Ecological adaptations of tundra invertebrates. In Physiological Adaptations to the Environment, ed. FJ Vernberg, pp. 269-300. New York: Intext Educ. Publ.
78. MacLean SF Jr, Hodkinson ID. 1980. The distribution of Psyllids (Homoptera: Phylloidea) in arctic and subarctic Alaska. Arctic Alpine Res. 12:369-76
79. MacLeod JA, McLintock J. 1947. Anophelism and climate in relation to malaria in Manitoba. Can. J. Res. E 25: 33-42
80. Mani MS. 1968. Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects. The Hague: Junk
81. May RM. 1978. The dynamics and diversity of insect faunas. In Diversity of Insect Faunas, ed. LA Mound, N Waloff, pp. 188-204. Oxford: Blackwell Sci.
82. Mayr E. 1956. Geographical character gradients and climatic adaptation. Evolution 10:105-8
83. McNab BK. 1971. On the ecological significance of Bergmann's Rule. Ecology 52:845-54
84. Meglitsch PA. 1972. Invertebrate Zoology. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
85. Miller LK. 1978. Freezing tolerance in relation to cooling rate in adult insects. Cryobiology 15:345-49
86. Miller LK. 1982. Cold hardiness strategies of some adult and immature insects overwintering in interior Alaska. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73:595-604
87. Mølgaard P. 1982. Temperature observations in high Arctic plants in relation to microclimate in the vegetation of Peary Land, North Greenland. Arctic Alpine Res. 14:105-15
88. Nordtung T, Melø TB. 1988. Diurnal variations in natural light conditions at summer time in arctic and subarctic areas in relation to light detection in insects. Holarctic Ecol. 11:202-9
89. Nylin S, Svärd L. 1991. Latitudinal patterns in the size of European butterflies. Holarctic Ecol. 14:192-202
90. Ossiannilsson F. 1958. Acyrthosiphon calvunum n. sp. A new aphid (Hem:Hom) from Spitzbergen. Entomol. Tidskr. 79:66-68
91. Parish WEG, Bale JS. 1993. Effects of brief exposures to low temperature on the development, longevity and fecundity of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 122:9-21
92. Pianka ER. 1989. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4:223
93. Pielou EC. 1979. Biogeography. New York: Wiley
94. Prior RNB, Stroyan HLG. 1960. On a new collection of aphids from Iceland. Entomol. Meddr. 29:266-93
95. Rapoport EH. 1969. Gloger's rule and the pigmentation of Collembola. Evolution 23:622-26
96. Richards WR. 1963. The aphididae of the Canadian Arctic (Homoptera). Can. Entomol 95:449-64
97. Rickards J, Kelleher MJ, Storey KB. 1987. Strategies of freeze avoidance in larvae of the goldenrod gall moth Epiblemma scudderiana: winter profiles of a natural population. J. Insect Physiol. 33:443-50
98. Ring RA. 1981. The physiology and biochemistry of the cold tolerance of arctic insects. J. Therm. Biol. 6:219-29
99. Ring RA. 1982. Freezing-tolerant insects with low supercooling points. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73:605-12
100. Ring RA, Tesar D. 1981. Adaptations to cold in Canadian arctic insects. Cryobialogy 18:199-211
101. Roff DA. 1975. Population stability and the evolution of dispersal in a heterogeneous environment. Oecologia 19:217-37
102. Roff DA. 1986. The evolution of wing dimorphism in insects. Evolution 40:1009-20
103. Roff DA. 1990. The evolution of flightlessness in insects. Ecol. Monogr. 60(4):389-421
104. Rohde K. 1992. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Oikos 65:514-27
105. Ryan JK. 1981. Invertebrate faunas at IBP tundra sites. In Tundra Ecosystems: A Comparative Analysis, ed. LC Bliss, OW Heal, JJ Moore, pp. 517-39. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
106. Salt RW. 1959. Survival of frozen fat body cells in an insect. Nature 184:1426
107. Salt RW. 1961. Principles of insect cold hardiness. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 6:55-74
108. Salt RW. 1962. Intracellular freezing in insects. Nature 193:1207-8
109. Savile DBO. 1960. Limitations of the competitive exclusion principle. Science 132:1761
110. Shorthouse JD, Zuchlinski JA, Courtin GM. 1980. Influence of snow cover on the overwintering of three species of gall-forming Diplolepis (Hymenoptera:-Cynipidae). Can. Entomol. 112:225-29
111. Singer MC, Thomas CD, Parmesan C. 1993. Rapid human-induced evolution of insect-host associations. Nature 366:681-83
112. Sladen FWL. 1919. The wasps and bees collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Rep. Can. Arctic Exped. 1913-18, 3(G):25-35. Ottowa: Kings Printer
113. Sømme L. 1974. Anaerobisis in some alpine Coleoptera. Norsk. Entomol. Tidsskr. 21:155-58
114. Sømme L. 1974. The overwintering of Pelophila borealis Payk. III. Freezing tolerance. Norsk. Entomol. Tidsskr. 21:131-34
115. Sømme L, Block W. 1982. Cold hardiness of Collembola at Signy Island, Maritime Antarctic. Oikos 38:168-76
116. Sømme L, Block W. 1991. Adaptations to alpine and polar environments in insects and other terrestrial arthropods. In Insects at Low Temperatures, ed. RE Lee, DL Denlinger, pp. 318-59. New York: Chapman & Hall
117. South R. 1906. The Moths of the British Isles, Vol. I & II. London: Warne
118. Southwood TRE. 1978. The components of diversity. In Diversity of Insect Faunas, ed. LA Mound, N Waloff, pp. 19-40. Oxford: Blackwell Sci.
119. Stearns SC. 1976. Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Q. Rev. Biol. 51:3-43
120. Strathdee AT, Bale JS, Block WC, Coulson SJ, Hodkinson ID, Webb NR. 1993. Effects of temperature elevation on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera:Aphididae) on Spitsbergen. Oecologia 96:457-65
121. Strathdee AT, Bale JS, Block WC, Webb NR, Hodkinson ID, Coulson SJ. 1993. Extreme adaptive life-cycle in a high Arctic aphid. Ecol. Entomol. 18:254-58
122. Strathdee AT, Bale JS, Strathdee FC, Block WC, Coulson SJ, et al. 1995. Climatic severity and the response to warming of Arctic aphids. Global Change Biol. 1:23-28
123. Strathdee AT, Bale JS. 1995. Factors affecting the distribution of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera:Aphididae) on Spitsbergen. Polar Biol. 15:375-80
124. Strathdee AT, Bale JS. 1996. Life-cycle and morph production in the Arctic aphid Acyrthosiphon brevicorne. Polar Biol. 16:293-300
125. Strathdee AT, Howling GG, Bale JS. 1995. Cold hardiness of overwintering aphid eggs. J. Insect Physiol. 41:653-57
126. Strømme JA, Ngari TW, Zachariassen KE. 1986. Physiological adaptations in the Coleoptera in Spitzbergen. Polar Res. 4:199-204
127. Stroyan HLG. 1960. Three new subspecies of aphid from Iceland (Hem:-Hom.). Entomol. Meddr. 29:250-65
128. Summerhayes VS, Elton CS. 1928. Further contributions to the ecology of Spitsbergen. J. Ecol. 16:214-86
129. Syrjämaki J. 1968. Diel patterns of swarming and other activities of two arctic Dipterans (Chironomidae and Trichoceridae) on Spitzbergen. Oikos 19:250-58
130. Tenow O, Nilssen A. 1990. Egg cold hardiness and tropoclimatic limitations to outbreaks of Epirrita autumnata in northern Fennoscandia. J. Appl. Ecol. 27:723-34
131. Thomas CD, Jones TM. 1993. Partial recovery of a skipper butterfly (Hesperia comma) from population refuges: lessons for conservation in a fragmented landscape. J. Anim. Ecol. 62:472-81
132. Tjeder B. 1963. Three subapterous craneflies from Alaska. Opusc. Entomol. 28: 229-41
133. Warming E. 1888. Om Grønlands Vegetation. In Meddelelser om Grønland, Kjøbenhavn: Reitzeis Forlag
134. Werner RA. 1978. Overwinter survival of spear-marked black moth Rheumaptera hastata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) pupae in interior Alaska. Can. Entomol. 110: 877-82
135. Worland MR, Block W. 1994. An automatic respirometer for use with small invertebrates. Funct. Ecol. 8:419-26
136. Zachariassen KE. 1985. Physiology of cold tolerance in insects. Physiol. Rev. 65:799-832
137. Zachariassen KE, Husby JA. 1982. Anti-freeze effect of thermal hysteresis agents protects highly supercooled insects. Nature 298:865-67