How Far the Promised Land?: World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam

How Far the Promised Land?: World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam

Volumn , Issue , 2018, Pages 1-316

  Rosenberg, Jonathan ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85195994744     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (347)

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148. Mark Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-1936 (Jackson, MS, 1998), chs. 1-5
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156. Eugene Levy, James Weldon Johnson: Black Leader, Black Voice (Chicago, 1973), 282-84
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164. Sudarshan Kapur, Raising Up a Prophet: The African-American Encounter with Gandhi (Boston, 1992), ch. 3
165. Kelly Miller, “Passive Resistance of Gandhi,” Amsterdam News, April 2, 1930.
166. Raymond Sontag, A Broken World, 1919-1939 (New York, 1971), 287-91.
167. William R. Scott, The Sons of Sheba’s Race: African-Americans and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1941 (Bloomington, IN, 1993)
168. Joseph E. Harris, African-American Reactions to War in Ethiopia, 1936-1941 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1994)
169. James A. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002)
170. Andrew Buni, Robert L. Vann of the “Pittsburgh Courier”: Politics and Black Journalism (Pittsburgh, 1974), 244-48.
171. Makonnen Haile, “Last Gobble of Africa,” The Crisis (March 1935): 70-71
172. George Padmore, “The Missionary Racket in Africa,” (July 1935): 198-214
173. Du Bois, “Inter-racial Implications of the Ethiopian Crisis: A Negro View,” Foreign Affairs (October 1935): 82-92
174. Charles H. Wesley, “The Significance of the Italo-Abyssinian Question,” Opportunity (May 1935): 148-51
175. J. A. Rogers, Pittsburgh Courier, May 9, 1936
176. David H. Bradford, “The Failure at Geneva,” The Crisis (September 1936): 270-71
177. Marthe Beaudry, “A Modern King Arthur,” The Crisis (February 1936): 54
178. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York, 1979), ch. 5
179. Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade (New York, 1978), 35-37.
180. David M. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Peace and War, 1929-1945 (New York, 1999), chs. 4-12
181. Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York, 1995).
182. Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope: Race and Democracy in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), chs. 2-3.
183. Anderson Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955 (New York, 2003), 3
184. Nancy J. Weiss, Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton, NJ, 1983), ch. 6
185. Joseph Roucek, “The Forgotten Man in Europe and America” (March 1933): 73-74
186. Kelly Miller, “Race Prejudice in Germany and America” (April 1936): 102-5.
187. David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 (New York, 2000), 395-405
188. Danny Duncan Collum, ed., African Americans in the Spanish Civil War: “This Ain’t Ethiopia But It’ll Do” (New York, 1992), 191.
189. Note Joe Brandt, ed., Black Americans in the Spanish People’s War against Fascism, 1936-1939 (N.p., undated).
190. Jonathan Scott Holloway, Confronting the Veil: Abram Harris, Jr., E. Franklin Frazier, and Ralph Bunche, 1919-1941 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002).
191. James O. Young, Black Writers of the Thirties (Baton Rouge, LA, 1973), 1-3
192. Thomas C. Holt, “The Political Uses of Alienation: W.E.B. Du Bois on Politics, Race, and Culture, 1903-1940,” American Quarterly 42 (June 1990): 301-23
193. Lawrence S. Wittner, “The National Negro Congress: A Reassessment,” American Quarterly 22 (Winter 1970): 885
194. John P. Davis, “Let Us Build a National Negro Congress,” January 1936, 27-28
195. Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990).
196. Mark Solomon, The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African Americans, 1917-1936 (Jackson, MS, 1998)
197. Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (New York, 1983).
198. James Weldon Johnson, Negro Americans, What Nowf (New York, 1938; orig., 1934), 7-12
199. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York, 1979)
200. Waldo Heinrichs, Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II (New York, 1988).
201. Daniel W. Aldridge III, “A War for the Colored Races: Anti-Americanism and the African-American Intelligentsia, 1939-1941,” Diplomatic History 28 (June 2004): 321-52.
202. Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces: Fighting on Two Fronts, 1939-1953 (Columbia, MO, 1969), chs. 2-3.
203. Sherie Mershon and Steven Schlossman, Foxholes and Color Lines: Desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces (Baltimore, 1998), ch. 3.
204. Walter A. Jackson, Gunnar Myrdal and America’s Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism, 1938-1987 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990)
205. David W. Southern, Gunnar Myrdal and Black-White Relations: The Use and Abuse of “An American Dilemma,” 1944-1969 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1987).
206. Cicero Alvin Hughes, “Toward a Black United Front: The National Negro Congress Movement” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1982), 156-65
207. Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge, LA, 1990), 39-43.
208. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (New York, 1994), 448
209. Lee Finkle, “The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II,” Journal of American History 60 (December 1973): 692-713
210. L. D. Reddick, “South Africa: A Case for the United Nations,” 137-39
211. Sudarshan Kapur, Raising Up a Prophet: The African-American Encounter with Gandhi (Boston, 1992)
212. Harvard Sitkoff, “Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War,” Journal of American History 58 (December 1971): 661-81.
213. Sheldon Avery, Up from Washington: William Pickens and the Negro Struggle for Equality (Newark, DE, 1989), 172-80.
214. David Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 (New York, 2000), 497-99.
215. Alain Locke, “The Unfinished Business of Democracy,” Survey Graphic (November 1942): 455-59
216. Langston Hughes, “Jim Crow’s Last Stand,” Chicago Defender, October 31, 1942.
217. St Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York, 1945), 760.
218. Walter White, A Man Called White (New York, 1948), 294
219. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York, 1996), ch. 4
220. Alan Brinkley, “The New Political Paradigm: World War Two and American Liberalism,” in The War in American Culture: Society and Consciousness in World War Two, Lewis A. Erenberg and Susan E. Hirsch, eds. (Chicago, 1996), 313-30.
221. Johnson “The Negro in Post-War Reconstruction: His Hopes, Fears, and Possibilities,” Journal of Negro Education 11 (October 1942): 465-70
222. Saville R. Davis, “The Task for the Future,” The Crisis (May 1944): 161-63
223. Robert C. Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990).
224. Robert Divine, Second Chance: The Triumph of Internationalism in America during World War II (New York, 1967), ch. 9.
225. Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemmas of the African-American Intellectual (Amherst, MA, 1993), 175.
226. Robert L. Harris Jr., “Racial Equality and the United Nations Charter,” in New Directions in Civil Rights Studies, Armstead L. Robinson and Patricia Sullivan, eds. (Charlottesville, VA, 1991), 133-34.
227. Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), 135-37
228. Dorothy B. Robins, Experiment in Democracy: The Story of U.S. Citizen Organizations in Forging the Charter of the United Nations (New York, 1971).
229. A Man Called White, 294-99
230. Kenneth Robert Janken, White: The Biography of Walter White, Mr. NAACP (New York, 2003), 297-301
231. “Victory: Not without Sadness,” Amsterdam News, August 18, 1945.
232. Walter White, “Atom Bomb and Lasting Peace,” Chicago Defender, September 8, 1945
233. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (New York, 1994), ch. 21
234. Merl E. Reed, Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement: The President’s Committee on Fair Employment Practice, 1941-1946 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1991).
235. Michael R. Gardner, Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks (Carbondale, IL, 2002), ch. 3.
236. White, A Man Called White, 330-32
237. Gardner, Truman and Civil Rights, 18-19.
238. Carol Anderson, “Eyes off the Prize: African-Americans, the United Nations, and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1952” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1995), ch. 3.
239. Du Bois, “Three Centuries of Discrimination,” The Crisis (December 1947): 362-81
240. Carol Anderson, Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955 (New York, 2003), esp. 48-95
241. Imanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in American, Europe, and Africa (New York, 1974), ch. 19
242. Paul Gordon Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, CO, 1988), 174-82
243. John P. Humphrey’s memoir, Human Rights and the United Nations: A Great Adventure (Dobbs Ferry, NY, 1984), 50-89
244. Chicago Defender, September 4, 1948.
245. “U.S. Urged to Live Up to Human Rights Pledge,” New York Herald Tribune, December 19, 1948
246. Barbara Dianne Savage, Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1999), 206-22.
247. “How Can We Advance Democracy in Asia?” Town Meeting: Bulletin of America’s Town Meeting of the Air 15 (September 6, 1949): 12
248. Poppy Cannon, A Gentle Knight: My Husband, Walter White (New York, 1956), 64-150
249. John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1972)
250. Walter La Feber, America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1992 (New York, 1993), chs. 1-4
251. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA, 1992)
252. Lloyd C. Gardner, Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1970).
253. Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991).
254. “Byrnes and the Balkans,” The Crisis (December 1945): 345
255. Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), ch. 1
256. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 75-76.
257. “The New Year,” Black Worker (January 1947).
258. Michael Gardner, Harry Truman and Civil Rights, ch. 3.
259. Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade against Lynching, 1909-1950 (Philadelphia, 1980), 177-86
260. Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (New York, 2000), 76-79.
261. Sherie Mershon and Steven Schlossman, Foxholes and Color Lines: Desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces (Baltimore, 1998), 180-86
262. “White Warns the U.S. Is Losing Prestige but His Respect for Her Rises on Trip,” New York Times, September 23, 1949
263. “What Effect Do Our Race Relations Have on Our Foreign Policy?” Town Meeting: Bulletin of America’s Town Meeting of the Air 15 (April 18, 1950): 4, 14
264. Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ, 2001), 249-50
265. Philip A. Klinkner and Rogers M. Smith, The Unsteady March: The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America (Chicago, 1999), chs. 7-8
266. John Fousek, To Lead the Free World: American Nationalism and the Cultural Roots of the Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000), ch. 5
267. Azza Salama Layton, International Politics and Civil Rights Policies in the United States, 1941-1960 (New York, 2000)
268. Michael Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, CT, 1995), 208-56
269. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000), 251-68
270. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, NY, 1957)
271. Carol Anderson, Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955 (New York, 2003)
272. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton, NJ, 1998), 389-95.
273. Ernest R. May, “Lessons” of the Past: The Use and Misuse of History in American Foreign Policy (New York, 1973), 81-82
274. William Stueck, The Korean War: An International History (Princeton, NJ, 1995).
275. P. L. Prattis, “New Look at the World,” 201-4.
276. Wilkins “Undergirding the Democratic Ideal,” The Crisis (December 1951): 647-51
277. Richard Deverall, “The Struggle for Asia,” The Crisis (January 1951): 25-29
278. James Ivy, “American Negro Problem in the European Press,” The Crisis (July 1950): 413-18.
279. Stephen J. Whitfield, A Death in the Delta: The Story of Emmett Till (Baltimore, 1988).
280. Paula Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge, LA, 1990), chs. 5-6.
281. James H. Meriwether, Proudly We Can Be Africans: Black Americans and Africa, 1935-1961 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002), ch. 2.
282. Wilson Record, Race and Radicalism: The NAACP and the Communist Party in Conflict (Ithaca, NY, 1964), chs. 5-6.
283. Walter White, How Par the Promised Land? (New York, 1953), ch. 11.
284. Earl Ofari Hutchinson, Blacks and Reds: Race and Class in Conflict, 1919-1990 (East Lansing, MI, 1995), 198-214.
285. Herbert Hill, “The Communist Party—Enemy of Negro Equality,” The Crisis (June-July 1951): 365-71.
286. Robert Alan, “Paul Robeson—The Lost Shepherd,” The Crisis (November 1951): 569-73.
287. Gerald Home, Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War (Albany, NY, 1986), 207.
288. Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1988), esp. chs. 17-21.
289. Rampersad I Dream a World: The Life of Langston Hughes (New York, 1988), 2:209-22.
290. “Langston Hughes Speaks,” The Crisis (May 1953): 279-80
291. The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century (New York, 1968), 379.
292. Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York, 1993; orig., 1981), 14-15.
293. Michael J. Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York, 2004).
294. Charles J. Ogletree, Jr., All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century ofBrown vs. Board of Education (New York, 2004).
295. James T. Patterson, Brown vs. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (New York, 2001), chs. 2-4.
296. Roy Wilkins, Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York, 1982), 214.
297. Mary L. Dudziak, “Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative,” Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120
298. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. And the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York, 1986), ch. 1.
299. David L. Chappell, A Stone of Hope: Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow (Chapel Hill, NC, 2004).
300. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York, 1958), ch. 6
301. King, “My Trip to the Land of Gandhi,” Ebony, July 1959: 84-92
302. Clayborne Carson, ed., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 3:16-22
303. William Robert Miller, “The Broadening Horizons: Montgomery, America, the World,” in Martin Luther King, Jr: A Profile, C. Eric Lincoln, ed. (New York, 1970), 40-71.
304. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s (Baton Rouge, LA, 1967).
305. Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), 253
306. Cary Fraser, “An American Dilemma: Race and Realpolitik in the American Response to the Bandung Conference, 1955,” in Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1988, Brenda Gayle Plummer, ed. (Chapel Hill, NC, 2003), 115-40
307. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 95-97
308. “Prime Minister of Ghana Honored,” The Crisis (August-September 1958): 407-9
309. Robert F. Burk, The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights (Knoxville, TN, 1984), ch. 9.
310. Gloster B. Current, “Crisis in Little Rock,” The Crisis (November 1957): 525-35.
311. “English Press,” The Crisis (November 1957): 555-58
312. Roy Wilkins, Standing Fast, 247-54.
313. “Crossing the Color Line in Little Rock: The Eisenhower Administration and the Dilemma of Race for U.S. Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History 24 (Spring 2000): 233-64
314. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York, 1980).
315. Franklin H. Williams, “The Law and Human Rights—A Comment,” The Crisis (January 1962): 11-17
316. Jonathan Rosenberg and Zachary Karabell, eds., Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes (New York, 2003), chs. 3-4.
317. Taylor Branch, Farting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York, 1988), 824
318. Lucy G. Barber, Marching on Washington: The Forging of an American Political Tradition (Berkeley, CA, 2002), ch. 5.
319. Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy (New York, 1990), chs. 3-6
320. Robert D. Loevy, To End All Segregation: The Politics and Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Lanham, MD, 1990)
321. David J. Garrow, Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (New Haven, CT, 1978)
322. Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York, 2000), 256-93.
323. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945-1990 (Jackson, MS, 1991), 56
324. David Burner, Making Peace with the Sixties (Princeton, NJ, 1996), 55.
325. David Howard-Pitney, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, and the Civil Rights Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s (Boston, 2004), 6-9.
326. James H. Cone, Martin and Malcolm and America: A Dream or a Nightmare (Maryknoll, NY, 1991).
327. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York, 1964), ch. 17
328. “Malcolm X: Witness for the Prosecution,” in Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, John Hope Franklin and August Meier, eds. (Urbana, IL, 1982), 312.
329. “Dr. King Declares U.S. Must Negotiate in Asia,” New York Times, July 3, 1965
330. Herbert Shapiro, “The Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16 (Winter 1989): 117-41
331. Nick Kotz, Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America (New York, 2005), 345-55
332. David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. And the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York, 1986), 545-46
333. A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., James Melvin Washington, ed. (New York, 1986), 231-43.
334. August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (New York, 1973), 404.
335. “Wilkins Says Black Power Leads Only to Black Death,” New York Times, July 6, 1966.
336. James Petras, ed., We Accuse (Berkeley, CA, 1965), 148-53
337. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge, MA, 1981), 184.
338. “NAACP Disassociates Itself from Attack on Vietnam Policy,” New York Times, January 9, 1966
339. Michael Eric Dyson, Making Malcolm: The Myth and Meaning of Malcolm X (New York, 1995), 16
340. Eyes off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955 (New York, 2003), 5, 7.
341. Race against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, NY, 1997), 2-3.
342. “Opportunities Found and Lost: Labor, Radicals, and the Early Civil Rights Movement,” Journal of American History 75 (December 1988): 786-811
343. Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (New York, 1982), 214
344. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., Clayborn Carson, ed. (New York, 1998), 242
345. Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 2000), 183-214
346. Michael Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York, 2004), 183-376
347. Mark V. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936-1961 (New York, 1994), 127-188