A war for the colored races: Anti-interventionism and the African American Intelligentsia, 1939-1941

Diplomatic History

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 321-352

  Aldridge III, Daniel W ^a  

^a DAVIDSON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3242701247     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00415.x     Document Type: Note

References (177)

1. The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1939 vol.,War and Neutrality, ed. Samuel I. Rosenman (New York, 1941), 461-62.
2. Justus Doenecke, Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941 (New York, 2000), 1-8.
3. Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932-45 Lincoln, NB, 1983);
4. Wayne S. Cole, Charles. A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II (New York, 1974).
5. James C. Schneider, Should America Go to War?: The Debate Over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939-1941 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989).
6. Penny Von Eschen, Race Against Empire: Black Americans and Anticolonialism, 1937-1957 (Ithaca, NY, 1997), 11-12;
7. Brenda Gayle Plummer, Rising Wind. Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996), 71-74.
8. Marc Gallicchio, The African American Encounter with Japan and China: Black Internationalism in Asia, 1895-1945 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000);
9. Kenneth R. Janken, "From Colonial Liberation to Cold War Liberalism: Walter White, the NAACP and Foreign Affairs, 1941-1955,"Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (November 1998): 1074-95;
10. Carol Anderson, Eyes Off the Prize: The United Nations and the African American Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1955 (New York, 2003);
11. Carol Anderson, "From Hope to Disillusion: African Americans, the United Nations, and the Struggle for Human Rights, 1944-1947," Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-63.
12. Wilson J. Moses, ed., Classical Black Nationalism: From the American Revolution to Marcus Garvey (New York, 1996).
13. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of A Race, 1868-1919 (New York, 1993), 246-51;
14. Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, Volume I: The Depression Decade (New York, 1978), 84-101.
15. Kenneth Robert Janken, White: The Biography of Walter White, Mr. NAACP (New York, 2003), 297-323.
16. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 (New York, 2000), 496-553.
17. Lee Finkle, Forum for Protest: The Black Press During World War II (Cranbury, NJ, 1975), 52-54.
18. Rayford Logan, "New War Will Help Race, Says Logan," New York, Amsterdam News, 9 September 1939;
19. Rayford Logan, "Recalls How Britain Barred Negro Troops," New York, Amsterdam News, 16 September 1939;
20. Kelly Miller, "The Negro Faces the Second World War," New York Amsterdam News, 23 September 1939;
21. William N. Jones, "Three Possible Outcomes in the Present War," Baltimore Afro-American, 9 September 1939.
22. Metz T. P. Lochard, "Colonies to Supply Men and Materials: Upon Black Troops Rests Destiny of European Civilization," Chicago Defender, 9 September 1939.
23. David Ward Howe, "The Observation Post" Chicago Defender, 4 November 1939;
24. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 25 November 1939;
25. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 7 October 1939;
26. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 16 September 1939.
27. Jay Jackson, "Bitter Laughter," Chicago Defender, 30 September 1939.
28. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 9 September 1939, 15 June 1940, 7 September 1940.
29. Andrew Bunie, Robert L. Vann of the Pittsburgh Courier: Politics and Black Journalism (Pittsburgh, PA, 1974).
30. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 16 September 1939.
31. Lucius Harper, "Dustin' Off the News," Chicago Defender, 16 March 1940.
32. Jay Jackson, "The Past, Present, and Future," Chicago Defender, 7 October 1939.
33. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 28 October 1939.
34. George Padmore, "The Second World War and the Darker Races," Crisis, November 1939, 328.
35. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire, 11-17.
36. "For the Right to Exploit Dark Peoples," Crisis, November 1939, 337.
37. Lucius Harper, "Dustin' Off the News," Cbicago Defender, 9 September 1939.
38. Lucius Harper, "Dustin' Off the News," Cbicago Defender, 16 September 1939.
39. George Padmore, "Fascism Invades West Africa," Crisis, October 1939, 297-98;
40. George Padmore, "Democracy: Not for Colored Races," Crisis, January 1940, 13, 25;
41. George Padmore, "England's West African Slums," Crisis, October 1940, 317-18, 322.
42. "Ford Urges Negroes to Keep Out of War," New York Amsterdam News, 21 October 1939.
43. "Robeson Warns of Nazism," New York Amsterdam News, 21 October 1939.
44. Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson (New York, 1988), 231-35.
45. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire, 96-121; Janken, "From Colonial Liberation."
46. "Ford Urges Negroes to Keep Out of War," New York Amsterdam News, 21 October 1939.
47. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 30 September 1939, 9 December 1939, 2 March 1940, 20 April 1940.
48. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 9 September 1939;
49. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 9 September 1939.
50. Claude McKay, "American Readers Misled by Propaganda," Baltimore Afro-American, 9 December 1939;
51. Ralph Matthews, "Communism Had Strong Hold on Intellectual Leaders, But Failed to Catch On with the Masses: Pact with Hitler and Invasion of Finland Strips Guise Off Red Dream," Baltimore Afro-American, 30 December 1939.
52. Hayward Farrar, The Baltimore Afro-American: 1892-1950 (Westport, CT, 1998), 150-51.
53. "Why We Are for War," Baltimore Afro-American, 16 September 1939.
54. William N. Jones, "What Would Germany Do If She Wins," Baltimore Afro-American, 16 September 1939;
55. Louis Lautier, "Hitler Believed Eyeing Africa," Baltimore Afro-American, 30 September 1939;
56. William N. Jones, "What Would Hitler Do If He Wins," Baltimore Afro-American, 30 September 1939.
57. "Uncle Sam Had Better Prepare," Baltimore Afro-American, 21 October 1939.
58. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 4 November 1939.
59. Charles A. Lindbergh, "Aviation, Geography, and Race," Reader's Digest, November 1939, 64-67.
60. "Lindbergh's Claptrap," New York Amsterdam, News, 18 November 1939.
61. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., "Soap Box," New York Amsterdam News, 25 November 1939.
62. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., "Soap Box," New York Amsterdam News, 23 March 1940.
63. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 4 November 1939.
64. "For the Right to Exploit Dark Peoples," Crisis, November 1939, 337.
65. "Flyer Raked for Attitude," New York Amsterdam News, 2 December 1939.
66. "Robeson Opposes Finn Aid as Help to Reactionaries," New York World Telegram, 21 February 1940;
67. "Supports Russia," New York Amsterdam News, 23 December 1939.
68. "Youth Congress Raps Aid to Finland, Hits Race Prejudice," Baltimore Afro-American, 17 February 1940.
69. Lewis, Biography of a Race, 555-57.
70. Lewis, Fight for Equality, 395-406, 420-21.
71. Lewis, Fight for Equality, 409-420.
72. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," 24 February 1940, 23 March 1940;
73. "Du Bois Says U.S. Not Ripe for Communism," Chicago Defender, 17 February 1940.
74. "Patterson Says Du Bois Incompetent to Speak Impartially on Communism," Chicago Defender, 10 February 1940.
75. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 23 December 1939.
76. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 24 February 1940.
77. "An Appeal to a Ghost," Chicago Defender, 16 December 1939.
78. "The League of Nations," Chicago Defender, 27 January 1940.
79. "Mind Your Business," New York Amsterdam News, 27 January 1940.
80. Φinland and Ethiopia," Pittsburgh Courier, 27 January 1940.
81. "Refugees Get the Jobs," New York Amsterdam News, 2 December 1939.
82. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower,:New York Amsterdam News, 27 January 1940.
83. "Maryland and Finland," Crisis, March 1940, 81.
84. "The War and Democracy," New York Amsterdam News, 25 May 1940.
85. "The Plight of the Allies," Chicago Defender, 18 May 1940.
86. "War and Dictatorship," Chicago Defender, 1 June 1940.
87. "War and Dictatorship," Crisis, July 1940, 211.
88. "American Un-Neutrality," Pittsburgh Courier, 20 April 1940.
89. "The Total War," Pittsburgh Courier, 18 May 1940.
90. "The Defeat of France," Chicago Defender, 22 June 1940.
91. "The Drama At Compiegne," Chicago Defender, 29 June 1940.
92. L. D. Reddick, "Meditations Upon the War and Democracy in America," Crisis, August 1940, 263.
93. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 19 July 1940.
94. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 1 June 1940.
95. John Sengstacke, "Today and Tomorrow," Chicago Defender, 1 June 1940.
96. "Choice Between Two Enemies," Baltimore Afro-American, 21 September 1940;
97. Ralph Matthews, "Afro Week," Baltimore Afro-American, 24 August 1940.
98. "Let Congress Vote the Draft Immediately," Baltimore Afro-American, 17 August 1940;
99. "The Best Answer," Baltimore Afro-American, 13 July 1940.
100. "Why All the Opposition to Enforced Military Training," Baltimore Afro-American, 31 August 1940.
101. William Pickens, "Soap Box," New York Amsterdam News, to February 1940.
102. A. Philip Randolph, "The Battle For Britain" (undated but apparently 1940).
103. Ralph Bunche, "Stop Hitler Now: The Negro Must Help" (undated but apparently 1940).
104. Louis T. Achille, "Upwards to Citizenship in the French Empire," Crisis, June 1940, 172-73, 186.
105. Harold Moody and W. B. Mumford, "Colored Peoples in the British Empire," Crisis, June 1940, 174, 186.
106. Alfred Baker Lewis, "Dictatorship and Democracy," Crisis, September 1940, 285.
107. Walter White to William Loeb, 3o December 1940.
108. Memorandum from Marshall to Walter White, 24 June 1940.
109. "The William Allen White's Committee," Chicago Defender, 6 July 1940.
110. White to Max W. Babb, 27 March 1941;
111. White to Henry Luce, 30 March 1941.
112. :Ωest Indians Endorsed U.S.-British Agreement," New York Amsterdam News, 14 September 1940.
113. "West Indies Jubilant over $60,000,000 Funds for U.S. Bases," New York Amsterdam News, 21 December 1940.
114. "Bringing the West Indies Under Our Flag," Baltimore Afro-American, 14 December 1940.
115. John H. Sengstacke, "Today and Tomorrow," Chicago Defender, 21 September 1940.
116. "Defender Endorses FDR's Foreign Policy in Crisis," Chicago Defender, 12 October 1940.
117. "Roosevelt and War Crisis," Chicago Defender, 12 October 1940.
118. "Defender Publisher Outlines Role of Democracy In Present Crisis; Makes Plea For Unity," Chicago Defender, 12 October 1940; "The New France," Chicago Defender, 12 October 1940.
119. Schneider, Should America Go to War?, 54-55.
120. "An Editorial," Chicago Defender, 2 November 1940.
121. Lucius Harper, "Dustin' Off The News," Chicago Defender, 5 July 1941;
122. Jay Jackson, "De(mock)racy In Action," Chicago Defender, 20 September 1941.
123. "American Aid,:Chicago Defender, 22 February 1941.
124. Βritain and Her Allies," Chicago Defender, to May 1941.
125. "The New Battlefront,:Chicago Defender, 28 June 1941.
126. Τhe President's Message,:Chicago Defender, 26 July 1941.
127. "The Vatican and Downing Street," Chicago Defender, 14 June 1941.
128. Βritain Must Act,:Chicago Defender, 20 September 1941.
129. "Democracy Must Triumph," Chicago Defender, 7 June 1941.
130. George Padmore, "Get Out of Paris, Hitler Edict," Pittsburgh Courier, 14 September 1940.
131. J. A. Rogers, "Jim Crow Signs Go Up, Come Down in Nazi-Occupied Paris These Days,:Pittsburgh Courier, 28 December 1940.
132. :Ηarlem Hears Harrowing Experiences Under Nazis,:New York Amsterdam News, 15 February 1941.
133. "The Paris He Knew and Loved for Twenty Years Has Been Turned Into a Hell-Hole by Hitler's Nazi Hordes," New York Amsterdam News, 1 March 1941.
134. "Tells of Nazi Horror against Jews Abroad," New York Amsterdam New , 20 September 1941.
135. "Returned on SS West Point," New York Amsterdam News, 9 August 1941.
136. "The Hero of Free France," Chicago Defender, 15 February 1941.
137. "French Colonials," Chicago Defender, 21 June 1941.
138. "French Negro Backs Britain," New York Amsterdam News, 5 October 1940.
139. "Eboue Helping Gen. DeGaulle," New York Amsterdam, News, 15 November 1941.
140. "The Fall of Addis Ababa," Chicago Defender, 12 April 1941.
141. "Sees Ethiopia as Third End of British-U.S. Axis," New York Amsterdam News, 18 January 1941.
142. A. M. Wendell Malliet, "Victory for Ethiopia-Afterwards, What?" New York Amsterdam, News, 8 February 1941.
143. "England's War Aims," Pittsburgh Courier, 22 February 1941.
144. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 22 March 1941, 26 July 1941.
145. George S. Schuyler, "Views and Reviews," Pittsburgh Courier, 4 October 1941.
146. Roy Wilkins, "Watchtower," New York Amsterdam News, 4 January 1941.
147. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 25 January 1941, 1 March 1941, 22 March 1941, 19 April 1941, 31 May 1941, 6 September 1941.
148. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 18 January 1941, 9 August 1941, 16 August 1941, 13 September 1941, 11 October 1941.
149. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 12 April 1941.
150. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 12 July 1941.
151. Theodore A. Wilson, The First Summit: Roosevelt and Churchill at Placentia Bay 1941 (Boston, MA, 1969).
152. "Joint Statement by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill," 14 August 1941.
153. Foreign Relations of tbe United States, 1941, vol. I, General (Washington, DC, 1958), 368-69.
154. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire, 26.
155. "Roosevelt and Churchill," Baltimore Afro-American, 23 August 1941.
156. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 30 August 1941.
157. "Robeson in Plea for Aid to USSR," Pittsburgh Courier, 19 July 1941.
158. "Urges President Roosevelt to Send Lend-Lease Aid to Ethiopia," New York, Amsterdam, News, 30 August 1941.
159. "NNC in Praise of FDR's Order," New York Amsterdam News, 5 July 1941.
160. "Dr. C. B. Powell Named Head of Victory Mutual," Baltimore Afro-American, 16 November 1940.
161. "Roosevelt Is Our Choice," New York Amsterdam News, 26 October 1940.
162. "Russia, Why Not Us," New York, Amsterdam News, 28 June 1941.
163. Harry Frederick, "Is Adolf Hitler the Negro's Enemy?" New York Amsterdam News, 11 October 1941;
164. "Richard B. Moore Raps Hitler Article; Calls Fascism Negro's Most Deadly Foe," New York Amsterdam News, 1 November 1941.
165. "Is Hitler the Negro's Enemy? African Student Says He Is," New York Amsterdam News, 15 November 1941.
166. "Jail Harlemite as Antisemite," New York Amsterdam News, 25 October 1941.
167. A. Scott Berg, Lindbergh (New York, 1998), 424-32.
168. "The Spirit of KKK and Col. Lindbergh," Chicago Defender, 27 September 1941.
169. "The Negro and the Isolationists," Chicago Defender, 4 October 1941.
170. "Lindbergh's Words Show He's No Friend of Ours," Baltimore Afro-American, 15 November 1941.
171. Robert G. Spivak, "How Does 'America First' Group Stand on Rights of Negro?" New York, Amsterdam News, 8 November 1941;
172. Richard B. Moore, "The World Today," New York Amsterdam, News, 22 November 1941.
173. "Awake White America, The Hour is at Hand," Chicago Defender, 13 December 1941.
174. "The Bill of Rights," New York Amsterdam News, 20 December 1941.
175. "Now Is the Time Not to Be Silent," Crisis, January 1942, 7.
176. W. E. B. Du Bois, "As the Crow Flies," New York Amsterdam News, 3 January 1942.
177. "Yes, Negroes Know the Issues of War," Crisis, March 1942, 78.