Neisseria

Manual of Clinical Microbiology: Tenth Edition

Volumn 1-2, Issue , 2022, Pages 559-573

  Elias, Johannes ^a   Frosch, Matthias ^a   Vogel, Ulrich ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial susceptibilities; Hybridization assays; Immunologic methods; N. gonorrhoeae; Neisseria

Indexed keywords

EID: 85188873868     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch32     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Alexander, S., I. M. C. Martin, K. Fenton, and C. A. Ison. 2006. The prevalence of proline iminopeptidase negative Neisseria gonorrhoeae throughout England and Wales. Sex. Transm. Infect. 82:280-282.
2. Alexander, S., and C. Ison. 2005. Evaluation of commercial kits for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Med. Microbiol. 54:827-831.
3. Anjum, M. F., T. M. Stevanin, R. C. Read, and J. W. B. Moir. 2002. Nitric oxide metabolism in Neisseria meningitidis. J. Bacteriol. 184:2987-2993.
4. Antignac, A., M. Ducos-Galand, A. Guiyoule, R. Pirès, J. M. Alonso, and M. K. Taha. 2003. Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from invasive infections in France (1999-2002): phenotypes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Clin. Infect. Dis. 37:912-920.
5. Bachmann, L. H., R. E. Johnson, H. Cheng, L. E. Markowitz, J. R. Papp, and E. W. Hook. 2009. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae oropharyngeal infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:902-907.
6. Balmelli, C., and H. F. Günthard. 2003. Gonococcal tonsillar infection-a case report and literature review. Infection 31:362-365.
7. Baraldès, M. A., P. Domingo, J. L. Barrio, R. Pericas, M. Gurguí, and G. Vazquez. 2000. Meningitis due to Neisseria subflava: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30:615-617.
8. Barquet, N., I. Gasser, P. Domingo, F. A. Moraga, A. Macaya, and R. Elcuaz. 1990. Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis: report of 21 patients and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12:838-847.
9. Bennett, J. S., D. T. Griffiths, N. D. McCarthy, K. L. Sleeman, K. A. Jolley, D. W. Crook, and M. C. J. Maiden. 2005. Genetic diversity and carriage dynamics of Neisseria lactamica in infants. Infect. Immun. 73:2424-2432.
10. Bennett, J. S., K. A. Jolley, P. F. Sparling, N. J. Saunders, C. A. Hart, I. M. Feavers, and M. C. J. Maiden. 2007. Species status of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evolutionary and epidemiological inferences from multilocus sequence typing. BMC Biol. 5:35.
11. Bigham, J. M., M. E. Hutcheon, D. M. Patrick, and A. J. Pollard. 2001. Death from invasive meningococcal disease following close contact with a case of primary meningococcal conjunctivitis-Langley, British Columbia, 1999. Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 27:13-18.
12. Boehm, D. M., M. Bernhardt, T. A. Kurzynski, D. R. Pennell, and R. F. Schell. 1990. Evaluation of two commercial procedures for rapid identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae using a reference panel of antigenically diverse gonococci. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2099-2100.
13. Borg, J., D. Christie, P. G. Coen, R. Booy, and R. M. Viner. 2009. Outcomes of meningococcal disease in adolescence: prospective, matched-cohort study. Pediatrics 123:e502-e509.
14. Borrow, R., H. Claus, U. Chaudhry, M. Guiver, E. B. Kaczmarski, M. Frosch, and A. J. Fox. 1998. siaD PCR ELISA for confirmation and identification of serogroup Y and W135 meningococcal infections. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 159:209-214.
15. Borrow, R., H. Claus, M. Guiver, L. Smart, D. M. Jones, E. B. Kaczmarski, M. Frosch, and A. J. Fox. 1997. Non-culture diagnosis and serogroup determination of meningococcal B and C infection by a sialyltransferase (siaD) PCR ELISA. Epidemiol. Infect. 118:111-117.
16. Borrow, R., M. Guiver, F. Sadler, E. B. Kaczmarski, and A. J. Fox. 1998. False positive diagnosis of meningococcal infection by the IS1106 PCR ELISA. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 162:215-218.
17. Borrow, R., P. Balmer, and E. Miller. 2005. Meningococcal surrogates of protection-serum bactericidal antibody activity. Vaccine 23:2222-2227.
18. Brandtzaeg, P., P. Kierulf, P. Gaustad, A. Skulberg, J. N. Bruun, S. Halvorsen, and E. Sørensen. 1989. Plasma endotoxin as a predictor of multiple organ failure and death in systemic meningococcal disease. J. Infect. Dis. 159:195-204.
19. Brouwer, M. C., J. de Gans, S. G. B. Heckenberg, A. H. Zwinderman, T. van der Poll, and D. van de Beek. 2009. Host genetic susceptibility to pneumococcal and meningococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9:31-44.
20. Bruisten, S. M., G. T. Noordhoek, A. J. C. V. D. Brule, B. Duim, C. H. E. Boel, K. El-Faouzi, R. D. Maine, S. Mulder, D. Luijt, and J. Schirm. 2004. Multicenter validation of the cppB gene as a PCR target for detection of Neisseria gonor- rhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4332-4334.
21. Campagne, G., A. Schuchat, S. Djibo, A. Ousséini, L. Cissé, and J. P. Chippaux. 1999. Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in Niamey, Niger, 1981-96. Bull. W. H. O. 77:499-508.
22. Carlson, P., S. Kontiainen, P. Anttila, and E. Eerola. 1997. Septicemia caused by Neisseria weaveri. Clin. Infect. Dis. 24:739.
23. Cartwright, K., and D. Ala'Aldeen. 1997. Neisseria meningitidis: clinical aspects. J. Infect. 34:15-19.
24. Caugant, D. A., and P. Nicolas. 2007. Molecular surveillance of meningococcal meningitis in Africa. Vaccine 25:A8-A11.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report, Emerging Infections Program Network, Neisseria meningitidis, 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. Prevention and control of meningococcal disease recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54(RR07):1-21.
27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2007 Supplement, Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) Annual Report 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007. Update to CDC's sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006: fluoroquinolones no longer recommended for treatment of gonococcal infections. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 56:332-336.
29. Chacko, M. R., C. M. Wiemann, and P. B. Smith. 2004. Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening in asymptomatic young women. J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol. 17:169-178.
30. Chan, E. L., K. Brandt, K. Olienus, N. Antonishyn, and G. B. Horsman. 2000. Performance characteristics of the Becton Dickinson ProbeTec System for direct detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male and female urine specimens in comparison with the Roche Cobas System. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 124:1649-1652.
31. Chernesky, M. A., D. H. Martin, E. W. Hook, D. Willis, J. Jordan, S. Wang, J. R. Lane, D. Fuller, and J. Schachter. 2005. Ability of new APTIMA CT and AP- TIMA GC assays to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in male urine and urethral swabs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:127-131.
32. Chisholm, S. A., T. J. Neal, A. B. Alawattegama, H. D. L. Birley, R. A. Howe, and C. A. Ison. 2009. Emergence of high-level azithromycin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 64:353-358.
33. Chui, L., T. Chiu, J. Kakulphimp, and G. J. Tyrrell. 2008. A comparison of three real-time PCR assays for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae following detection of N. gonor- rhoeae using Roche COBAS AMPLICOR. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14:473-479.
34. Claus, H., M. C. J. Maiden, D. J. Wilson, N. D. McCarthy, K. A. Jolley, R. Urwin, F. Hessler, M. Frosch, and U. Vogel. 2005. Genetic analysis of meningococci carried by children and young adults. J. Infect. Dis. 191:1263-1271.
35. Claus, H., K. Stummeyer, J. Batzilla, M. Mühlenhoff, and U. Vogel. 2009. Amino acid 310 determines the donor substrate specificity of serogroup W-135 and Y capsule polymerases of Neisseria meningitidis. Mol. Microbiol. 71:960-971.
36. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2008. Interpretive Criteria for Identification of Bacteria and Fungi by DNA Target Sequencing; Approved Guideline. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
37. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2010. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: Twentieth Informational Supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
38. Cloud, J. L., W. Hymas, and K. C. Carroll. 2002. Impact of nasopharyngeal swab types on detection of Bordetella pertussis by PCR and culture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3838-3840.
39. Coen, P. G., J. Tully, J. M. Stuart, D. Ashby, R. M. Viner, and R. Booy. 2006. Is it exposure to cigarette smoke or to smokers which increases the risk of meningococcal disease in teenagers? Int. J. Epidemiol. 35:330-336.
40. Corless, C. E., M. Guiver, R. Borrow, V. Edwards-Jones, A. J. Fox, and E. B. Kaczmarski. 2001. Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1553-1558.
41. Darwin, L. H., A. P. Cullen, P. M. Arthur, C. D. Long, K. R. Smith, J. L. Girdner, E. W. Hook III, T. C. Quinn, and A. T. Lorincz. 2002. Comparison of Digene Hybrid Capture 2 and conventional culture for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in cervical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:641-644.
42. Djibo, S., B. Njanpop Lafourcade, P. Boisier, A. Moussa, G. Kobo, F. Sidikou, A. Hien, G. Bieboure, J. Aguilera, I. Parent du Chatelet, B. D. Gessner, and S. Chanteau. 2006. Evaluation of the Pastorex meningitis kit for the rapid identification of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A and W135. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100:573-578.
43. Dolter, J., J. Wong, and J. M. Janda. 1998. Association of Neisseria cinerea with ocular infections in paediatric patients. J. Infect. 36:49-52.
44. Elias, J., D. Harmsen, H. Claus, W. Hellenbrand, M. Frosch, and U. Vogel. 2006. Spatiotemporal analysis of invasive meningococcal disease, Germany. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:1689-1695.
45. Enright, M. C., P. E. Carter, I. A. MacLean, and H. McKenzie. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships between some members of the genera Neisseria, Acinetobacter, Moraxella, and Kingella based on partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44:387-391.
46. Enríquez, R., R. Abad, C. Salcedo, and J. A. Vázquez. 2009. Nalidixic acid disk for laboratory detection of ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria meningitidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:796-797.
47. Fijen, C. A., E. J. Kuijper, M. T. te Bulte, M. R. Daha, and J. Dankert. 1999. Assessment of complement deficiency in patients with meningococcal disease in The Netherlands. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28:98-105.
48. Findlow, H., U. Vogel, J. E. Mueller, A. Curry, B. Njanpop-Lafourcade, H. Claus, S. J. Gray, S. Yaro, Y. Traoré, L. Sangaré, P. Nicolas, B. D. Gessner, and R. Borrow. 2007. Three cases of invasive meningococcal disease caused by a capsule null locus strain circulating among healthy carriers in Burkina Faso. J. Infect. Dis. 195:1071-1077.
49. Fletcher, W. 1919. Meningococcus broncho-pneumonia in influenza. Lancet 193:104-105.
50. Fox, A. J., M. Taha, and U. Vogel. 2007. Standardized nonculture techniques recommended for European reference laboratories. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 31:84-88.
51. Fox, K. K., J. S. Knapp, K. K. Holmes, E. W. Hook, F. N. Judson, S. E. Thompson, J. A. Washington, and W. L. Whittington. 1997. Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gon- orrhoeae in the United States, 1988-1994: the emergence of decreased susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. J. Infect. Dis. 175:1396-1403.
52. Frosch, M., D. Müller, K. Bousset, and A. Müller. 1992. Conserved outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis involved in capsule expression. Infect. Immun. 60:798-803.
53. Frosch, M., and U. Vogel. 2006. Structure and genetics of the meningococcal capsule, p. 145-162. In M. Frosch and M. Maiden (ed.), Handbook of Meningococcal Disease. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
54. Furuya, R., Y. Onoye, A. Kanayama, T. Saika, T. Iyoda, M. Tatewaki, K. Matsuzaki, I. Kobayashi, and M. Tanaka. 2007. Antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Neisseria subflava from the oral cavities of a Japanese population. J. Infect. Chemother. 13:302-304.
55. Giuliani, M. M., J. Adu-Bobie, M. Comanducci, B. Aricò, S. Savino, L. Santini, B. Brunelli, S. Bambini, A. Biolchi, B. Capecchi, E. Cartocci, L. Ciucchi, F. Di Marcello, F. Ferlicca, B. Galli, E. Luzzi, V. Masignani, D. Serruto, D. Veggi, M. Contorni, M. Morandi, A. Bartalesi, V. Cinotti, D. Mannucci, F. Titta, E. Ovidi, J. A. Welsch, D. Granoff, R. Rappuoli, and M. Pizza. 2006. A universal vaccine for serogroup B meningococcus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:10834-10839.
56. Golden, M. R., J. P. Hughes, L. E. Cles, K. Crouse, K. Gudgel, J. Hu, P. D. Swenson, W. E. Stamm, and H. H. Handsfield. 2004. Positive predictive value of Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2 testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a population of women with low prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39:1387-1390.
57. Graver, M. A., and J. J. Wade. 2004. Survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates of different auxotypes in six commercial transport systems. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:4803-4804.
58. Han, X. Y., T. Hong, and E. Falsen. 2006. Neisseria bacil- liformis sp. nov. isolated from human infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:474-479.
59. Hansen, K., and D. B. Singer. 2001. Asplenic-hyposplenic overwhelming sepsis: postsplenectomy sepsis revisited. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 4:105-121.
60. Hardwick, R., G. Gopal Rao, and H. Mallinson. 2009. Confirmation of BD ProbeTec Neisseria gonorrhoeae reactive samples by Gen-Probe APTIMA assays and culture. Sex. Transm. Infect. 85:24-26.
61. Harmsen, D., C. Singer, J. Rothgänger, T. Tønjum, G. S. de Hoog, H. Shah, J. Albert, and M. Frosch. 2001. Diagnostics of neisseriaceae and moraxellaceae by ribosomal DNA sequencing: ribosomal differentiation of medical microorganisms. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:936-942.
62. Holmes, B., M. Costas, S. L. W. On, P. Vandamme, E. Falsen, and K. Kersters. 1993. Neisseria weaveri sp. nov. (formerly CDC Group M-5), from dog bite wounds of humans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43:687-693.
63. Holmes, K. K., G. W. Counts, and H. N. Beaty. 1971. Disseminated gonococcal infection. Ann. Intern. Med. 74:979-993.
64. Hsiao, J., M. Lee, J. Chia, W. Ho, J. Chu, and P. Chu. 2008. Neisseria elongata endocarditis complicated by brain embolism and abscess. J. Med. Microbiol. 57:376-381.
65. Ilina, E. N., A. D. Borovskaya, M. M. Malakhova, V. A. Vereshchagin, A. A. Kubanova, A. N. Kruglov, T. S. Svistunova, A. O. Gazarian, T. Maier, M. Kostrzewa, and V. M. Govorun. 2009. Direct bacterial profiling by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification of pathogenic Neisseria. J. Mol. Diagn. 11:75-86.
66. Iwen, P. C., R. A. Walker, K. L. Warren, D. M. Kelly, S. H. Hinrichs, and J. Linder. 1995. Evaluation of nucleic acid-based test (PACE 2C) for simultaneous detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in endocervical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2587-2591.
67. Jacobitz, H. 1907. Der Diplococcus meningitidis cerebrospinalis als Erreger von Erkrankungen der Lunge und Bronchien. Z. Hyg. Infektionskr. 56:175-192.
68. Jadavji, T., W. D. Biggar, R. Gold, and C. G. Prober. 1986. Sequelae of acute bacterial meningitis in children treated for seven days. Pediatrics 78:21-25.
69. Jain, S., H. N. Win, V. Chalam, and L. Yee. 2007. Disseminated gonococcal infection presenting as vasculitis: a case report. J. Clin. Pathol. 60:90-91.
70. Janda, W. M., L. M. Wilcoski, K. L. Mandel, P. Ruther, and J. M. Stevens. 1993. Comparison of monoclonal antibody methods and a ribosomal ribonucleic acid probe test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture confirmation. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:177-184.
71. Jeurissen, A., J. P. Stroy, R. P. Wielenga, and G. I. Andriesse. 2006. Severe infective endocarditis due to Neisseria sicca: case report and review of literature. Acta Clin. Belg. 61:256-258.
72. Johnson, R. E., W. J. Newhall, J. R. Papp, J. S. Knapp, C. M. Black, T. L. Gift, R. Steece, L. E. Markowitz, O. J. Devine, C. M. Walsh, S. Wang, D. C. Gunter, K. L. Irwin, S. DeLisle, and S. M. Berman. 2002. Screening tests to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections-2002. MMWR Recommend. Rep. 51:1-38; quiz CE1-4.
73. Jorgensen, J. H., S. A. Crawford, L. C. Fulcher, A. Glennen, S. M. Harrington, J. Swenson, R. Lynfield, P. R. Murray, and F. C. Tenover. 2006. Multilaboratory evaluation of disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria meningitidis isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1744-1754.
74. Knapp, J. S., and V. L. Clark. 1984. Anaerobic growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae coupled to nitrite reduction. Infect. Immun. 46:176-181.
75. Knapp, J. S., and E. W. Hook. 1988. Prevalence and persistence of Neisseria cinerea and other Neisseria spp. in adults. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:896-900.
76. Knapp, J. S., P. A. Totten, M. H. Mulks, and B. H. Minshew. 1984. Characterization of Neisseria cinerea, a nonpathogenic species isolated on Martin-Lewis medium selective for pathogenic Neisseria spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19:63-67.
77. Koenig, M. G., S. L. Kosha, B. L. Doty, and D. G. Heath. 2004. Direct comparison of the BD ProbeTec ET System with in-house LightCycler PCR assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5751-5756.
78. Kugelman, G., J. W. Tapsall, N. Goire, M. W. Syrmis, A. Limnios, S. B. Lambert, M. D. Nissen, T. P. Sloots, and D. M. Whiley. 2009. Simple, rapid and inexpensive detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance mechanisms using heat- denatured isolates and SYBR green-based real-time PCR. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:4211-4216.
79. Lal, G., P. Balmer, H. Joseph, M. Dawson, and R. Borrow. 2004. Development and evaluation of a tetraplex flow cytometric assay for quantitation of serum antibodies to Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 11:272-279.
80. Lauer, B. A., and H. B. Masters. 1988. Toxic effect of calcium alginate swabs on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:54-56.
81. Levett, P. N., K. Brandt, K. Olenius, C. Brown, K. Montgomery, and G. B. Horsman. 2008. Evaluation of three automated nucleic acid amplification systems for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in first-void urine specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:2109-2111.
82. Little, M. C., J. Andrews, R. Moore, S. Bustos, L. Jones, C. Embres, G. Durmowicz, J. Harris, D. Berger, K. Yanson, C. Rostkowski, D. Yursis, J. Price, T. Fort, A. Walters, M. Collis, O. Llorin, J. Wood, F. Failing, C. O'Keefe, B. Scrivens, B. Pope, T. Hansen, K. Marino, and K. Williams. 1999. Strand displacement amplification and homogeneous real-time detection incorporated in a second-generation DNA probe system, BDProbeTecET. Clin. Chem. 45:777-784.
83. Lowe, P., P. O'Loughlin, K. Evans, M. White, P. B. Bartley, and R. Vohra. 2006. Comparison of the Gen-Probe APTIMA Combo 2 assay to the AMPLICOR CT/NG assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonor- rhoeae in urine samples from Australian men and women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:2619-2621.
84. Mahony, J., S. Chong, D. Jang, K. Luinstra, M. Faught, D. Dalby, J. Sellors, and M. Chernesky. 1998. Urine specimens from pregnant and nonpregnant women inhibitory to amplification of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid by PCR, ligase chain reaction, and transcription-mediated amplification: identification of urinary substances associated with inhibition and removal of inhibitory activity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3122-3126.
85. Maiden, M. C., J. A. Bygraves, E. Feil, G. Morelli, J. E. Russell, R. Urwin, Q. Zhang, J. Zhou, K. Zurth, D. A. Caugant, I. M. Feavers, M. Achtman, and B. G. Spratt. 1998. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:3140-3145.
86. Manavi, K., H. Young, and D. Clutterbuck. 2003. Sensitivity of microscopy for the rapid diagnosis of gonorrhoea in men and women and the role of gonorrhoea serovars. Int. J. STD AIDS 14:390-394.
87. Manchanda, V., and P. Bhalla. 2006. Emergence of nonceftriaxone-susceptible Neisseria meningitidis in India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:4290-4291.
88. Mangold, K. A., M. Regner, M. Tajuddin, A. M. Tajuddin, L. Jennings, H. Du, and K. L. Kaul. 2007. Neisseria species identification assay for the confirmation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae-positive results of the COBAS Amplicor PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:1403-1409.
89. Marshall, R., M. Chernesky, D. Jang, E. W. Hook, C. P. Cartwright, B. Howell-Adams, S. Ho, J. Welk, J. Lai-Zhang, J. Brashear, B. Diedrich, K. Otis, E. Webb, J. Robinson, and H. Yu. 2007. Characteristics of the m2000 automated sample preparation and multiplex real-time PCR system for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:747-751.
90. Martin, I. M. C., S. Hoffmann, and C. A. Ison. 2006. European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections (ESSTI): the first combined antimicrobial susceptibility data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Western Europe. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 58:587-593.
91. Martin, I. M. C., C. A. Ison, D. M. Aanensen, K. A. Fenton, and B. G. Spratt. 2004. Rapid sequence-based identification of gonococcal transmission clusters in a large metropolitan area. J. Infect. Dis. 189:1497-1505.
92. Masek, B. J., N. Arora, N. Quinn, B. Aumakhan, J. Holden, A. Hardick, P. Agreda, M. Barnes, and C. A. Gaydos. 2009. Performance of three nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of self-collected vaginal swabs obtained via an Internet-based screening program. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1663-1667.
93. Masliah-Planchon, J., G. Breton, V. Jarlier, A. Simon, O. Benveniste, S. Herson, and L. Drieux. 2009. Endocarditis due to Neisseria bacilliformis in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1973-1975.
94. McNally, L. P., D. J. Templeton, F. Jin, A. E. Grulich, B. Donovan, D. M. Whiley, and P. H. Cunningham. 2008. Low positive predictive value of a nucleic acid amplification test for nongenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in homosexual men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47:e25-e27.
95. Moncada, J., J. Schachter, S. Liska, C. Shayevich, and J. D. Klausner. 2009. Evaluation of self-collected glans and rectal swabs from men who have sex with men for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of nucleic acid amplification tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47:1657-1662.
96. Morris, S. R., J. D. Klausner, S. P. Buchbinder, S. L. Wheeler, B. Koblin, T. Coates, M. Chesney, and G. N. Colfax. 2006. Prevalence and incidence of pharyngeal gonorrhea in a longitudinal sample of men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43:1284-1289.
97. Nair, D., R. Dawar, M. Deb, M. R. Capoor, S. Singal, D. J. Upadhayay, P. Aggarwal, B. DAS, and J. C. Samantaray. 2009. Outbreak of meningococcal disease in and around New Delhi, India, 2005-2006: a report from a tertiary care hospital. Epidemiol. Infect. 137:570-576.
98. Orr, H. J., S. J. Gray, M. Macdonald, and J. M. Stuart. 2003. Saliva and meningococcal transmission. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:1314-1315.
99. Oster, P., D. Lennon, J. O'Hallahan, K. Mulholland, S. Reid, and D. Martin. 2005. MeNZB: a safe and highly immunogenic tailor-made vaccine against the New Zealand Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease epidemic strain. Vaccine 23:2191-2196.
100. Palmer, H. M., H. Mallinson, R. L. Wood, and A. J. Herring. 2003. Evaluation of the specificities of five DNA amplification methods for the detection of Neisseria gonor- rhoeae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:835-837.
101. Parmentier, L., C. Garzoni, C. Antille, L. Kaiser, B. Ninet, and L. Borradori. 2008. Value of a novel Neisseria meningitidis-specific polymerase chain reaction assay in skin biopsy specimens as a diagnostic tool in chronic meningo- coccemia. Arch. Dermatol. 144:770-773.
102. Perkins, M. D., S. Mirrett, and L. B. Reller. 1995. Rapid bacterial antigen detection is not clinically useful. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1486-1491.
103. Petersen, B. H., T. J. Lee, R. Snyderman, and G. F. Brooks. 1979. Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteremia associated with C6, C7, or C8 deficiency. Ann. Intern. Med. 90:917-920.
104. Pillai, S., A. Howell, K. Alexander, B. E. Bentley, H. Jiang, K. Ambrose, D. Zhu, and G. Zlotnick. 2005. Outer membrane protein (OMP) based vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. Vaccine 23:2206-2209.
105. Rainbow, J., E. Cebelinski, J. Bartkus, A. Glennen, D. Boxrud, and R. Lynfield. 2005. Rifampin-resistant meningococcal disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:977-979.
106. Rennie, R. P., C. Brosnikoff, S. Shokoples, L. B. Reller, S. Mirrett, W. Janda, K. Ristow, and A. Krilcich. 2008. Multicenter evaluation of the new Vitek 2 Neisseria-Haemophilus identification card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:2681-2685.
107. Rintala, L., and H. M. Pollock. 1978. Effects of two blood culture anticoagulants on growth of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 7:332-336.
108. Robert Koch Institut. 2008. Invasive MeningokokkenErkrankungen im Jahr 2007. Epidemiologisches Bulletin 32:331-335.
109. Roberts, J., B. Greenwood, and J. Stuart. 2009. Sampling methods to detect carriage of Neisseria meningitidis; literature review. J. Infect. 58:103-107.
110. Rossau, R., E. Vanmechelen, J. De Ley, and H. Van Heuverswijn. 1989. Specific Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA-probes derived from ribosomal RNA. J. Gen. Microbiol. 135:1735-1745.
111. Russell, J. E., K. A. Jolley, I. M. Feavers, M. C. J. Maiden, and J. Suker. 2004. PorA variable regions of Neisseria meningitidis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:674-678.
112. Schachter, J., J. Moncada, S. Liska, C. Shayevich, and J. D. Klausner. 2008. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. Sex. Transm. Dis. 35:637-642.
113. Schouls, L. M., A. van der Ende, M. Damen, and I. van de Pol. 2006. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Neisseria meningitidis yields groupings similar to those obtained by multilocus sequence typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:1509-1518.
114. Sejvar, J. J., D. Johnson, T. Popovic, J. M. Miller, F. Downes, P. Somsel, R. Weyant, D. S. Stephens, B. A. Perkins, and N. E. Rosenstein. 2005. Assessing the risk of laboratory-acquired meningococcal disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:4811-4814.
115. Siedner, M. J., M. Pandori, L. Castro, P. Barry, W. L. H. Whittington, S. Liska, and J. D. Klausner. 2007. Real-time PCR assay for detection of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gon- orrhoeae in urine samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:1250-1254.
116. Sinave, C. P., and K. R. Ratzan. 1987. Infective endocarditis caused by Neisseria flavescens. Am. J. Med. 82:163-164.
117. Smith, N. H., E. C. Holmes, G. M. Donovan, G. A. Carpenter, and B. G. Spratt. 1999. Networks and groups within the genus Neisseria: analysis of argF, recA, rho, and 16S rRNA sequences from human Neisseria species. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:773-783.
118. Stein, D. C. 2006. The Neisseria, p. 602-647. In M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K. H. Schleifer, and E. T. Stackebrandt (ed.), The Prokaryotes, 3rd ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
119. Taha, M., J. A. Vázquez, E. Hong, D. E. Bennett, S. Bertrand, S. Bukovski, M. T. Cafferkey, F. Carion, J. J. Christensen, M. Diggle, G. Edwards, R. Enríquez, C. Fazio, M. Frosch, S. Heuberger, S. Hoffmann, K. A. Jolley, M. Kadlubowski, A. Kechrid, K. Kesanopoulos, P. Kriz, L. Lambertsen, I. Levenet, M. Musilek, M. Paragi, A. Saguer, A. Skoczynska, P. Stefanelli, S. Thulin, G. Tzanakaki, M. Unemo, U. Vogel, and M. L. Zarantonelli. 2007. Target gene sequencing to characterize the penicillin G susceptibility of Neisseria meningitidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:2784-2792.
120. Taha, M., M. L. Zarantonelli, C. Ruckly, D. Giorgini, and J. Alonso. 2006. Rifampin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 12:859-860.
121. Tapsall, J. W. 2009. Neisseria gonorrhoeae and emerging resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 22:87-91.
122. Thayer, J. D., and J. E. Martin. 1964. A selective medium for the cultivation of N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis. Public Health Rep. 79:49-57.
123. Thompson, E. A. L., I. M. Feavers, and M. C. J. Maiden. 2003. Antigenic diversity of meningococcal enterobactin receptor FetA, a vaccine component. Microbiology (Reading) 149:1849-1858.
124. Tønjum, T. 2005. Order IV. Neisseriales, p. 774-862. In D. J. Brenner, N. R. Krieg, J. T. Staley, and G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, Germany.
125. Tronel, H., H. Chaudemanche, N. Pechier, L. Doutrelant, and B. Hoen. 2001. Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7:275-276.
126. Trotter, C. L., and M. E. Ramsay. 2007. Vaccination against meningococcal disease in Europe: review and recommendations for the use of conjugate vaccines. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 31:101-107.
127. Tully, J., R. M. Viner, P. G. Coen, J. M. Stuart, M. Zambon, C. Peckham, C. Booth, N. Klein, E. Kaczmarski, and R. Booy. 2006. Risk and protective factors for meningococcal disease in adolescents: matched cohort study. Br. Med. J. 332:445-450.
128. Urwin, R., E. B. Kaczmarski, M. Guiver, A. J. Fox, and M. C. Maiden. 1998. Amplification of the meningococcal porB gene for non-culture serotype characterization. Epidemiol. Infect. 120:257-262.
129. Valenza, G., C. Ruoff, U. Vogel, M. Frosch, and M. Abele-Horn. 2007. Microbiological evaluation of the new VITEK 2 Neisseria-Haemophilus identification card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:3493-3497.
130. Vandamme, P., B. Holmes, H. Bercovier, and T. Coenye. 2006. Classification of Centers for Disease Control Group Eugonic Fermenter (EF)-4a and EF-4b as Neisseria animaloria sp. nov. and Neisseria zoodegmatis sp. nov., respectively. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56:1801-1805.
131. van der Ende, A., I. G. Schuurman, C. T. Hopman, C. A. Fijen, and J. Dankert. 1995. Comparison of commercial diagnostic tests for identification of serogroup antigens of Neisseria meningitidis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:3326-3327.
132. van Deuren, M., P. Brandtzaeg, and J. W. M. van der Meer. 2000. Update on meningococcal disease with emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 13:144-166.
133. Van Dyck, E., M. Ieven, S. Pattyn, L. Van Damme, and M. Laga. 2001. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by enzyme immunoassay, culture, and three nucleic acid amplification tests. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:1751-1756.
134. Vázquez, J. A., A. M. Enriquez, L. De la Fuente, S. Berrón, and M. Baquero. 1996. Isolation of a strain of beta- lactamase-producing Neisseria meningitidis in Spain. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15:181-182.
135. Warner, L., K. M. Stone, M. Macaluso, J. W. Buehler, and H. D. Austin. 2006. Condom use and risk of gonorrhea and Chlamydia: a systematic review of design and measurement factors assessed in epidemiologic studies. Sex. Transm. Dis. 33:36-51.
136. Whiley, D. M., P. J. Buda, J. Bayliss, L. Cover, J. Bates, and T. P. Sloots. 2004. A new confirmatory Neisseria gonor- rhoeae real-time PCR assay targeting the porA pseudogene. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23:705-710.
137. Whiley, D. M., J. W. Tapsall, and T. P. Sloots. 2006. Nucleic acid amplification testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae: an ongoing challenge. J. Mol. Diagn. 8:3-15.
138. WHO Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme. 2008. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region, 2006. Commun. Dis. Intell. 32:48-51.
139. Winstead, J. M., D. S. McKinsey, S. Tasker, M. A. De Groote, and L. M. Baddour. 2000. Meningococcal pneumonia: characterization and review of cases seen over the past 25 years. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30:87-94.
140. World Health Organization. 1976. Neisseria gonorrhoeae producing beta-lactamase (penicillinase). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 51:385-386.
141. Wu, H. M., B. H. Harcourt, C. P. Hatcher, S. C. Wei, R. T. Novak, X. Wang, B. A. Juni, A. Glennen, D. J. Boxrud, J. Rainbow, S. Schmink, R. D. Mair, M. J. Theodore, M. A. Sander, T. K. Miller, K. Kruger, A. C. Cohn, T. A. Clark, N. E. Messonnier, L. W. Mayer, and R. Lynfield. 2009. Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis in North America. N. Engl. J. Med. 360:886-892.
142. Young, H., and A. Moyes. 1993. Comparative evaluation of AccuProbe culture identification test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and other rapid methods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1996-1999.
143. Zaia, A., J. M. Griffith, T. R. Hogan, J. W. Tapsall, P. Bainbridge, R. Neill, and D. Tribe. 2005. Molecular tests can allow confirmation of invasive meningococcal disease when isolates yield atypical maltose, glucose or gammaglutamyl peptidase test results. Pathology 37:378-379.