Climate Change and Polar Bear Viewing: A case study of visitor demand, carbon emissions and mitigation in Churchill, Canada

Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments and Experiences

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 89-103

  Dawson, Jackie ^a   Stewart, Emma ^b   Scott, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85161196523     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203851807-11     Document Type: Chapter

References (54)

1. Aars, J., Lunn, N. and Derocher, A.E. (2006) Polar Bears, Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, 20-24 June 2005, Seattle, Washington, USA. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland: IUCN.
2. Amelung, B. and Lamers, M. (2007) ‘Estimating the greenhouse gas emissions from Antarctic tourism’, Tourism in Marine Environments, 4: 121-33.
3. Amelung, B., Nicholls, S. and Viner, D. (2007) ‘Implications of global climate change for tourism flows and seasonality’, Journal of Travel Research, 45: 285-96.
4. Arctic Climate Impacts Assessment (ACIA) (2004) Arctic Climate Impact Report: impacts of a warming Arctic, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Atmosfair (2008) Atmosfair Home. Online. Available HTTP. www.atmosfair.de (accessed 8 June 2008).
6. Atkinson, S.N. and Ramsay, M.A. (1995) ‘The effects of prolonged fasting on the body composition and reproductive success for female polar bears (Ursus martimus)', Functional Ecology, 9: 559-67.
7. Becken, S. (2007) ‘Tourists’ perception of international air travel’s impact on the global climate and potential climate change policies’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15: 351-68.
8. Becken, S. and Simmons, D.G. (2002) ‘Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand’, Tourism Management, 23: 343-54.
9. Becken, S., Simmons, D.G. and Frampton, C. (2003) ‘Energy use associated with different travel choices’, Tourism Management, 24: 267-77.
10. Behringer, J., Buerki, R. and Fuhrer, J. (2000) ‘Participatory integrated assessment of adaptation to climate change in alpine tourism and mountain agriculture’, Integrated Assessment, 1: 31-338.
11. Bosnal, R.G. and Prowse, T.D. (2006) ‘Regional assessment of GCM-simulated current climate over northern Canada’, Arctic, 59: 115-28.
12. Bruemmer, F. (2008) Churchill is known as the polar bear capital: as the habitat of these great hunters shrinks, so will their numbers. Ottawa Citizen, Online. Available HTTP. www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/travel/story.html?id=a38ade9c-c110-4619-bacc-0dd68ca1a137 (accessed 12 November 2008).
13. Carbon Neutral (2008) Online. Available HTTP. www.carbonneutral.com.au (accessed 8 June 2008).
14. Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring, Boston: Riverside Press.
15. Comiso, J.C. and Parkinson, C.L. (2004) ‘Satellite-observed changes in the Arctic’, Physics Today, 22: 38-44.
16. Derocher, A.E., Andriashek, D. and Stirling, I. (1993) Terrestrial foraging by polar bears during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay’, Arctic, 46: 251-54.
17. Derocher, A.E., Lunn, N.J. and Stirling, I. (2004) ‘Polar bears in a warming climate’, Integrative and Comparative Biology, 44: 163-76.
18. Derocher, A.E. and Stirling, I. (1996) ‘Aspects of survival in juvenile polar bears’, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74: 1246-52.
19. Etkin, D.A. (1991) ‘Break-up in Hudson Bay: its sensitivity to air temperatures and implications for climate warming’, Climatological Bulletin, 25: 21-35.
20. Ferguson, S.H., Stirling, I. and McLoughlin, P. (2005) ‘Climate change and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) recruitment in western Hudson Bay’, Marine Mammal Science, 21: 121-35.
21. Furgal, C. and Prowse, T.D. (2008) ‘Northern Canada’, in D.S. Lemmen, F.J. Warrent, J. Lacroix and E. Bush (eds) From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a changing climate, Ottawa: Government of Canada.
22. Gagnon, A.S. and Gough, W.A. (2005) ‘Trends in the dates of ice freeze-up and breakup over Hudson Bay, Canada’, Arctic, 58: 370-82.
23. Gössling, S. (2007) ‘It does not harm the environment! An analysis of industry discourses on tourism, air travel and the environment’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15: 402-17.
24. Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Ceron, J.P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T. and Richardson, R.B. (2005) ‘The eco-efficiency of tourism’, Ecological Economics, 54: 417-34.
25. Gough, W.A., Gagnon, A.S. and Lau, H.P. (2004) ‘Interannual variability of Hudson Bay ice thickness’, Polar Geography, 28: 222-38.
26. Gough W.A. and Wolfe, E. (2001) ‘Climate change scenarios for Hudson Bay, Canada, from general circulation models’, Arctic, 54: 142-50.
27. Hamilton, J.M., Maddison, D., and Tol, R.S. (2005) ‘Effects of climate change on international Tourism’, Climate Research, 29: 245-54.
28. Howell, S.E.L., Tivy, A., Yackel J.J. and Scharien, R. (2006) ‘Application of seawinds/quickSCAT sea ice melt algorithm for assessing melt dynamics in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago’, Journal of Geophysical Research, 111: 1-21.
29. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) ‘Summary for policymakers’, in M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (eds) Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Johannessen, O.A. Shalina E.V. and Miles M.W. (1999) ‘Satellite evidence for an Arctic sea ice cover in transformation’, Science, 286: 1937-39.
31. Jones, B. and Scott, D. (2006) ‘Climate change, seasonality and visitation to Canada’s national parks’, Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration, 24: 42-62.
32. König, U. and Abegg, B. (1997) ‘Impacts of climate change on tourism in the Swiss Alps’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 5: 46-58.
33. Lemelin, H. (2004) The integration of human dimensions with the environmental context: a study of polar bear observers in the Churchill Wildlife Management area, Churchill, Manitoba, unpublished thesis, University of Waterloo.
34. Lemelin, H. (2005) ‘Wildlife tourism at the edge of chaos: complex interactions between humans and polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba’, in F. Berkes, R. Huebert, H. Fast, M. Manseau and A. Diduck (eds) Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North, Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
35. Manitoba Government (2008) Manitoba designates polar bears as threatened. Online. Available HTTP: www.gov.mb.ca/chc/press/top/2008/02/2008-02-07-131000-3044.html (accessed 21 June 2008).
36. Overpeck, J.T. Strum, M., Francis, J.A., Perovich, D.K., Serrenze, M.C., Benner, R., Carmack, E.C., Chapin III, F.S., Gerlach, S.C., Hamilton, L.C., Hinzman, L.D., Holland, M., Huntington, H.P., Key, J.R. Loyd, A.H., MacDonald, G.M., McFadden, J., Noone, D., Prowse, T.D., Schlosser, P. and Vörösmarty, C. (2005) ‘Arctic system on trajectory to new, seasonally ice-free state’, EOS Transactions, Geophysical Union, 86: 309-16.
37. Parkinson, C.L., Cavalierei, D.J., Gloersen, P., Zwally, H.J. and Comiso, J.C. (1999) ‘Arctic sea ice extents, areas, and trends: 1978-96', Journal of Geophysical Research, 104: 20837-56.
38. Richardson, B.R. and Loomis, J.B. (2004) ‘Adaptive recreation planning and climate change: A contingent visitation approach’, Ecological Economics, 50: 83-99.
39. Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Proshutinsky, A., Romanovsky, V., Bengtsson, L., Bringham, L., Dyurgerov, M., Gascard, J.C., Gerland, S., Gravenersen, R., Haas, C., Karcher, M., Kuhry, P., Maslanik, J., Melling, H., Maslowski, W., Morision, J., Perovich, D., Przybylak, R., Rachold, V., Rigor, I., Shiklomanov, A., Stroeve, J., Walker, D. and Walsh, J. (2006) State of the Arctic Report, NOAA OAR Special Report, Seattle: NOAA/OAR/PMEL.
40. Scott, D., Jones, B., and Konopek, J. (2007) ‘Implications of climate and environmental change for nature-based tourism in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: a case study of Waterton Lakes National Park’, Tourism Management, 28: 570-79.
41. Serrenze, M.C., Walsh, J.E., Chapin III, F.S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W.C., Morison, J., Zhang, T. and Barry, R.G. (2000) ‘Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment’, Climatic Change, 46: 159-207.
42. Stewart, E.J. and Draper, D. (2007) ‘A collaborative approach to understanding local stakeholder perceptions of tourism in Churchill, Manitoba (Canada)', Polar Geography, 30: 7-35.
43. Stirling, I., Clark, D.A. and Calvert, W. (1997) ‘Distribution, characteristics and use of earth dens and related excavations by polar bears on the western Hudson Bay lowlands’, Arctic, 50: 158-66.
44. Stirling, I. and Derocher, A.E. (1993) ‘Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears’, Arctic, 46, 240-45.
45. Stirling, I., Lunn, N.J. and Iacozza, J. (1999) ‘Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay’, Arctic, 52: 294-306.
46. Stirling, I., Lunn, J.J., Iacozza, J., Elliot, C. and Obbard, M. (2004) ‘Polar bear distribution and abundance on the southwestern Hudson Bay coast during open water season, in relation to population trends and annual ice patterns’, Arctic, 57: 15-26.
47. Stirling, I. and Parkinson, C.L. (2006) ‘Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus mariimus) in the Canadian Arctic’, Arctic, 59: 261-75.
48. Teillet. D.J. (1988) The Churchill Wildlife Management Area: Management guidelines. Report produced for the Manitoba Department of Natural Resources, Winnipeg, MB.
49. Tourism Industry Association of Canada (2008) The report on Canada’s tourism competitiveness: a call for action for Canadian Tourism by the Tourism Industry Association of Canada, June 2008. Online. Available HTTP: www.tiacaitc.ca/english/documents/ReportonTourismCompetitivenessFINAL.pdf (accessed 20 May 2008).
50. United Nations World Tourism Organization, United Nations Environment Programme (UNWTO-UNEP) (2008) Climate Change and Tourism: responding to global challenges (prepared by Scott, D., Amelung, B., Becken, S., Ceron, J.P., Dubois, G., Gössling, S., Peeters, P. and Simpson, M.C.), UNWTO, Madrid, and UNEP, Paris.
51. Uyarra, M., Cote, I., Gill, J., Tinch, R., Viner, D., and Watkins, R. (2005) ‘Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states’, Environmental Conservation, 32: 11-19.
52. Vinnikov, K.Y., Robock, A., Stougger, R.J., Walsh, J.E., Parkinson, C.L., Cavalieri, D.J., Mitchell, J.F.B., Garrett, D. and Zakharov, V.F. (1999) ‘Global warming and northern hemisphere sea ice extent’, Science, 286: 1934-37.
53. Zerofootprint (2008) Zerofootprint. Online. Available: www.zerofootprint.net (accessed 8 June 2008).
54. Zhang, X. and Walsh, J.E. (2006) ‘Toward a seasonally ice-covered Arctic ocean: Scenarios from the IPCC AR4 model simulations’, Journal of Climate, 19: 1730-47.